CSP Reviewer 2nd Quarter PDF

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY Descent AND POLITICS Descent groups are permanent social unit whose members claim common ancestry. Membership is 2ND QUA...

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY Descent AND POLITICS Descent groups are permanent social unit whose members claim common ancestry. Membership is 2ND QUARTER REVIEWER lifelong and determined at birth. It also refers to the Prepared by: Ms. Reanna M. Teodosio rules of culture used to establish affiliations with one’s parents. LESSON 1: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF GROUP There are two types of rules of descent Unilineal - tracing to only one parent Groups - a set of individuals who share the same Non unilineal motives, goals, norms, and values that guide the conduct of its members. Matrilineal descent- An ego that belongs to the matrilineal descent refers to his or her ancestry through Aggregate - Temporarily occupy the same location but the female line. (Refer to the image). Ego’s female do not know each other. Ex: People lining up in MRT ancestors are related to him or her. Category - People share the same characteristics but do Patrilineal descent-refers to tracing descent through the not have a sense of belongingness with other people. male line. In societies that use patrilineal descent, Ex: Filipino Community abroad children — both males and females, belong to their father’s kin Only males can pass on their family identity Primary Groups to their children. Consists of people with “intimate, fate-to-face interactions” marked by shared values, culture, and Marriage- Is a characteristic of human relations and concern for one another. Ex: Family members social groupings that exist in all cultures. It is a socially recognized relation that involves emotional and physical Secondary Groups intimacy, sexual reproduction, companionship, legal Groups consist of a greater number of members who rights, and inheritance. have impersonal ties and are presumably held together Monogamy-is a marriage between a man and a woman by common goals. that is a widely accepted norm worldwide. Ex: Students enroll in the same class/Classmates Polygny- Is a type of marriage that permits a man to Iron law of oligarchy as Applied to Groups marry more than one woman. The concept in which a small elite group of people will Ex: Muslim Countries stand out and take control of the information and decision-making of the certain group. Polyandry-Tibet cultures practice this system. It is an uncommon practice of marriage, which is opposite of In-groups- Refer to groups we strongly identify with. polygyny. Out-groups- Refer to groups we feel antagonistic about Endogamy-Is marriage within a group. It is a practice where an individual chooses who to marry within a Reference Group- Groups you set as benchmarks or specific social group, ethnic group, or in a caste system. standards to your behavior. We measure ourselves against members in this group. “Role Model”. Exogamy-Is a social norm of marrying outside of social group. The two are culturally bounded. That means Social Network- it made possible with the help of details of marriage depend on how culture develops its technological advancement and vast connection with processes. people. Type of Residence: LESSON 2: KINSHIP AND MARRIAGE Patrilocal- pattern of living with or near the husband’s family It is imperative to learn the basic principles of kinship to make sense of it. Social scientists explore kin relations Matrilocal- pattern of living with or near the bride’s that can be through consanguineal or affinal. house. Kinship is one of the most complex systems of culture. Bilocal (Ambilocal) - Pattern where the groom and bride All human groups have a kinship terminology to refer to pick which family to live near or with. kin. Neolocal- Pattern where couples establish independent Functions of Kinship residences neither from the side of the bride or groom This inheritance perspective of kinship is the vertical function. Another function is horizontal, which refers to Avunculocal- Pattern supports living in or near the the ties of people across a single generation through house of the groom’s mother’s brother. marriage.  Services- “Intangible” Refer to actions or activities done LESSON 3: POLITICAL ORGANIZATION for an individual or a group. Ex: Laundry services Defined as groups responsible for political and social cohesiveness, economic growth, and safety from Why do we need to study the economy? internal and external threats. Management of the scarce resources. The Role of Power, Authority, and Legitimacy In Reciprocity Political Organizations: Generally, refers to the value of giving an object, gift, or service in turn for something you received. From the Power - is defined as the exercise of will or force in perspective of attaining social gain, reciprocity is an order to achieve the desired outcome. obligation cultivating a culture of giving, receiving, and repaying gifts. Authority-It enhances critical thinking and empowers individuals to understand their rights and obligations. Generalized reciprocity Is giving without immediately expecting the Types of Authority corresponding return. Traditional - Blood Line Ex: Giving gifts to your friend because you love them. Ex: British Monarchy Charismatic - Appeal and Good Balanced reciprocity Looks/Persuasive power Is giving while expecting an immediate return in the Legal-Rational - Authority emanates from the exchange. position they hold. Ex: Giving gift to a friend for and expect something in return but not immediately. Kinds of Political Organizations: Negative reciprocity BANDS - Is a small group of mostly nomadic people in It happens when one of the parties tries to gain more of pursuit of a particular goal to ensure their survival and the exchange, thereby taking advantage of the other subsistence through foraging and at times hunting. party. Band Leader - Does not hold formal power over the Brief Economic History band but mostly coordinates the movement such as the 1. Hunting and Gathering hunting and foraging activities of the group. 2. Agricultural economy 3. Industrial Revolution TRIBES 4. Information Age/Post-Industrial Society A political group composed of several bands, occupying 5. Fourth Industrial Revolution a particular territory with each having a common language and way of living. Economic Sector Primary Sector- Raw Materials CHIEFDOMS Secondary Sector- Process of manufacturing the Which is composed of allied tribes and villages under raw materials. one chief which can reach up to thousands of members. Tertiary Sector- Product itself and the place of selling STATES - A political organization which, through the Quaternary- Research and Development and government, exercises sovereign rule over a population proposal of sustainable options within a defined territory. Economic system Relevance Of Political Organizations: is defined as the mechanism set by the state in allocating resources and in producing and distributing Elman Rogers Service goods and services to the population. Posited in 1962 that societies undergo various stages of social evolution. These stages are composed of specific Capitalism political organizations which fit the structural and The main trust of the capitalist system lies on the economic needs of the people. private ownership of the means of production (raw materials, tools, and machinery) which are considered as sources of wealth. LESSON 4: ECONOMIC INSTITUTION Socialism Economy - Refers to the system which facilities the is the opposite of the capitalist system wherein the movement of goods and services from the production means of production are instead collectively owned by stage to distribution, and finally, to consumption. the state. Goods- “Tangible” Refer to all commodities such as food and clothing to luxury items as cars and jewelry. Mixed Economy Issues in Philippine Education Are those classified in between the capitalist and socialist economic systems. Most states are classified as Quality of Education mixed economies but there are two particular models Education Infrastructure implemented in Europe, Latin America, Asia: Welfare Accessibility state and state capitalism. Issues on the Salary and Career Development of Teachers Welfare State In Europe such as Germany, France, Belgium, LESSON 6: RELIGIONS AND BELIEF SYSTEM Netherlands, and the Nordic countries generally implement a market-based economy with several state- It is a spiritual community where people experience initiated, socialized programs such as healthcare and togetherness and belongingness and encapsulates the education. idea of solidarity and equality. Non-State Institutions Aspects of Religious Belief - Composed of sacred stories/text Banks - Has Leader Corporation- Shareholders - Forms of practices and deity Cooperatives Trade or Labor Unions Shamans - are usually part-time spiritual practitioners, Transnational Advocacy Group- Greenpeace more often male than females, who attempt to heal the Movement sick, bring good fortune, guard against evil and ill International Organization- United Nations fortune and predict the future by seeking to control Development Agencies- supernatural forces. Sorcerers or witches - are those generally thought to LESSON 5: EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION bring harm to people in their society. Lastly, mediums Education- is considered as a social institution which are part-time spiritual practitioners who seek serves various objectives primarily about teaching and supernatural intervention in healing or prophecy while learning a society’s way of life. Education’s functions can in a trance state. be generally classified into two categories: manifest functions and latent functions. Animism - Belief in inanimate objects. Ex: Practice in Japan Two Functions of Education: Manifest Function- Primary and intended functions of Polytheism - Belief in Many Gods institutions Ex: Hinduism (Hindu have 3 forms of god) Socialization - Brahma- Creator Cultural Innovation and Transmission - Vishnu- Preserver/Protector Social Integration and Control - Shiva- Destroyer Social placement Monotheism - Single God Latent Function- Unintended result in the function of education Types of Monotheistic Organization: Restricting Youth Activities- Due to the long hours of students in school. Cult - is a new religious group that is small, extreme, Forming Networks and at great odds with the norms and values of the larger society. They often exist on the margins of society Creation of generation gap and exploit their members. Perspectives in Education: Sect - is relatively small and a new religious group that is Functionalist Perspective a subset of a religion or denomination. Sects are not Conflict Perspective cults Symbolic Interactionist Perspective Denomination - is a large and mainstream religious Education in the Philippine Context organization. It is a religious group that slightly differs its beliefs from other groups but share the same religion. - The right to education is stipulated in the 1987 Constitution Article 14 Ecclesia - originally refers to assembled citizens DEPED - Basic Education and SHS politically. The term stems from the Greek word for the church, which refers to a gathering. Sociology uses the CHED - College term to refer to a religious group that almost all members of a society belong to. K-12 Curriculum - Additional 2 yrs. for reskilling and upskilling of students. LESSON 6: CULTURAL PERCEPTIONS OF HEALTH Third Estate – Commoners who, at the time, were mostly illiterate and had no access to resources that Disease - It is a biological problem that involves would allow them to move up the social ladder. irregularity in the human body structure, chemistry, and function (Hann & Indorn,2009). Country Case: Ifugao Society in the Society Illness -Refers to an individual’s perception and Kadangyan- Aristocrat, owner of vast rice fields experience of what is wrong with his or her well-being. Natumok- Middle Class It is a problem that may be a result of a cultural belief. Nawatwat- Works as a tenant for kadangyan Sickness - The emphasis is on the socially induced illness How the ruling class maintains the social hierarchy experience, which is constructed by social responses. - Controlling ideas - Controlling information Medical Pluralism - Enhance the well-being and extend - Technology and Social Networks life expectancy. The co-existence or the availability of the two options in society. Social Mobility - Movement from one social status to another Ethnomedicine - It involves treatments that make use of Intragenerational Mobility - Refers to one’s change the resources around the environment. in status within his or her lifetime LESSON 7: STRATIFICATION IN SOCIETY Intergenerational Mobility - refers to the change of social status of the children in relation to their Social Stratification - is a system dividing people and parents implying a longer-term change in social groups into different levels according to a hierarchy of hierarchy. property, power, identities, and prestige. Horizontal Mobility - implies an individual’s change in occupation along the same level as his/her status. Major System of Stratification: Vertical Mobility - results from one’ s moving up in Caste System - A society under a caste system terms of social status. determines the status of an individual upon birth. Practiced mostly in agricultural societies, the status of individuals is lifelong. This is because the lifestyle in the Global Stratification: context of agricultural societies requires hard work along with daily routines which means people are Industrialized States- High per capita rates and standard expected to dedicate their life to fulfilling their roles and of living, large-scale industries and infrastructure, high duties. standard of living, and high human development standards Country: India Caste: Examples are United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Brahma - Priests and Scholars Canada, and Japan. Kshatriya - Nobility and Warriors Vaishya - Merchants and Artisans Industrializing states - have relatively lower incomes, Shudra - Workers and Peasants infrastructure, and standards of living compared to Harijan or Dalit - Untouchables industrialized states but whose economies are growing at a higher rate than developing states. Class System - provides the status of an individual based on several categories. It may be based on material Examples are India, Malaysia, Mexico, and Brazil. possessions, prestige, and achievements or merits. While an individual’s status is initially determined at Developing states- Have high poverty incidences, few birth, the class system is more open to opportunities industries, and low standards of living. and actions which may allow the individual to gain social mobility and achieve a higher status compared to those Examples are Cambodia, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and under the caste system Somalia. Country: United Kingdom (individuals were classified Theories of Global Stratification: into three groups or estates.) First estate – comprised of the clergy. Some are Modernization Theory local priests who lived by simple means while others modern and industrialized societies are more belong to higher positions whose organizations productive, have reduced poverty levels, and have owned vast tracks of land higher standards of living Second estate - Nobility from royal family down to lesser nobles World System Theory The World Systems Theory was developed by a team of researchers headed by Immanuel Wallerstein in the 1970s as a response to the changing economic conditions where international trade and finance were becoming more flexible as capitalist influence strengthened. Core States Refer to Western countries such as Britain and France which industrialized rapidly and rose to the top as rich states. Semi-periphery States are those around the Mediterranean that became heavily reliant on trading with core states which led to their stagnation Periphery States are those which traded cash crops to core states and had their resources continuously extracted which made them less developed. Dependence Theory This theory was developed by Latin American scholars in the 1950s. Although like the World Systems Theory, the Dependency Theory takes the point of view of the Third World developing countries. Maintaining of Global Tier: Eco colonialism Corporation Technological Innovation