Cultural Psychology PDF

**Chapter 1** Psychological processes are shaped by experiences Culture - - - Problems with thinking about group of people as constituting culture - - - - Case Study: The Sambia - - - - - Universality - - - - Ethnocentrism- judging people from other cult...

**Chapter 1** Psychological processes are shaped by experiences Culture - - - Problems with thinking about group of people as constituting culture - - - - Case Study: The Sambia - - - - - Universality - - - - Ethnocentrism- judging people from other cultures by the standards of ones own culture **Chapter 2** - - - - Cultural learning: biases in imitation- unique to humans - - - Cultural learning: cognitive foundations - - - - - - - - - - - - - Human cultural learning is cumulative Cumulative cultural evolution - - - - - - - - - - - You and your big brain - - Humans vs. chimpanzees - - - The evolutionary advantage of a large brain - - - - - Human brains learn from each other - - - - - A large brain requires substantial energy expenditure. Two adaptations enabled humans to direct more energy to the brain: smaller muscles and a shorter digestive tract. **DeWaal- Cultural primatology comes of age** - - - **Relational mobility** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Most research originates from WEIRD societies - - - - - - - - **09/05** What is culture? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Culture and psychology - - **Chapter 3** Ecological and geographical variation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Understanding cultural variability requires us to look at both the evoked culture that originates in the surrounding environment and the transmitted culture that spreads the norms thats develop How do ideas catch on? - - - - - - - - - Factors that cause ideas to spread - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - How have cultures been changing? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cultural persistence in the face of change Building on previous structures - - Influence of early conditions - Pluralistic ignorance - - - Cultural persistence tracks environmental stability - **Berger and Packard** - - - - **09/10** Mutual constitution - - - - Historical threads - - - - - - - - - - - Child embedded in zone of proximal development - - Cross cultural psychologists - - - Degree of universality (decreasing down) - - - - Key ideas of cross-cultural psychology - - - Cultural psychologists - - - - - Key ideas of cultural psychology - - - - - Psychological foundations of culture - **Chapter 4:** Conducting cross cultural research - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Specific methods for studying culture - - **Genzuk:** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **9/12** Theory and evidence in psychology - - - - - - - Cultural evolution: How humans evolve for culture and how humans evolve culture - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mechanisms of selective retention- emotional - - - - - - Disgust and cultural transmission - - - - - - - Mechanisms of selective retention- cognitive - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Summary - - - - - - - **09/19** Methods - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Reporting biases - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Research methods - - - - - - - - - - Advertisements - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Priming studies- remind bicultural people of different cultures... **Chapter 5** Universal brains develop into culturally diverse minds - Sensitive periods for cultural socialization - - - Acquiring culture - - Emergence of cross cultural psychological differences with age - Influence of early childhood - **09/24** Culture and development Development entails - - - - - Sensitive periods of culture - - - Developmental niche - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Chapter 6** Twenty statement test experiment - Independent and interdependent views of self - - - - - - - - - - Ingroup and outgroup relationships - - - - - - Individualism and collectivism - - - - - - - Gender and culture - - - - - - - - - Other cultural self-concept differences - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Implicit theories on the nature of the self - - - - Personality - - - - - - - - - - - Cultures that are more urban, more Protestant, more individualistic, more northern in location, and have a shorter history of using the plow in agriculture tend to have more egalitarian gender views. **Markus PDF** - **Unseen disadvantage: How American universities\' focus on independence undermines the academic performance of first-generation college students.** **By Stephens, Nicole M.,Fryberg, Stephanie A.,Markus, Hazel Rose,Johnson, Camille S.,Covarrubias, Rebecca** **Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 102(6), Jun 2012, 1178-1197** - - - - - - - **Chapter 7** Complexity of studying acculturation - - - Moving to a new culture - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Different but often unequal - - Multicultural people - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Review - **10/01** Cultural models of the self - Stanford university students- self descriptions - - - Kyoto university students- self descriptions - - -  Independent self - - - - - - - - - Above average effect- most americans rate themselves as more positive than east asians - - - - - - - - - - Who are you? - - - - Interdependent - - Some sources of european american cultural models - - - - - Traditional models - - Protestant influences - - - Cheerfulness and positivity - - American dream - - - - **10/03- East Asian Cultures** According to Buddhism, the Absolute Truth is that there is nothing absolute in the world, that everything is relative, conditioned and impermanent, and that there is no unchanging, everlasting, absolute substance like self - Some sources of East Asian cultural models - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - INDividualism-COLlectivism versus INDependent-INTerdependent - - - - - - Varieties of independence and interdependence and IND-COL - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  Vignoles- dimensions of independence - Acculturation - - - - Measuring acculturation - - - - - - Continuing generation students more focused on independent reasons for reasons why first-generation vs continuing generation students say they went to college - - - - - - - - Cultural distance Intervention method - - **Chapter 8** Motivations for self-enhancement and self-esteem - - - - - - - - - - - - Cultural variation in self-enhancement motivations - - - - - - - - Origins of cultural differences in self-enhancement - - - - - - - - - Motivations for face and self-improvement - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Motivations for control - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Motivations for conformity or uniqueness - - - - - - Review - - **10/8** Acculturation - - - Culture shock model - - - - Japanese students in new zealand - - - - Western business expats in china - - -  Intervention method - - - Measuring acculturation - - - - - - Models of acculturation - - - Melting pot - Unidirectional (linear) models - - - Marginal man - - Problems with linear models - - - Acculturation  - - - Biculturalism and adjustment - - - - - - - - Models of integration - - - - Frame switching - - Emotional frame switching - - - - - What factors predict the tendency to frame-shift? - - What factors predict the tendency to frame-shift - Bicultural identity integration - - Conclusions - - - - - **10/10** Culture and motivation Definition of motivation - - Promotion-prevention motivation and regulatory fit Promotion - - - - - - - - Prevention - - - - - - - - Role models - - - - - - - Movie review study (Hamamura et al 2010) - - - What is considered helpful? - -  Self enhancement vs self effacement Self esteem increases with greater exposure to north american culture Positive self-regard (meta- analysis) - - - - - - Modest benefits of self-esteem - - - - - - - - - - - Costly pursuit? - - Agency and control Cultural construction of choice - - Perceptions of choice - - - - - - - - Consequences of choice denied - - - Indian- US differences (savani) - - - Tory higgins European americans see their life as choices they make **Chapter 9** Analytic and holistic thinking - - - - Attention - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Understanding other peoples behaviors - - - - - - - Accepting contradiction - - - - - - Talking and thinking - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Review - - **10/15** SES differences (Connor Snibbe, Stephens) - - - Meaning of choice - - - - - - Intrinsic and extrinsic choice - -  Intrinsic or extrinsic? - - - - - - - Universal motives? - - Meaning maintenance - - Meaning maintenance: core assumptions - - - - - - - - - - - - Meaning maintenance core assumptions 1. 2. 3. Meaning maintenance - - - - - Meaning maintenance model - - Changing experimenter - - Finding meaning in traumatic experiences - - - Summary - - - - - - Flicker task and change blindness Perception and cognition Physical environment: what do we see around us? Carpenter world hypothesis (segall, 1966) American memory not changed when background changed, but memory cost for chinese when background changed (encoded information as package) **10/17** Adaptive learning - - Muller lyer - Carpenter world hypothesis - - - - - - - - - - Analytic vs. holistic attention: visual attention - - - - - - - - Memory test: fish and background Train image study- eye tracking - - - - - Cultural neuroscience.. - - - - - - Perception: object-context relations - What factors cause these differences? 1Ecoology and substinence mode - - - - - - 2Horizons and context - - - - 3Parents as models - - Change blindness task - - - - Attention and perception: summary - - - - Reasoning and attribution Internal / external attribution - - - - Understanding peoples behavior - - - - Dialecticism - - - Culture and attribution: summary - [[https://spssi.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/sipr.12105]](https://spssi.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/sipr.12105) [[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0963721417724239]](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0963721417724239) **10/22** Cultural psychology framework - - - - - Stereotypes - - - - - - Mistakes made in stereotypical judgment - - - Social expectancies - - - Behavioral confirmation - **10/24** Behavioral confirmation - - - - - Behavioral confirmation - - - - - - - - Stereotypes - - - - - - Mistakes made in stereotypical judgment - - - Stereotypes - - Mistakes made in stereotypical judgment Personality stereotypes - - - - - - - - Effects of stereotypes - - The case of ethnic mascots (Fryberg) Acts of commission and omission - - - -  Native omission model (Fryberg et al., 2023) Impact on wellness  Social representations and self-esteem (Fryberg) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  Social representations and achievement- related possible selves - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  Opposition to the mascots - - - - - - - Pocahontas - - Chief wahoo - - - Summary - - - - The case of the black history month posters (salter) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Content analysis categories and codes - -  Is multiculturalism or color blindness better for minorities? - - - - - - - - **Chapter 10** Emotions - What is an emotion? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Varieties of emotional experience - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cultural display rules - - - - - - - Describing emotional experiences - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Emotion and language - - Happiness and subjective well-being across cultures - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - People in cultures around the world differ considerably in degree of life satisfaction. Subjective well-being is influenced by such variables as income level, protection of human rights, and equality. It is also affected by whether people believe life should be consistently happy, or that a combination of positive and negative feelings is acceptable and natural c **10/31** Culture and emotions Methodological considerations - - - Bottom up and top down - - - Paul ekman: top down approach - - - - - - - - - - - - Judo studies- Matsumoto - Regulations and cultural display rules - - - - - - - - - Universality of facial behavior - - - - - - - - Top down conclusions: - - - - - - - - - - Emotional dialects - - - - - - Ethnographic interview - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Chapter 11** Interpersonal attraction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Close relationships - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Romantic love - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **11/05** Adding context: US and Japan - - - Rachel Jack: bottom up approach - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ideal affect predicts behavior - - - Undesirable affect - - - - - - - - Emotions of Hadza (Hoemann et al) Aspects of culture that predict differences in emotion - - - - Culture specific emotions Language effects - - - Dictionary definitions of happiness (oishi et al 2013) - - - - - Hyper vs. Hypo-cognized emotions - - - Colexification - - What shapes semantic structure - - - The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis - - - Language and Emotion Concepts - - - - - - - - **Chapter 12** Morality and religion - Ethnocentrism and cross cultural morality - - Kohlberg's stages of moral development - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The ethics of autonomy, community, and divinity - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Culture wars - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Religion and achievement motivation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The morality of thoughts - - - - - - - - - Review - - **Pasupathi** **See 11/7- emotions** **11/12** Results - - - - - Happiness and life satisfaction - - - - - Age gap in happiness - - Worldwide happiness of young people - - - - Correlates of happiness at the county level in the US - - - - - - - - Happiness and wealth - - - - How tight are social networks is big determinants of happiness in lowest happiness countries Not much of an correlation between liberty and happiness Cultural sources of happiness - - - - Beliefs about happiness - - - - Relationships: friends, enemies and mates In some asian and african countries, majorities live with extended family Culture and ingroups - - - - - - - - - - - - People on the move - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Relational mobility and subsistence modes - Cultural factors and COVID-19 - - Interpersonal strategies and characteristics linked to high relational mobility: - - - - - - - - - - **11/14** Introverts do better with low mobility- dont have to put more effort for new relationships In low mobility cultures, extroversion is less of a determinants of how many friends youll have Friends and enemies - - Culture and friendship - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mate selection - - - - What men want then vs now - - - - - - - - Responses to sex ratio - - - - - - Evolutionary interpretation - Alternatives: Cultural differences in mate selection Love - - - - Romantic love - - - - Marriage satisfaction - - - -  Summary: - - - - **11/19** Morality Intuitive morality Dilemmas - - - - Moral development - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Main themes - - Shweder (1993) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Suffering / harm - - Hierarchy / authority - - - Reciprocity / fairness - - Purity - - - Ingroup - - - Liberty - Universality or cultural differences in psychological "foundations"? Cultural differences - - - - - - - - Harmless offensive actions - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Political orientation - Summary - - - - - - **Chapter 13** Biological variability of humans - - - Genetic variation across populations - - - - - - - - - - Cultural influences on the genome - - - - - - - - - - Acquired physical variation across cultures - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Culture and sleep - - - - The effect of socioeconomic status on physical health - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ethnicity and health - - - - - - - - - - - Cross cultural medical practices - - - - - **11/26** Culture and physical and mental health Over the past few decades, people in many parts of the world have been getting heavier French paradox: - - - French american differences - - - - - - - - - Symptoms as emergent properties - Outcomes paradox- schizophrenia - Hispanic paradox - Immigrant paradox - Potential explanations - - - Simpatia - - - Hypothetical cultural mediator - Illness, sickness, disease - - - Genetic resistance to malaria - - - - Medicine as a culture- value - - - - - - Symptom best understood as emergent properties of input and experiential priors - - **Chapter 14** Psychological disorders in different cultures - - Defining mental health conditions - - Culture bound syndromes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Universal conditions - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Treating mental illness cross culturally - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **12/05** Tanya luhrmann The example of koro - - - - - The example of bulimia - - - - Hikikomori in japan - - - - - Mr tranh anxiety attacks - - Cambodian belief on khyal focuses on neck - - - - - - - - Why do some symptoms of distress differ across cultures Cultural scripts - - - - - Symptomizable experiences - - - - - - -  How do we understand new symptom emetgence? - - - - - Electromagnetic sensitivity - - - - - - - - - - - Emergence of symptoms - - - - Summary- health - - - **12/10** Main themes and take-home messages - - - - - - - Within culture variation Next frontier: within-group variation - - - - - - Religious individualism and collectivism - - - - - - Moralizing mentality - - - - - Protestant relational ideology  Workgroup preference - - Memory for task related and interpersonal details - - - Region of the country - Southern honor - - - - - Culture of honor - - - Influence of frontier cultures? - - - - Socio economic status Compared to high SEs individuals, those low in SES: - - - - - - How would you feel after you found out that your friend purchased he same car as you - - - - - Summary within culture variation - - - Challenges - - - - - Cultural psychology increases stereotype endorsement? - - - Main themes and take home messages - - - - - - - -