Introduction to Disaster Nursing PDF

Our Lady of Fatima University College of Nursing Rise to the Top INTRODUCTION to DISASTER NURSING Revised: 1/2024 Learning Objectives At the end of the course unit (CU), learners will be able to: 1. Dif...

Our Lady of Fatima University College of Nursing Rise to the Top INTRODUCTION to DISASTER NURSING Revised: 1/2024 Learning Objectives At the end of the course unit (CU), learners will be able to: 1. Differentiate timely and with ease the major types of disasters based on their unique characteristics. 2. Evaluate timely and with ease the principles of disaster planning and management. Revised: 1/2024 Disaster Profile of the Philippines Revised: 1/2024  GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION ⚫Composed of more than 7,100 island. ⚫Philippines geographical and physical characteristic expose the country to hazards and disasters, but does not necessarily make it a disaster prone country. Revised: 1/2024 WorldRiskIndex 2022 The WorldRiskIndex 2022 assesses the disaster risk for 193 countries. This covers all UN-recognized countries and over 99 percent of the world's population. The countries with the highest disaster risk worldwide are the Philippines (WRI 46.82), India (WRI 42.31), and Indonesia (WRI 41.46).  PACIFIC RING OF FIRE Revised: 1/2024  ▪ 220 volcanoes, 22 as active ▪June 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption dubbed as the 2nd largest volcano eruption of this century ▪850 people killed> around 1.2 Million people affected> PHP 10.6 Billion cost of damage Revised: 1/2024  Average of 866 earthquakes per year, some of them have proved to be damaging 2 major damaging earthquakes in recent years 1976 Mindanao earthquake> around 6,000 people killed> about USD 400 Million in damage 1990 Luzon earthquake> over 1,283 people killed> 1.3 Million people affected> about PHP12.2 Billion (USD 400 Million) in damage Revised: 1/2024  TSUNAMIS August 17, 1976 Earthquake & Tsunami ▪7.8 Magnitude generated a tsunami as high as 15 ft. which swept coastal areas of 5 provinces in Central and Southern Mindanao ▪ 3,792 killed; 9,240 injured; 1,937 missing> 362,136 rendered homeless> around PHP247.0 Million cost of damage Revised: 1/2024 Revised: 1/2024  PACIFIC TYPHOON BELT Revised: 1/2024 Revised: 1/2024  CLIMATE CHANGE Increasing global temperatures and rising sea levels further leads to worsening occurrences and impacts of disasters. Revised: 1/2024 HUMAN INDUCED DISASTERS Human-induced disasters also pose threats to the lives of the Filipinos. Revised: 1/2024  FACES OF DISASTER VOLCANIC ERUPTION (MT PINATUBO: 1991) Revised: 1/2024  FACES OF DISASTER EARTHQUAKE (7.2 M EQ IN BOHOL :2013) Revised: 1/2024  FACES OF DISASTER Revised: 1/2024  FACES OF DISASTER Revised: 1/2024  FACES OF DISASTER Typhoon Ondoy (Ketsana) ▪Most devastating typhoon in the 2009 Pacific typhoon season with a damage of $1.09 billion and 747 fatalities. ▪The damage to property was estimated to be P6 billion, including P4.1 billion in damage to infrastructure, P1.9 billion in damage to schools, and P882.525 million in damage to agriculture. ▪710 direct fatalities and 37 missing persons were reported. Revised: 1/2024  FACES OF DISASTER TYPHOON YOLANDA (HAIAN) ▪Most devastating typhoon in the 2013 Pacific typhoon season with a damage of $ 2.2 billion and 6,300 fatalities. ▪Days after the typhoon hit much of the Visayas with 1.8 million homeless and more than 6,000,000 displaced ▪The spread of disease is high due to the lack of food, water, shelter, and medication. ▪Casualties have been reported as a result of the lack of aid in affected areas and the number of dead is likely to rise. ▪After the typhoon with the influx of refugees into the city. Around 20,000 people have fled to Manila as a result of the storm. Revised: 1/2024  FACES OF DISASTER TROPICAL STORM (TS “SENDONG”: 2010) Revised: 1/2024  FACES OF DISASTER Red Tide Outbreak ▪From 1983 to 2001, a total of 42 toxic outbreaks have resulted in a total of 2,107 paralytic shellfish poisoning cases with 117 deaths. ▪In Manila Bay, during the 1992 Pyrodinium red-tide outbreak, around outbreak, around 38,500 fisherfolks were displaced from their livelihood. Estimated economic losses for displaced fisherfolks was PhP 3.4 billion (in 2002 prices) Revised: 1/2024  FACES OF DISASTER Rizal Day Bombing ▪Also referred to as the December 30 bombings, were a series of bombings that occurred around Metro Manila. ▪Five locations were bombed almost simultaneously within the span of an hour. ▪Twenty-two (22) fatalities were reported and around a hundred more suffered non- fatal injuries. Revised: 1/2024  FACES OF DISASTER PhilSports Stadium Stampede ▪Also referred as Wowowee stampede or the ULTRA stampede was a stampede that occurred at the PhilSports Stadium in Pasig City on February 4, 2006. ▪ It killed 78 people and injured about 400. Revised: 1/2024  FACES OF DISASTER Revised: 1/2024  FACES OF DISASTER Sinking of MV Princess of the Stars ▪The ferry sent a distress signal at midday on June 21, 2008 when its engines allegedly stalled in rough seas near Sibuyan Island. Surveillance team confirmed that the ship has a hole in the hull. ▪52 survived the tragedy and 312 bodies were recovered of 825 passengers listed. The rest were declared missing and presumed dead. ▪Cargoes of 5 toxic pesticides and other poisonous substances were retrieved 3 months after the incident Revised: 1/2024  FACES OF DISASTER TERRORISM (ZAMBOANGA CRISIS : 2013) Revised: 1/2024 When major catastrophic incidents like a 7.2 magnitude earthquake, a great tsunami or other events will hit the Philippines… Terrorism Global Warming Revised: 1/2024 Revised: 1/2024 Definition of Terms Emergency A sudden, unexpected event requiring immediate action due to a potential threat to health, life, property or environment Emergency Management The care given to patients with urgent and critical needs Emergency Nursing Is a nursing specialty in which nurses care for patients in the emergency or critical phase of their illness or injury. Emergency Nurse A nurse specialized in rapid assessment and treatment when every second counts, particularly during the initial phase of acute illness and trauma. A nurse that had a specialized education, training and experience to gain expertise in assessing and identifying patient health care problem in crisis situation. First Responder Local police, fire & emergency medical personnel who arrive first on the scene of an incident & take action to save lives, protect property, & meet basic human needs Emergency Medical Services (EMS) A highly organized sector of the health care system that has a significant impact on the health of the public both through routine crisis management functions & their contribution during disasters. WHAT IS A DISASTER? Revised: 1/2024 Revised: 1/2024  Disaster Ecologic disruptions, or emergencies of varying severity and magnitude Results in Illness, Deaths, Injuries, and Property damage Cannot be managed by routine procedures. Requires extraordinary efforts beyond what is needed to respond to everyday. * Landesman et al. (2001); Al-Madhari and Zeller (1997) Revised: 1/2024  Hazard Revised: 1/2024 CONCEPTS OF DISASTER The word disaster originated from Greek words DUS (bad) and ASTER (star). Calamity due to position of a planet or a star. Then, the word evolved in Italian as DISASTRO, to become French DISASTRE and then DISASTER. Revised: 1/2024 D – disruption of function of a large number of people I – impact involves human, material, monetary and ecological losses S – sudden devastating and unexpected event A – affect different levels of society: household level, community level and provincial level S – safe keeping measures is the utmost concern T – total damages to life, limb and property is appalling E – exceed the capacity of a neighborhood or the general public to manage by means of its own resources R – recovery takes months or years Revised: 1/2024 MAIN FEATURES OF DISASTERS: Unpredictability Unfamiliarity Speed Urgency Uncertainty Threat Revised: 1/2024 WHEN IS AN EVENT A DISASTER? At least 20% of the population are affected and in need of emergency assistance or whose dwelling units have been destroyed. A great number or at least 40% of the means of livelihood such as bancas, fishing boats, vehicles and the like are destroyed. Major roads and bridges are destroyed and impassable for at least a week, thus disrupting the flow of transport and commerce. Widespread destruction of fish ponds, crops, poultry and livestock, and other agricultural products Epidemics NDCC Memo Order No. 4, March 4, 1998 Revised: 1/2024  Health-Related Effects of Disaster Premature Deaths, Illness, Exceeds capacity of local health care system and Injuries Destruction of local health Disables the health care unit to respond to care infrastructure emergencies Increased risk of communicable diseases Environmental Imbalances Environmental hazards Affects psychological, emotional and social well- Disrupts the adaptation and normal coping being of the population Shortage of food and Water Severe nutritional deficiencies Large Population Movement Health consequences of crowded living condition Revised: 1/2024 (Refugee)  TYPES OF HAZARDS AND DISASTERS: Natural Disasters Result of an ecological disruption or threat that exceeds the adjustment capacity of the affected community (WHO, 1979) Man-made Disasters (human generated) Principal direct causes are identifiable deliberate human actions or otherwise (Noji, 1996). Combination or Synergistic Disasters Also known as NA-TECH. A natural disaster or phenomena that may triggers a secondary disaster Revised: 1/2024 Revised: 1/2024  Top 10 Global Natural Disasters Cyclone Earthquake Tornado Volcanic eruption Tsunami Flood Wildfire Drought Avalanche Landslide Revised: 1/2024 5 Common Disasters In The Philippines The are as follows: 1. Typhoon 2. Earthquake 3. Fire 4. Volcanic eruption 5. Drought Revised: 1/2024  Man-made Disaster Three Broad Categories: Complex Emergencies Suffering and devastation caused by war, civil strife, and other political conflicts. Technologic Disasters Direct and adverse effect of major industrial accidents, unplanned release of nuclear energy, fires or explosions from hazardous materials Disasters that Occur in Human Settlements Results of combination of forces like drought, epidemics, and political unrest. Revised: 1/2024  Disaster Classification Based on Onset: Rapid-onset events – short durations but with a sudden impact (e.g. earthquakes and tornadoes). Sudden Impact (e.g. hurricanes and volcanic eruptions). Revised: 1/2024  Disaster Classification Based on Duration: a.Acute/Short-Term Disasters: Events that have a rapid onset and short duration, causing immediate and intense impact. Examples include earthquakes and tsunamis. b.Chronic/Long-Term Disasters: Events that persist over an extended period, often with a gradual onset. Examples include prolonged droughts, ongoing conflict situations, and persistent public health issues. Revised: 1/2024  Disaster Classification Other categories: a. Internal Disasters - events that originate within a specific geographic area or jurisdiction and affect the residents and resources of that particular region. Example: Disruption of normal hospital function due to injuries or deaths of hospital personnel or damage to health care facility. Earthquakes that occur within a country's boundaries. Localized flooding in a specific city or region. Industrial accidents within a particular industrial facility. Revised: 1/2024  Disaster Classification Other categories: b. External Disasters – events that originate outside a specific geographic area or jurisdiction but impact the affected region, often crossing borders. Example: Exhaustion of health care/ hospital resources due to large volume of patients with varying types of injuries being admitted. A hurricane originating in the ocean and making landfall in a coastal region. The spread of a pandemic that starts in one country and affects neighboring nations. Transboundary pollution affecting multiple countries. Revised: 1/2024 Revised: 1/2024  PRE-IMPACT PHASE IMPACT PHASE POST – IMPACT PHASE It is the initial phase of Occurs when the disaster Recovery begins during the disaster, prior to the actual actually happens emergency phase and ends occurrence. time of enduring hardship with the return of normal A warning is given at the or injury end of trying to community order and sign of the first possible survive. functioning. danger Earliest possible warning is crucial in preventing loss of life and minimizing damage Revised: 1/2024 Disaster Phase Time Disaster Continuum Pre-impact 0 Planning/preparedness Prevention/warning Impact 0-24 hours Response/emergency 24 – 72 hours management/ Mitigation Post-impact Greater than 72 hours Recovery/rehabilitation Reconstruction/evaluation The Victims Of Disaster In Go Through Four Stages Of Emotional Response: Strong Denial Emotional Response Acceptance Recovery Emotional Response: DENIAL Emotional Response: Emotional Response: Emotional Response: RECOVERY Revised: 1/2024