DRM - Disaster Risk and Reduction Management PDF

DISASTER RISK AND REDUCTION MANAGEMENT NCM 12O - 2nd Semester - KPARCEO of human life, deterioration of health and health services, on a scale LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO DISASTER...

DISASTER RISK AND REDUCTION MANAGEMENT NCM 12O - 2nd Semester - KPARCEO of human life, deterioration of health and health services, on a scale LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO DISASTER sufficient to warrant an extraordinary NURSING response from outside the affected community or area.” Disaster h.​ Disaster as “an occurrence such as a.​ Disasters have been integral parts of hurricane, tornado, storm, flood, high the human experience since the water, wind-driven water tidal wave, beginning of time, causing earthquake, drought, blizzard, premature death, impaired quality of pestilence, famine, fire, explosion, life, and altered health status. building collapse, transportation b.​ The word derives from French wreck, or other situation that causes “désastre” and that from Old Italian human suffering or creates human “disastro”, which in turn comes from that the victims cannot alleviate the Greek prefix dus = “bad” + aster without assistance. = “star”. i.​ Disaster is “a serious disruption c.​ The root of the word disaster (“bad triggered by a hazard, causing star” in Greek) comes from an human, material, economic or (and) astrological theme in which the environmental losses, which exceed ancients used to refer to the the ability of those affected to cope. destruction or deconstruction of a j.​ Disaster is a serious disruption of star as a disaster. the functioning of a community or a d.​ Disasters require nurses to navigate society causing widespread human, chaotic environments, often in material, economic or environmental makeshift facilities and with limited losses which exceed the ability of technology and medical supplies. the affected community or society to e.​ Can be defined as “Any catastrophic cope with its own resources. situation in which the normal k.​ Disaster as a situation or event patterns of life (or ecosystems) have which overwhelms local capacity, been disrupted and extraordinary, necessitating a request to a national emergency interventions are or international level for external required to save and preserve assistance; an unforeseen and often human lives and/or the sudden event that causes great environment.” damage, destruction and human f.​ Defined as ecologic disruptions, or suffering. emergencies, of a severity and magnitude that result in deaths, injuries, illness, and property damage that cannot be effectively managed using routine procedures or resources and that require outside assistance. g.​ As “any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss MDSR DISASTER RISK AND REDUCTION MANAGEMENT NCM 12O - 2nd Semester - KPARCEO According to CRED at least one of the level of risk, or the effects of a following criteria must be fulfilled to be disaster. called as a disaster: d.​ Risk - is the probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses resulting from interactions between natural or human-induced hazards and vulnerable conditions. Formula: a.​ 10 or more people reported killed b.​ 100 or more people reported affected c.​ Declaration of a state of emergency Levels of Disaster d.​ Call for international assistance a.​ Disasters are classified according to Key Elements of Disaster the magnitude of the disaster in relation to the ability of the agency or a.​ Hazards - is a phenomena that pose community to respond. a threat to people, structures, or economic assets and which may Disasters are classified by the following cause a disaster. levels: b.​ Vulnerability - is the condition determined by physical, social, 1)​ Level I: if the organization, agency, economic and environmental factors or community is able to contain the or processes, which increase the event and respond effectively susceptibility of a community to the utilizing its own resources. impact of hazards. Considered a minor disaster, c.​ Capacity - is the combination of all minimal level of damage. the strengths and resources available within a community, society ​ Example: Workplace injury or organization that can reduce the MDSR DISASTER RISK AND REDUCTION MANAGEMENT NCM 12O - 2nd Semester - KPARCEO Goal of Disaster Nursing 2)​ Level II: if the disaster requires assistance from external sources, a.​ To ensure the highest achievable but these can be obtained from level of care is delivered through nearby agencies. identifying, advocating, and caring for all impacted populations ​ Example: Building Fire throughout all phases of a disaster event, including active participation in all levels of disaster planning and preparedness. Principles of Disaster Nursing 1.​ Rapid assessment of the situation and or nursing care needs. 2.​ Triage and initiation of life-saving measures first. 3)​ Level III: if the disaster is of a 3.​ The selected use of essential magnitude that exceeds the capacity nursing interventions and the of the local community or region and elimination of nonessential nursing requires assistance from state-level activities. or even federal assets. Massive 4.​ Adaptation of necessary nursing disaster, massive level of damage or skills to disaster and other severe impact. emergency situations. The nurse must use imagination and ​ Example: Earthquake resourcefulness in dealing with a lack of supplies, equipment, and personnel. 5.​ Evaluation of the environment and the mitigation or removal of any health hazards. 6.​ Prevention of further injury or illness. 7.​ Leadership in coordinating patient triage, care, and transport during times of crisis. 8.​ The teaching, supervision, and Disaster Nursing utilization of auxiliary medical personnel and volunteers. a.​ Defined as “the adaptation of 9.​ Provision of understanding, professional nursing knowledge, compassion, and emotional support skills and attitude in recognizing and to all victims and their families. meeting the nursing, health and emotional needs of disaster victims.” MDSR DISASTER RISK AND REDUCTION MANAGEMENT NCM 12O - 2nd Semester - KPARCEO b.​ Hydrological - caused by the Lesson 2: Categories of Disaster occurrence, movement and distribution of water on earth ​ Floods Disasters ​ Tsunami c.​ Climatological- relating to climate a.​ affect thousands of people each conditions year. Major adverse events such as ​ Droughts these have the potential to cause ​ Wildfires catastrophic loss of life and physical destruction. They are often d.​ Meteorological: relating to unexpected and can leave whole communities in shock. weather conditions b.​ Disasters can take many different ​ Cyclones forms, and the duration can range ​ storms from an hourly disruption to days or weeks of ongoing destruction. e.​ Biological - caused by exposure to living organisms and their toxic Categories of Disaster substances or diseases they may carry. ​ Epidemics/Pandemic diseases ​ Insect/Animal Plagues Man-Made Disaster Natural disaster a.​ A result of an ecological disruption or threat that exceeds the adjustment capacity of the affected community. a.​ Are those in which the principal Types of Natural Disasters: direct causes are identifiable human actions, deliberate or otherwise. a.​ Geophysical - a hazard originating from solid earth. Types of Man-Made Disaster: ​ Earthquakes ​ Landslides a.​ Complex emergencies - Involves ​ Volcanic activity situations where the population suffer significant casualties as a result of a certain disaster. MDSR DISASTER RISK AND REDUCTION MANAGEMENT NCM 12O - 2nd Semester - KPARCEO Lesson 3: Trends and Patterns of ​ Food Insecurity ​ Armed conflicts/ war Disasters Phases of Disaster ​ Political conflicts a.​ Key Phases of Disaster b.​ Technological Disasters - resulted in Management accidents or unexpected and uncontrolled release of hazardous ​ There are three key phases of and explosive materials that can activity within disaster lead to certain disaster. 1.​ Pre-Disaster: Before a disaster to ​ Industrial (chemical spill, collapse, reduce the potential for human, explosion, fire, gas leak, poisoning, material or environmental losses radiation) caused by hazards and to ensure ​ Transport (air, rail, road and water) that these losses are minimized ​ Miscellaneous accidents (fire, when the disaster actually strikes. collapse, and explosion) 2.​ During Disaster: It is to ensure that the needs and provisions of victims Characteristics of Disasters: are met to alleviate and minimize suffering. a.​ Sudden onset disaster 3.​ Post Disaster: After a disaster to achieve rapid and durable recovery ​ A sudden onset disaster is one which does not reproduce the triggered by a hazardous event that original vulnerable conditions. emerges quickly or unexpectedly. They all take lives, separate families B. Pre-Disaster Phase and devastate communities. ​ When they hit, local healthcare ​ Prevention and Mitigation services can be overwhelmed and so governments will put the call out -​ Reducing the risk of disasters for emergency medical assistance. involves activities, which either ​ Ex: typhoons, earthquakes, volcanic reduce or modify the scale and eruptions intensity of the threat faced or by improving the conditions of elements b.​ Slow onset disaster at risk. -​ Mitigation embraces all measures ​ A slow onset disaster is defined as taken to reduce both the effects of one that emerges gradually over the hazard itself and the vulnerable time. It can be predicted much conditions to it in order to reduce the further in advance and unfold over scale of a future disaster. months or even years. -​ Although the term “prevention” is ​ Ex: Drought, Epidemic disease often used to embrace the wide diversity of measures to protect persons and property its use is not MDSR DISASTER RISK AND REDUCTION MANAGEMENT NCM 12O - 2nd Semester - KPARCEO recommended since it is misleading plans, the development of warning in its implicit suggestion that natural systems, the maintenance of disasters are preventable. inventories, public awareness and -​ Ex: retaining wall education and the training of personnel. -​ Ex: PAGASA warning, News at TV, Radios and Internets, Disaster Trainings ​ Early Warning -​ This is the process of monitoring the situation in communities or areas known to be vulnerable to slow onset hazards, and passing the knowledge of the pending hazard to people in harm’s way. -​ To be effective, warnings must be related to mass education and training of the population who know what actions they must take when warned. ​ The Disaster Impact -​ This refers to the “real-time event of a hazard occurring and affecting elements at risk. The duration of the event will depend on the type of threat; ground shaking may only occur in a matter of seconds during an earthquake while flooding may take place over a longer sustained ​ Preparedness period. -​ This brings us to the all-important C. During Disaster Phase issue of disaster preparedness. The process embraces measures that ​ Response enable governments, communities and individuals to respond rapidly to -​ This refers to the first stage disaster situations to cope with them response to any calamity, which effectively. include for examples such as setting -​ Preparedness includes for example, up control rooms, putting the the formulation of viable emergency contingency plan in action, issue MDSR DISASTER RISK AND REDUCTION MANAGEMENT NCM 12O - 2nd Semester - KPARCEO warning, action for evacuation, area or population vulnerable in the taking people to safer areas, first place. rendering medical aid to the needy d.​ Development etc., -​ Simultaneously rendering relief to ​ In an evolving economy, the the homeless, food, drinking water, development process is an ongoing clothing etc. to the needy, restoration activity. of communication, disbursement of ​ Long term prevention/disaster assistance in cash or kind. reduction measures for examples -​ The emergency relief activities like construction of embankments undertaken during and immediately against flooding, irrigation facilities following a disaster, which includes as drought proofing measures, immediate relief, rescue and the increasing plant cover to reduce the damage needs assessment and occurrences of landslides, land use debris clearance. planning, construction of houses capable of withstanding the The Post-Disaster Phase onslaught of heavy rain/wind speed and shock of earthquakes are some a.​ Recovery of the activities that can be taken up as part of the development plan. ​ Recovery is used to describe the activities that encompass the three Lesson 4: International Council of overlapping phases of emergency relief, rehabilitation and Nurses Framework for Disaster reconstruction. Nursing Competencies b.​ Rehabilitation ​ Rehabilitation includes the provision of temporary public utilities and housing as interim measures to assist long-term recovery. c.​ Reconstruction ​ Reconstruction attempts to return Prevention and Mitigation communities to improved pre-disaster functioning. It includes a.​ Risk Reduction and Disease such as the replacement of Prevention buildings; infrastructure and lifeline facilities so that long-term ​ Using epidemiological data development prospects are evaluates the risks and effects of enhanced rather than reproducing specific disasters on the community the same conditions, which made an and the population. MDSR DISASTER RISK AND REDUCTION MANAGEMENT NCM 12O - 2nd Semester - KPARCEO ​ Collaborates with other health care ​ Works with the community to professionals, community strengthen the health care system’s organizations, government and ability to respond to and recover community leaders to develop risk from a disaster. reduction measures to reduce the vulnerability of the populations. c.​ Policy Development and Planning ​ Participates in planning to meet health care needs in a disaster. ​ Describes the phases of disaster ​ Identifies challenges to the health management continuum: care system and works with the prevention/mitigation, preparedness, multidisciplinary team to mitigate the response and challenges. recovery/rehabilitation. ​ Identifies vulnerable populations and ​ Describes the role of government coordinates activities to reduce risk. and organizations in disaster ​ Understands the principles and planning and response. process of isolation, quarantine, ​ Contributes to the development, containment and decontamination evaluation and modification of the and assists in developing a plan for community disaster plan. implementation in the community. ​ Ensures that the needs of vulnerable ​ Collaborates with organizations and populations are included in the governments to build the capacity of community disaster plan (including the community to prepare for and children, women, pregnant women, respond to a disaster. individuals with mental or physical disabilities, older people and other b.​ Health Promotion vulnerable persons/households) ​ Participates in community education Preparedness Competencies activities related to disaster preparedness. a.​ Ethical Practice ​ Assess the community to determine pre-existing health issues, ​ Protects the rights, values and prevalence of disease, chronic dignity of individuals and illness and disability and the health communities. care resources in the community. ​ Practices in accordance with the ​ Partners with others to implement cultural, social and spiritual beliefs of measures that will reduce risks individuals and communities. related to person-to-person ​ Maintains confidentiality in transmission of disease, sanitation communication and documentation. and foodborne illness. ​ Describes how security issues and ​ Participates in planning to meet the ethics may conflict. health care needs of the community such as mass immunization and b.​ Legal Practice medication administration programs. MDSR DISASTER RISK AND REDUCTION MANAGEMENT NCM 12O - 2nd Semester - KPARCEO ​ Recognizes the legal role of public ​ Evaluates the need for additional health to protect the community in a training and obtains required disaster training. ​ Understands the legal implications of ​ Evaluates community readiness and disasters and emergency events takes actions to increase readiness (e.g. security, maintaining evidence, where needed. confidentiality). Response Competencies c.​ Accountability a.​ Care of Communities ​ Accepts accountability and responsibility for one’s own actions. ​ Collects data regarding injuries and ​ Identifies the limits of one’s own illnesses as required. knowledge, skills and abilities in ​ Evaluates health needs and disaster and practices in accordance available resources in the with them. disaster-affected area to meet basic ​ Advocates for the provision of safe needs of the population. and appropriate care. ​ Participates in preventive strategies such as mass immunization d.​ Communication and information activities. sharing ​ Collaborates with relief organizations to address basic needs of the ​ Describes the chain of command community (e.g. shelter, food, water, and the nurse’s role within the health care). system. ​ Identifies and communicates b.​ Psychological Care important information immediately to appropriate authorities. ​ Understands the psychological ​ Utilizes a variety of communication impact of disasters on adults, tools to reduce language barriers. children, families, vulnerable ​ Coordinates information with other populations and communities. members of the disaster response ​ Identifies an individual’s behavioural team. responses to the disaster and ​ Communicates identified or provides appropriate interventions suspected health and/or as required (e.g. psychological first environment risks to appropriate aid). authorities (i.e. Public Health) ​ Uses therapeutic relationships effectively in a disaster situation. e.​ Education and Preparedness ​ Identifies survivors and responders ​ Maintains knowledge in areas requiring additional mental health relevant to disaster and disaster nursing support and refers to nursing. appropriate resources. ​ Participates in drills in the workplace and community. MDSR DISASTER RISK AND REDUCTION MANAGEMENT NCM 12O - 2nd Semester - KPARCEO Recovery and Rehabilitation a.​ Individual and Family Recovery ​ Develops plans to meet short- and long-term physical and psychological nursing needs of survivors. ​ Teaches survivors strategies for prevention of disease and injury. ​ Assists local health care facilities in recovery. b.​ Community Recovery ​ Collects data related to the disaster response for evaluation. ​ Evaluates nursing response and practices during the disaster and collaborates with nursing organizations to resolve issues and improve response. ​ Identifies areas of needed improvement and communicates those areas to appropriate personnel. ​ Assists the community in transitioning from the response phase of the disaster/emergency through recovery and rehabilitation to normal functions. MDSR Module 2 Disaster Management _______________________________________________________________ Lesson 1: Disaster cyclones, earthquakes, wildland fires, and other Management Continuum hazards. ​ Increased population Disaster Management densities, environmental ​ It aims to reduce, avoid, the degradation, and global potential losses from hazards, warming adding to assure prompt and appropriate poverty make the impacts assistance to victims of disaster, of natural hazards worse. and achieve rapid and effective ​ Past few years have recovery. reminded us that natural hazards can affect anyone Disaster Management Cycle and anywhere. ​ Illustrates the ongoing process ​ From the Indian Ocean by which governments, tsunami to the South Asia business, and civil society plan earthquake, from the for and reduce the impact of devastation caused by disasters, react during and hurricanes and cyclones immediately following a in the United States, the disaster, and take steps to Caribbean and the Pacific, recover after a disaster has to heavy flooding across occurred. Europe and Asia, ​ Appropriate actions at all points hundreds of thousands of in the cycle lead to greater people have lost their preparedness, better warnings, lives, and millions their reduced vulnerability or the livelihoods, to disasters prevention of disasters during caused by natural hazards. the next iteration of the cycle. ​ While many know the ​ Shaping public policies and plans human misery and that either modify the causes of crippling economic losses disasters or mitigate their effects resulting from disasters, on people property, and what few realize is that infrastructure. this devastation can be prevented through PRE-IMPACT disaster risk reduction A.​ Prevention and Mitigation initiatives. Governments ​ More than 200 million around the world have people are affected by committed to take action droughts, floods, to reduce disaster risk. MDSR Module 2 Disaster Management _______________________________________________________________ ​ All countries are UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL encouraged to establish STRATEGY FOR DISASTER National Platforms for REDUCTION (UNISDR) Disaster Risk Reduction or other coordination What is the International Strategy for mechanisms. Disaster Reduction (ISDR)? ​ At regional level, information sharing and ​ The International coordination among Strategy for Disaster existing bodies are Reduction (ISDR) was promoted by the UN/ISDR adopted, as a follow-up of secretariat and partners the International Decade as Regional Platforms for on Natural Disaster Disaster Risk Reduction. Reduction ​ The international (IDNDR)1990-1999 by the elements of the ISDR Member States of the System are the Global United Nations in 2000. Platform for Disaster Risk ​ This strategy aims to Reaction and the UN/ISDR achieve substantive secretariat. reduction of disaster losses and build resilient Hyogo Framework for Action- communities and nations, Building the Resilience of Nations as an essential condition and Communities to Disasters for sustainable development. ​ Every year, more than 200 ​ The ISDR System million people are affected by comprises numerous droughts, floods, cyclones, organizations, States and earthquakes, wildland fires, and civil society worldwide other hazards. working together to ​ Increased population densities, reduce disaster losses, in environmental degradation, and lives and in social, global warming adding to economic, and poverty make the impacts of environmental assets of natural hazards worse. communities and nations, ​ The past few years have asset out in the Hyogo reminded us that natural Framework for Action. hazards can affect anyone, anywhere. MDSR Module 2 Disaster Management _______________________________________________________________ ​ From the Indian Ocean tsunami people educate their children to to the South Asia earthquake, how they plan their cities. Each from the devastation caused by decision can make us either more hurricanes and cyclones in the vulnerable, or more resilient. United States, the Caribbean and the Pacific, to heavy flooding What is the Hyogo Framework for across Europe and Asia, Action? hundreds of thousands of people ​ The Hyogo Framework for have lost their lives, and millions Action (HFA) is the key their livelihoods, to disasters instrument for implementing caused by natural hazards. disaster risk reduction, adopted ​ While many know the human by the Member States of the misery and crippling economic United Nations. losses resulting from disasters, ​ Its overarching goal is to build what few realize is that this resilience of nations and devastation can be prevented communities to disasters, by through disaster risk reduction achieving substantive reduction initiatives. of disaster losses by ​ Governments around the world 2015-inlives, and in the social, have committed to take action to economic, and environmental reduce disaster risk, and have assets of communities and adopted a guideline to reduce countries. vulnerabilities to natural ​ The HFA offers five areas of hazards, called the Hyogo priorities for action, guiding Framework for Action (Hyogo principles and practical means Framework). for achieving disaster resilience ​ The Hyogo Framework assists for vulnerable communities in the efforts of nations and the context of sustainable communities to become more development. resilient to, and cope better with the hazards that threaten their Priorities for Action are outlined in the development gains. Hyogo Framework for Action ​ Collaboration is at the heart of the Hyogo Framework: disasters can affect everyone, and are therefore everybody's business. ​ Disaster risk reduction should be part of every-day decision-making: from how MDSR Module 2 Disaster Management _______________________________________________________________ disaster risk reduction. They must also allocate sufficient resources to support and maintain them. This includes: a.​ Creating effective, multi-sector national platforms to provide policy guidance and to coordinate activities; b.​ Integrating 1.​ Make Disaster Risk Reduction disaster risk a Priority. reduction into ​ Ensure that disaster risk development reduction is a national policies and and a local priority with a planning, such as strong institutional basis Poverty Reduction for implementation. Strategies; and, Strong national and local c.​ Ensuring commitment is required community to save lives and participation, so livelihoods threatened by that local needs are natural hazards. met. ​ Natural hazards must be taken into account in public and private sector 2.​ Know the Risks and Take decision- making in the Action same way that ​ Identify, assess, and environmental and social monitor disaster risks- impact assessments are and enhance early currently required. warning. ​ Countries must therefore ​ To reduce their develop or modify vulnerability to natural policies, laws, and hazards, countries and organizational communities must know arrangements, as well as the risks that they face, plans, programs, and projects, to integrate MDSR Module 2 Disaster Management _______________________________________________________________ and take actions based on ​ Advance warnings mean the that knowledge. difference between life and ​ Understanding risk death. Cuba is one of the best- requires investment in prepared countries in the scientific, technical, and Caribbean for the hurricane institutional capabilities season. to observe, record, ​ 72 hours before a storm makes research, analyze, landfall, the national media forecast, model and map issues alerts, and civil protection natural hazards. Tools committees check evacuation need to be developed and plans. 48 hours before expected disseminated: statistical landfall, authorities target information about warnings for high-risk areas. disaster events, risk ​ Twelve hours before landfall, maps, disaster homes are secured, vulnerability and risk neighborhoods are cleared of indicators are essential. loose debris, and people are ​ Most importantly, evacuated. countries need to use this knowledge to develop 3.​ Build Understanding and effective early warning Awareness systems, appropriately ​ Use knowledge, adapted to the unique innovation, and education circumstances of the to build a culture of safety people at risk. and resilience at all levels. ​ Early warning is widely ​ Disasters can be reduced accepted as a crucial substantially if people are component of disaster well informed about risk reduction. When measures they can take to effective early warning reduce vulnerability- and systems provide if they are motivated to information about a act. Key activities to hazard to a vulnerable increase awareness of population, and plans are disaster prevention in place to take action, include: thousands of lives can be a.​ Providing relevant saved. information on disaster risks and Early Warning Saves Lives means of MDSR Module 2 Disaster Management _______________________________________________________________ protection, ​ On the island of Simeulue, off especially for the coast of Sumatra, from a citizens in high- population of 83,000 people, risk areas; only seven people died in the b.​ Strengthening Indian Ocean tsunami. On the networks and nearby mainland, in Aceh, more promoting dialogue than 100,000 people were killed. and cooperation ​ The people of Simeulue have among disaster maintained their own local experts, technical knowledge of earthquakes, and scientific which they call. Each generation specialists, teaches the early warning signs planners and of natural hazards to the next. others take holders; 4.​ Reduce Risk c.​ Including disaster ​ Reduce the underlying risk reduction risk factors. subject matter in ​ Vulnerability to natural formal, hazards is increased in non-formal, and many ways, for example: informal education a.​ Locating and training communities in activities; hazard-prone d.​ Developing or areas, such as flood strengthening plains; community-based b.​ Destroying forests disaster risk and wetlands, management thereby harming programs; and, the capacity of the e.​ environment to f.​ Working with the withstand hazards; media in disaster c.​ Building public risk reduction facilities and awareness housing unable to activities. withstand the impacts of hazards; Local Knowledge is Critical for and, Disaster Reduction d.​ Not having social and financial safety MDSR Module 2 Disaster Management _______________________________________________________________ mechanisms in city on 26 December 2003. A place. major factor contributing to the ​ Countries can build high death toll was that resilience to disasters by traditional mud brick buildings investing in simple, crumbled, suffocating the people well-known measures to inside. Practically all of the reduce risk and survivors were left homeless, as vulnerability. 85% of the city's buildings ​ Disasters can be reduced collapsed. by applying relevant building standards to 5.​ Be Prepared and Ready to Act protect critical ​ Strengthen disaster infrastructure, such as preparedness for effective schools, hospitals and response at all levels. homes. Vulnerable ​ Being prepared, including buildings can be conducting risk assessments, retrofitted to a higher before investing in development degree of safety. at all levels of society will enable Protecting precious people to become more resilient ecosystems, such as coral to natural hazards. Preparedness reefs and mangrove involves many types of activities, forests, allow them to act including: as natural storm barriers. a.​ The development and Effective insurance and regular testing of microfinance initiatives contingency plans; can help to transfer risks b.​ The establishment of and provide additional emergency funds to resources. support preparedness, response and recovery Building Resilience Protects activities; Communities c.​ The development of ​ Unsafe buildings and the lack or coordinated regional non-enforcement of building approaches for effective codes often cause more deaths disaster response; and, than natural hazards d.​ Continuous dialogue themselves. In Bam, Iran, more between response than 30,000 people were killed, agencies, planners and and another 30,000 injured, policy-makers, and when an earthquake struck the MDSR Module 2 Disaster Management _______________________________________________________________ development and international organizations organizations. all have a role to play. e.​ Regular disaster ​ Civil society, including preparedness exercises, volunteers and including evacuation community-based drills, also are key to organizations, the scientific ensuring rapid and community, the media, and the effective disaster private sector, are all vital response. stakeholders. Following is an f.​ Effective preparedness indication of the variety and plans and organization diversity of actors and their core also help to cope with the responsibilities. many small and ○​ States medium-sized disasters ○​ Regional organizations that repeatedly occur in so ○​ International many communities. organizations Natural hazards cannot be ○​ The ISDR system prevented, but it is ​ States are responsible for: possible to reduce their ​ Developing national impacts by reducing the coordination mechanisms; vulnerability of people ​ Conducting baseline and their livelihoods. assessments on the status of Disaster Preparedness Takes Practice disaster risk reduction; ​ Japan prides itself in being ​ Publishing and updating well-prepared for earthquakes. summaries of national On Disaster Prevention Day, held programs; in Japan every year, many people ​ Reviewing national progress all across the country participate towards achieving the objectives in disaster preparedness drills, and priorities of the Hyogo involving both emergency Framework; workers and the general public. ​ Working to implement relevant international legal instruments; Who is responsible for implementing and disaster risk reduction and the ​ Integrating disaster risk Hyogo Framework? reduction with climate change ​ Collaboration and cooperation strategies. are crucial to disaster risk reduction: states, regional Regional organizations are organizations and institutions, responsible for: MDSR Module 2 Disaster Management _______________________________________________________________ ​ Promoting regional programs The ISDR system is responsible for: for disaster risk reduction; ​ Developing a matrix of roles and ​ Undertaking and publishing initiatives related to the Hyogo regional and sub-regional Framework; baseline assessments; ​ Facilitating the coordination of ​ Coordinating reviews on actions at the international and progress toward implementing regional levels; the Hyogo Framework in the ​ Developing indicators of region; progress to assist States in ​ Establishing regional tracking their progress towards collaborative canters; and implementation of the Hyogo ​ Supporting the development of Framework; regional early warning ​ Supporting national platforms mechanisms. and coordination mechanisms; ​ Stimulating the exchange of best International organizations are practices and lessons learned; responsible for: and, ​ Encouraging the integration of ​ Preparing reviews on progress disaster risk reduction into toward achieving the Hyogo humanitarian and sustainable Framework objectives. development programs and frameworks; Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability ​ Strengthening the capacity of Analysis the United Nations system to PURPOSE: assist disaster- prone ​ to help community leaders developing countries with make risk-based choices to disaster risk reduction address vulnerabilities, initiatives; mitigate hazards, and prepare ​ Supporting data collection and for response and recovery from forecasting, information emergencies (EMBC, 2004). exchange, and early warning ​ provides a comparison of risks systems; that may exist within a ​ Supporting States' own efforts community across the full with coordinated international spectrum of hazards, assistance; and, categorized into natural, ​ Strengthening disaster technological, and management training and conflict-related hazards. capacity building. MDSR Module 2 Disaster Management _______________________________________________________________ ​ enhances the understanding of by the total consequence score, the relative risks posed to the as follows: community by each hazard ​ to prioritize risk management FORMULA and emergency preparedness Risk = Likelihood x Consequence activities in relation to those hazards that pose the greatest Likelihood Assessment risk. ​ Likelihood is the probability of an event occurring and is Hazard Identification & Assessment commonly expressed as an ​ The first step in the hazard expected rate of occurrence e.g. assessment process was to once every 15 years. identify the hazards that could affect the region. A comprehensive list of natural and human-caused hazards was created by surveying a variety of emergency management and risk reduction standards, frameworks, and tools including provincial, federal Consequence Assessment and international hazard lists. ​ Consequences are the physical/environmental, social, RISK ASSESSMENT economic, and political impacts ​ Following the completion of the or adverse effects that may hazard list, the next step was occur as the result of a to determine the relative risk hazardous event (EMBC, 2019). posed by each hazard by ​ To support the measurement of calculating a risk score. consequences for a hazard ​ Risk is defined as “as a event, EMBC has identified 11 measure of the probability consequence categories, divided [likelihood] and severity of an into “Human and Social adverse effect to health, Impacts” and “Physical and property, the environment, or Economic Impacts”, and has other things of value” (EMBC, provided defined impact rating 2004). scales for each category. ​ Risk is commonly calculated by multiplying the likelihood score MDSR Module 2 Disaster Management _______________________________________________________________ ​ The likelihood and consequence scores for each hazard were plotted on a risk matrix to provide a clear, visual representation of the risks across all hazards (see figure below). Sendai Framework ​ The Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) is an ambitious Vulnerability ​ To fully understand how a agreement that sets out the hazard might impact a overall objective to substantially community, it is necessary to reduce disaster risk and losses in consider the degree of lives, livelihoods and health and vulnerability to the hazard. in the economic, physical, social, While being situated in a cultural and environmental hazardous zone is a key assets of persons, businesses, determinant of risk, a communities and countries. community’s vulnerability ​ It pursues the following goal: defines the susceptibility of the "Prevent new and reduce people, property, industry, existing disaster risk through resources, and the environment the implementation of to harm should a hazard event integrated and inclusive occur. economic, structural, legal, social, health, cultural, Sample Hazard Assessment Results educational, environmental, & Risk Scores technological, political and institutional measures that MDSR Module 2 Disaster Management _______________________________________________________________ prevent and reduce hazard exposure and vulnerability to disaster, increase preparedness for response and recovery, and thus strengthen resilience." ​ The UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe) Industrial Accidents 2.​ Strengthening disaster risk Convention helps its Parties and governance to manage disaster committed countries to follow risk up on the priorities for action set ​ The Convention provides out in the Sendai Framework. a framework for Parties to set up their legal and 1.​ Understanding disaster risk institutional frameworks ​ The Convention stresses at local, national and the importance of regional levels to address identifying potentially the prevention of, hazardous activities to be preparedness for and able to target actions for response to industrial prevention, preparedness accidents. and response. ​ It focuses on disaster risk ​ It sets out preventive reduction arising from measures to be carried out hazardous activities by national authorities which can cause a and operators, including transboundary effect in legislative and case of accident. institutional measures. ​ The Convention can be ​ The Convention also deals regarded as a mechanism with the siting of for regional and hazardous installations as subregional cooperation, part of land-use planning as it addresses local and policies and measures to transboundary disaster minimize risks to the risk reduction in case the population and the consequences of an environment. accident travel across borders and supports capacity development. 3.​ Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience MDSR Module 2 Disaster Management _______________________________________________________________ ​ The Convention promotes Better” in recovery, the prevention of rehabilitation and technological disaster reconstruction. risks through ​ The Convention promotes institutional, legislative the organization of and practical measures transboundary exercises adopted by authorities to train relevant and operators. authorities and the ​ This comes with an population on obligation to adopt preparedness and legislation for disaster response. More risk reduction, requiring specifically, in line with operators of hazardous the Sendai Framework, installations to ensure the Convention contains and demonstrate the safe obligations to: performance of their ○​ Prepare, review and activities. periodically update ​ To ensure disaster implementation of these preparedness and measures, Parties need to contingency include financial means as policies, plans and well. programs, ensuring ​ The Convention therefore the participation of also promotes coherence all sectors and across sectors by stakeholders, in stipulating cooperation particular when among national preparing on- and authorities, which off-site includes the private contingency plans sector. as required by the ​ Proper investments in all Convention elements of DRR and ○​ Promote regular industrial accident disaster prevention are critical in preparedness, order to strengthen response and resilience. recovery exercises 4.​ Enhancing disaster ○​ Develop and preparedness for effective strengthen, as response and to “Build Back appropriate, MDSR Module 2 Disaster Management _______________________________________________________________ coordinated (NSS) in risk reduction, regional resilience building, human approaches and security, and sustainable operational development. mechanisms to prepare for and Purpose ensure rapid and The Updated NDRRMP intends to: effective disaster ​ provide strategic direction and response, for guidance to national example, through government agencies (NGAs), the use of the local government units (LGUs), UNECE Industrial civil society organizations Accident (CSOs), private sector, and Notification System development partners on to request and disaster and climate-resilience render mutual actions in the Philippines; assistance in a ​ strengthen disaster and climate cross-border risk governance by clarifying context. the roles, accountabilities, strategies, and activities of NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) AND MANAGEMENT PLAN 2020-2030 stakeholders at all levels; ​ strengthen linkages and Overview of the Plan interoperability of the DRRM Scope: thematic pillars; ​ The Updated National Disaster ​ ensure the convergence of and Risk Reduction and synergy between DRRM and CCA; Management Plan (NDRRMP) and, establishes the linkage between ​ contribute to the achievement disaster risk reduction and and coherence of global management (DRRM), climate (Sendai Framework for change adaptation (CCA), and Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 - human security by focusing on 2030, Paris Agreement, United climate and disaster risks. Nations Sustainable ​ It aims to achieve the shared Development Goals 2015 - goals of Ambisyon Natin 2040, 2030, International Health NDRRMP, National Climate Regulations (IHR), New Urban Change Action Plan (NCCAP), Agenda), regional (Asia-Pacific and National Security Strategy MDSR Module 2 Disaster Management _______________________________________________________________ Economic Cooperation Disaster evaluated based on the Risk Reduction Framework, following timeframes: ASEAN Agreement on Disaster short-term (2020-2022), Management and Emergency medium-term (2023-2025), and Response, Asia Regional Plan long-term (2026-2030). for Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030), LESSON 2: GENERAL and national (Ambisyon Natin PREPAREDNESS 2040, Philippine Development Plan 2017 – 2022, National PREPAREDNESS Framework Strategy on Climate ​ The goal of emergency Change (NFSCC), NCCAP 2011 - preparedness programs is to 2028, and NSS) development and achieve a satisfactory level of policy agenda. readiness to respond to any emergency situation through TARGET USERS AND STAKEHOLDERS programs that strengthen the ​ Adhering to the principles of technical and managerial whole-of-society and capacity of governments, whole-of-government organizations, and communities. approach, the target users of ​ These measures can be described this document include the as logistical readiness to deal following: NGAs, LGUs, CSOs, with disasters and can be academic/research institutions, enhanced by having response private sector, development mechanisms and procedures, partner, humanitarian actors, rehearsals, developing vulnerable sectors, responders, long-term and short-term volunteers, and communities. strategies, public education and building early warning systems. TIMEFRAME ​ Preparedness can also take the ​ To ensure coherence and form of ensuring that strategic compliance to the timeframe reserves of food, equipment, of both global and national water, medicines and other development and policy essentials are maintained in agendas, the coverage of this cases of national or local document is from 2020 up to catastrophes. 2030. Correspondingly, the document shall be implemented, monitored, and MDSR Module 2 Disaster Management _______________________________________________________________ FIRE PREPAREDNESS ​ Home fire is the disaster that children are most likely to experience. It is the fifth leading PREPARE FOR A FIRE unintentional cause of injury and ​ Develop a Family Disaster Plan. death in the United States, Please see the "Family Disaster behind motor vehicle crashes, Plan" section for general family falls, poisoning by solids or planning information. Home liquids, and drowning. fire-specific planning should ​ It also ranks as the first cause of include the following: death for children under the age a.​ If smoke alarms are not of 15 at home. Roughly 80 already in place, install percent of all fire deaths occur them outside each where people sleep, such as in sleeping area and on each homes, dormitories, barracks, or additional level of your hotels. The majority of fatal fires home in accordance with occur when people are likely to local codes. Smoke alarms be less alert, such as nighttime cut your chances of dying sleeping hours. Nearly all home in a home fire nearly in and other building fires are half. Smoke alarms sense preventable, even arson fires. abnormal amounts of The majority of arson fires are smoke or invisible caused by juveniles, who often combustion gases in the respond to counseling, and the air. They can detect both rest can be deterred in a number smoldering and flaming of ways. No fire is inevitable. fires. The National Fire ​ Victims are disproportionately Alarm Code(r)(NFPA 72) children or elderly. Two of every now requires hard-wired five fires that kill young children smoke alarms in new are started by children playing homes. with fire. Approximately 900 b.​ Draw a floor plan of your older adults die in fires annually. home; mark two fire escape routes for each room. In thick, heavy, dark smoke it is easy to MDSR Module 2 Disaster Management _______________________________________________________________ become disoriented. get out and firefighters Creating a floor plan with were unable to get in. two routes greatly helps e.​ Select a safe outside everyone understand the meeting place for safest routes during a everyone to meet after frightening emergency. escaping from a fire. c.​ Consider escape ladders Make sure it will be a safe for sleeping areas on the distance from heat, second or third floor. smoke, and flames. Learn how to use them, Family members may use and store them near the different escape routes, window. If main escape exiting on different sides routes via stairs are of the home. Gathering in blocked by smoke or fire, a specific meeting place in the windows may be your front of the home will only alternative. Escape quickly let you know who ladders permit quick is out, and allow you to exits, reducing time spent advise firefighters of who in smoke-filled, toxic may need help and their environments while probable location inside. waiting for firefighters. f.​ Conduct a home fire drill d.​ Burglar bars and locks at least twice a year with that block outside all members of your window entry must be household. Fires produce easy to open from the thick, dark smoke that inside. If a key is required irritates the eyes and to open bars or locks, keep breathing passages and a key near each window to can cause confusion. use for fire escape. People who have become Quick-release devices are disoriented in fires have available for security bars. been found in closets, If smoke or fire is stairwells, and laundry blocking the main exit, rooms, thinking they were you must be able to use exits. Practicing your plan your alternate routes makes the actual response quickly. Fire deaths have more of an appropriate occurred when people reaction, requiring less were trapped by security thinking during an bars and were unable to emergency situation. MDSR Module 2 Disaster Management _______________________________________________________________ ​ Practice alerting likely make it other household impossible to see. members. Yell ​ Learn the "Fire!" several emergency number times during your for your local fire escape. In a real fire department. After this will alert leaving your home, family members to you will need to call get out. this number from ​ Practice a an outside phone or crawl-low escape from a neighbor's from your house. bedroom, as if you ​ Teach family were crawling members to get out under a layer of first, then call for smoke. Fires help from a produce many toxic neighbor's house gases. Some are or outside phone. heavy and will sink Get out of the low to the floor; house, away from others will rise, toxic smoke and carrying soot gases. If a portable towards the ceiling. phone is handy Crawling with your during your escape, head at a level of you may take it one to two feet with you, but do above the ground not waste precious above the ground time looking for will temporarily one. Use your provide the best air. neighbor's phone, a Close doors behind car phone, or you. nearby payphone to ​ Practice evacuating call for help. the building ​ Practice getting blindfolded. In a out of your home real fire situation, during the day and the amount of night. Fire can smoke generated happen at any time. by a fire will most Practicing your MDSR Module 2 Disaster Management _______________________________________________________________ routes at night will used only when clothing help you move catches on fire. more quickly ​ Once the flames are out, should a fire strike cool the burned skin with in the dark. water for 10 to 15 minutes g.​ Discuss fires with your and get medical attention. family. Everyone should know what to do in case 2.​ Matches and lighters are tools all family members are for "grown-ups." These tools not together. Discussing help adults use fire properly. disaster ahead of time Instruct children to tell an adult helps reduce fear and lets right away if they find them or everyone know how to see someone playing with fire, respond during a fire. matches, or lighters. ​ If a fire starts in your WHAT TO DO: home or you hear the 1.​ Practice stop, drop, and roll. smoke alarm, yell "Fire!" Know how to stop, drop, and roll several times and go in case your clothes catch on fire. outside right away. Smoke Stop what you are doing, drop to alarms go off because the ground, cover your face, and there is enough smoke roll back and forth until the and toxic gas to cause flames go out. harm. Yell to let people ​ Running will only make know the emergency is the fire burn faster. real, and they should get Practicing makes the out. actual response more of ​ If your escape route is an appropriate reaction, filled with smoke, use requiring less thinking your second way out. It is time during an actual very hard to find your way emergency situation. through thick, heavy ​ Children have a tendency smoke. Using your second to confuse this message way out will provide a with messages about safer alternative. escaping from a fire, so ​ Practice crawling low. If make sure that they you must escape through understand that "stop, smoke, crawl low, under drop, and roll" is to be the smoke, to escape. MDSR Module 2 Disaster Management _______________________________________________________________ ​ If you are escaping ​ Once you are outside, go through a closed door, to your meeting place and feel the door, cracks, and then send one person to doorknob with the back of call the fire department. your hand before opening Ask children if they know the door. If it is cool and where their outside there is no smoke at the meeting place is. Tell bottom or top, open the them to go directly to this door slowly. If you see meeting place in case of a smoke or fire beyond the fire and stay there. door, close it and use your Gathering in a specific second way out. If the outside location in front door is at all warm, use will quickly let you know your second way out. who is outside, and allow ​ If smoke, heat, or flames you to advise firefighters block your exit routes and of who may need help and you cannot get outside their probable location safely, stay in the room inside. with the door closed. Open ​ Once you are out, stay out. the window for Children are often ventilation, and hang a concerned about the sheet outside the window safety of their pets, so so firefighters can find discuss this issue before a you. If there is a phone in fire starts. In many cases, the room, call the fire pets are able to get out on department and tell them their own. Many people where you are. Seal are overcome by smoke around doors and vents and poisonous gases while with duct tape, towels, or trying to rescue others, sheets to help slow deadly pets, or possessions. No smoke from entering the one should go into a room. burning or smoking ​ Get out as safely and building except a trained quickly as you can. The firefighter who has proper less time you are exposed breathing apparatus and to poisonous gases, heat, protective clothing. or flames, the safer you will be. MDSR Module 2 Disaster Management _______________________________________________________________ How to Protect Your Property and away from heat 1.​ SMOKE PROPERTY sources. ​ If smoke alarms are not ​ If you try to use a fire already in place, install extinguisher on a fire and them outside each the fire does not sleeping area and on each immediately die down, additional level of your drop the extinguisher and home in accordance with get out. local codes. ​ Look at your fire ​ If people sleep with doors extinguisher to ensure it closed, install smoke is properly charged. Fire alarms inside sleeping extinguishers will not areas too. work properly if they are ​ Vacuum cobwebs and dust not properly charged. from your smoke alarms monthly. 3.​ HOME FIRE SPRINKLER ​ Use the test button to test SYSTEMS your smoke alarms once a ​ Consider installing an automatic month. fire sprinkler system in your ​ If you have home. Although smoke alarms battery-powered smoke are essential in every household, alarms, replace batteries they're designed to detect, not at least once a year. control, a fire. ​ Replace your smoke ○​ When building a home, alarms every 10 years. for about the same expenditure of installing 2.​ FIRE EXTINGUISHERS carpet, upgrading ​ Consider having one or cabinets, or adding a spa, more working fire you can install a home fire extinguishers in your sprinkler system to home. safeguard your family. ​ Get training from the fire ○​ Modern residential department or a fire sprinklers are extinguisher inconspicuous and can be manufacturer on how to mounted flush with walls use your fire extinguisher. or ceilings. ​ Install extinguishers high ○​ Some insurance on the wall, near an exit companies provide significant discounts MDSR Module 2 Disaster Management _______________________________________________________________ when automatic fire routes and a meeting sprinkler systems are place outside of the home. installed. ​ Highlight the importance ○​ Sprinklers keep fires of home smoke alarms by small. running monthly ○​ Home fire sprinklers "battery-check decrease fire damage by reminders." as much as two-thirds in residences with fire 5.​ HELP PREVENT FIRES sprinklers when ​ Avoid smoking in bed, or compared with those when drowsy or without sprinklers. medicated. Bed linens are Because the fire sprinkler highly combustible. system reacts so quickly, ​ Provide smokers with it can dramatically reduce deep, sturdy ash trays. the heat, flames, and Douse cigarette and cigar smoke butts with water before ○​ To ensure sprinkler disposal. system reliability, be sure ​ Keep matches and lighters to use a qualified up high, away from contractor who adheres to children, preferably in a NFPA codes and standards locked cabinet. and local fire safety ​ Make sure your home regulations. heating source is clean and in working order. 4.​ MEDIA AND COMMUNITY ​ Use portable heaters in EDUCATION IDEAS well-ventilated rooms ​ Publish a newspaper only. Keep blankets, series on how to recognize clothing, curtains, potential fire hazards in furniture, and anything the home and workplace. that could get hot and ​ Run a story featuring catch fire at least three interviews with local fire feet away from all heat officials about how to sources. make homes fire-safe. ​ Use kerosene heaters only ​ Provide tips on if permitted by law in your conducting fire drills in area. the home, mentioning the need for multiple escapes. MDSR Module 2 Disaster Management _______________________________________________________________ ​ Have chimneys and wood completed a thorough stoves inspected annually inspection. Look for damage that and cleaned if necessary. will need repair. ​ Keep the stove area clean ​ Check that all wiring and utilities and clear of combustibles, are safe. Fire may cause damage such as towels, clothing, inside walls and to utility lines curtains, bags, boxes, and not normally visible. other appliances. ​ Discard food that has been exposed ​ Check electrical wiring in to heat, smoke, or soot. The high your home. temperatures of fire and its ​ Outlets should have cover by-products can make food plates and no exposed unsafe. wiring. ​ Contact your insurance agent. ​ Avoid overloading outlets Don't discard damaged goods or extension cords. until an inventory has been ​ Store combustible taken. Save receipts for money materials in open areas spent relating to fire loss. Your away from heat sources. insurance agent may provide immediate help with living WHAT TO DO AFTER A FIRE expenses until you are able to ​ Give first aid where needed. After return home, and offer calling 9-1-1 or your local assistance for repairs. emergency number, cool and cover burns, which reduces the EARTHQUAKE AND chance of further injury or VOLCANIC ERUPTION infection. Seriously injured or burned victims should be PREPAREDNESS transported to professional ​ You can do many things to medical help immediately. protect yourself and your family ​ Stay out of fire-damaged homes from the dangers a volcanic until local fire authorities say it is eruption can cause. The best way safe to re-enter. Fire may have to protect yourself and your caused damage that could injure family is to follow the advice of you or your family. There may be local officials. Local authorities residual smoke or gases that are will give you information on how unsafe to breathe. to prepare for a volcanic ​ Look for structural damage. Fire eruption, and if necessary, on authorities may allow you to how to evacuate (leave the area) re-enter, but may not have or take shelter where you are. MDSR Module 2 Disaster Management _______________________________________________________________ ​ Prepare an emergency kit for your vehicle with food, flares, HOW TO PREPARE booster cables, maps, tools, a ​ Be prepared either to shelter or first aid kit, a fire extinguisher, to evacuate. Develop an sleeping bags, a flashlight, evacuation plan and a sheltering batteries, etc. plan for yourself, your family, ​ Fill your vehicle’s gas tank. and others in your household. ​ If no vehicle is available, make Review the plans and make sure arrangements with friends or that everyone understands them. family for transportation, or If you haven’t already done so, follow authorities’ instructions put together an emergency on where to obtain supply kit. Supplies should transportation. include the following: ​ Put livestock in an enclosed area. ○​ Flashlight and extr