Computer Software - CSIT 101 (Reviewer) PDF

COMPUTER SOFTWARE MAJOR CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE ROUTINE  a set of instructions for a specific task 1.) APPLICATION SOFTWARE  General...

COMPUTER SOFTWARE MAJOR CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE ROUTINE  a set of instructions for a specific task 1.) APPLICATION SOFTWARE  General-purpose programs; Application PROGRAM specific programs  a complete set of instructions to execute  consists of programs designed to make a related set of tasks users more productive and/ or assist them with personal task. SOFTWARE  also called a PROGRAM TYPES OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE  consists of a series of related instructions, organized for a common A.) SPREADSHEETS purpose, that tells the computer what  transforms a computer screen into a tasks to perform and how to perform ledger sheet, or grid, of coded rows and them. columns.  CELL: grid location USER INTERFACE  FORMULA: can be entered into a cell to  controls how you enter data and obtain a calculated answer displayed in instructions and how information is that cell’s location. displayed on the screen.  MACROS: sequences of commands  combination of hardware and software that can be executed with just one that helps people and computer simple instruction. communicate with each other.  includes a display device, mouse, and B.) DATA MANAGEMENT keyboard that allow viewing and  supports the storage, retrieval, and manipulating computing environment. manipulation of related data. GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) TWO (2) BASIC TYPES OF DATA  you interact with the software using text, MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE graphics, and visual images such as icons.  SIMPLE FILING PROGRAMS:  provides a way to point and click a patterned after traditional, manual data- mouse to select menu options and filing techniques. manipulate graphical objects displayed  DATABASE MANAGEMENT in the screen. PROGRAMS: take advantage of a computer’s extremely fast and accurate ICONS ability to store and retrieve data in  miniature image that represents a primary and secondary storage. program, an instruction, or some other object. C.) WORD PROCESSING G.) INTERNET BROWSER  allows the user to manipulate text rather  a software application which enables a than just numbers. user to display and interact with text,  consists of an integrated set of images, videos, music, and other programs including an editor program, a information that could be on a website. formatting program, a print program, a  HTTPS: (Hypertext Transfer Protocol dictionary, a thesaurus, a grammar Secure) allows web browsers to submit checker, a mailing list program, and information to web servers as well as integrated graphics, charting, and fetch web pages from them. drawing programs.  URL: (Uniform Resource Locater) treated as an address, beginning with D.) DESKTOP PUBLISHING “http://” for HTTP access.  represents a level of sophistication beyond regular word processing. 2.) SYSTEM SOFTWARE  Photographs, diagrams, and other  Consists of programs that control or images can be combined with text, maintain the operations of the computer including several different fonts, to and its devices. produce a finished, camera ready  serves as the interface between the document. user, the application software, and the computer’s hardware. E.) COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAD)  used for designing items for THREE (3) TYPES OF PROGRAMS manufacturing, allows designers to design and “build” production prototypes A.) SYSTEM SUPPORT PROGRAM in software, test them as a computer  programs that support efficient operation object under given parameters of a computer. (sometimes called computer-aided  provide a variety of support services to engineering, or CAE), compile parts users and management of computer and quantity lists, outline production and system. assembly procedures, and then transmit  include utility programs, security the final design directly to machines. monitors and performance monitors. F.) MULTIMEDIA A.1) UTILITY SOFTWARE/PROGRAM  combines at least two media for input or  consist of programs that are very output of data. These media include frequently requested by many audio (sound), voice, animation, video application programs like programs for text, graphics, and images. transferring data from one medium to  the combination of spatial based media another, formatting disk, backing up and (text and images) with time-based sorting of files. media (sound and video).   allows a user to perform maintenance- OVERWRITE VIRUSES type tasks usually related to managing a  deletes the information contained in the computer, its devices, or its programs. files that it infects, rendering them partially or totally useless once they TYPES OF UTILITY SOFTWARE/PROGRAM have been infected.  only way to clean is to delete the file A.1.1) ANTIVIRUS SOFTWARE completely, thus losing the original  sometimes known as antimalware content. software  used to prevent, detect and remove BOOT VIRUS malicious software.  affects the boot sector of a floppy or  used to safeguard a computer from hard disk. This is a crucial part of a disk, malware, including viruses, computer in which information on the disk itself is worms, and Trojan horses. stored together with a program that makes it possible to boot (start) the COMPUTER VIRUS computer from the disk.  program or piece of code that is loaded onto your computer without your DIRECTORY VIRUS knowledge and runs against your  change the paths that indicate the wishes. location of a file. By executing a  can also replicate themselves. program (file with the extension.EXE or.COM) which has been infected by a TYPES OF COMPUTER VIRUS virus, you are unknowingly running the virus program, while the original file and RESIDENT VIRUS program have been previously moved  permanent which dwells in the RAM by the virus. memory. From there it can overcome  Once infected, it becomes impossible to and interrupt all of the operations locate the original files. executed by the system: corrupting files and programs that are opened, closed, ENCRYPTED VIRUS copied, renamed etc.  consists of encrypted malicious code, decrypted module. The viruses use MULTIPARTITE VIRUS encrypted code technique which make  distributed through infected media and antivirus software hardly to detect them. usually hide in the memory.  The antivirus program usually can  moves to the boot sector of the hard detect this type of viruses when they try drive and infects executable files on the spread by decrypted themselves. hard drive and later across the computer system. NETWORK VIRUS B.) SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM  rapidly spread through a Local Network  help users and system developers in Area (LAN), and sometimes throughout designing and building systems. the internet.  help in developing programs and  multiply through shared resources, i.e., procedures and prepare programs for shared drives and folders. computer processing.  include language translators, WORMS programming tools and Computer Aided  technically not a virus, but a program Software Engineering (CASE) very similar to a virus packages.  has the ability to self-replicate, and can lead to negative effects on your system LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR and most importantly they are detected  a piece of system software that and eliminated by antiviruses. translates application programs written in a high level language such as C,C++ TROJANS/TROJAN HORSES and FORTRAN into machine language.  Another unsavory breed of malicious  may be assemblers, compilers or code (not a virus as well) interpreters.  unlike viruses, do not reproduce by  has made programming easier, more infecting other files, nor do they self- enjoyable, and portable across replicate like worms. computers. A.1.2) BACKUP SOFTWARE COMPILER  helps in the creation of a backup of the  program that translates programs files on your computer. written in high level language into  helps you copy the most important files machine language. to another storage device, such as an  prepares an object program form source external hard disk. You can also make program; debugging is complex and an exact copy of your hard disk. time consuming; lower execution time; requires higher program development DISK TOOLS effort and time.  include a range of different tools to  SOURCE PROGRAM: program written manage hard disk drives and other by a programmer in a high level storage devices. language.  includes utilities to scan the hard disks  OBJECT PROGRAM: source program for any potential problems, disk cleaners when converted into machine language to remove any unnecessary files, and by a compiler. disk defragmenters to re-organize file fragments on a hard disk drive to increase performance. INTERPRETER MEMORY MANAGEMENT  translator program that differs from the  the OS must manage the allocation of assembler or the compiler on several memory to processes and control the significant points. memory management hardware that  does not prepare an object program. It determines which memory locations a translates and immediately executes process may access. each instruction of the source program.  debugging tool and is useful during FILE SYSTEM MANAGEMENT program developing stage; higher  Computers process information that execution time; requires less program must be transmitted, processed, or development effort and time. stored. FILE SYSTEMS are an abstract organized collection of file system C.) SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS objects.  the OS provides primitives to manipulate OPERATING SYSTEM these objects.  a set of programs that coordinates all the activities among computer hardware DEVICE MANAGEMENT devices.  Information is sent through a computer’s  provides a means for users to input and output devices. Processes communicate with the computer and access these devices using the system other software. call interface. The OS tries to manage said devices in a manner that makes DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM them efficiently shared among all (DBMS) processes requiring them.  a set of programs that controls creation,  A SYSTEM CALL is a programming maintenance and use of database. interface to the services provided by the  allows different applications to share OS, typically written in C/C++. data and programs concurrently.  also secures data in the database from CATEGORIES OF OPERATING SYSTEM misuses.  Ex.: DB2, Oracle, MS SQL Server etc. A.) SINGLE USER OS  expects to deal with one set of input TASKS PERFORMED BY AN OPERATING devices those that can be controlled by SOFTWARE one user at a time. DATA MANAGEMENT B.) MULTI-USER OS  the OS manages the allocation of  allows a single, centralized computer to resources to these processes, and also deal with simultaneous input, output and provides system calls to manage these processing request from many users. processes. C.) SERVER OS  Dir [drive]: to list the contents of  provides tools for managing distributed another directory. networks, emails servers, and Web  Dir *.: lists all files with the hosting sites. extension specified D.) DESKTOP OS MD  is designed for a desktop or notebook  used to create a directory personal computer.  Syntax: MD E.) HANDHELD OS CD  is designed for devices, such as smart  to change from one directory to another. phones and tablets computer.  Syntax: CD TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM RD  removes a subdirectory. A.) DISK OPERATING SYSTEM (DOS)  Syntax: RD  a master’s program that co-ordinate the flow of information between computer IPCONFIG and the disk, floppy or hard disk.  display the list of IP in your computer.  MS-DOS is the brand name of the disk operating system manufactured by the B.) UNIX Microsoft Corporation.  developed by AT&T's Bell Labs in 1969 by Kenneth Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, system engineers at AT&T's Bell Labs.  went through many revisions and gained in popularity until 1977, when it was first made commercially available by Interactive Systems Corporation.  widely used in multi-user systems. It is a powerful operating system with COMMANDS IN DOS multitasking, Computer Software multiprogramming and interactive DIR features.  lists the contents of a directory in the hard disk or floppy disk.  Dir/p: The /p option is used to list the contents page wise, one screen at a time.  Dir/w: This option lists contents width wise. C.) OS/2 WINDOWS DESKTOP  IBM's OS/2 Warp (Operating System 2)  the base of operations for using your is a 32-bit operating system. computer.  supports multitasking and can run  displays small pictures called icons that programs written for OS/2 and other helps you access software, documents operating systems like MS DOS and MS and the components of your computer Windows. system.  Introduced by IBM in late 1994. It can  DESKTOP ICONS: represent programs, run all applications written for DOS and documents, folders or other electronic MS Windows. tools.  START BUTTON: displays the Start menu, which lists programs installed on your computer.  TASKBAR: contain the Start button and Notification area. Taskbar buttons help you keep track of programs that are in use. D.) WINDOWS TWO (2) KEY PROGRAMS FOR FILE  uses DOS operating system. MANAGEMENT IN WINDOWS  employs graphic user interface (GUI) technology. A GUI acts as a translator 1.) MY COMPUTER/THIS PC allowing the user and the computer to 2.) THE WINDOWS EXPLORER communicate with each other in a way that is easy for both to understand. WINDOWS VERSION 1.) WINDOWS 1.0 (1982 – 1985)  November 20, 1985 – two years after announcement, the initial Microsoft ships Windows 1.0.  Now, rather than typing MS-DOS commands, you just move a mouse to point and click your way through  a highly integrated environment in which screens, or “windows.” Bill Gates says, different applications have the same “It is unique software designed for the 'look and feel' , so users familiar with serious PC user.” one application can easily work in other applications. 2.) WINDOWS 2.0 – 2.11 (1987 – 1990) 4.) WINDOWS 95 (1995 – 1998)  December 9, 1987 – Microsoft releases  August 24, 1995 – Microsoft releases Windows 2.0 with desktop icons and Windows 95, selling a record-setting 7 expanded memory. million copies in the first five weeks.  With improved graphics support, you  the most publicized launch Microsoft can now overlap windows, control the has ever taken on. Television screen layout, and use keyboard commercials feature the Rolling Stones shortcuts to speed up your work. singing "Start Me Up" over images of the new Start button. The press release simply begins: “It’s here.” 3.) WINDOWS 3.0 – WINDOWS NT (1990 – 1994)  May 22, 1990 – Microsoft announces 5.) WINDOWS 98 , WINDOWS 2000, Windows 3.0, followed shortly by WINDOWS ME (1998 – 2000) Windows 3.1 in 1992. Taken together,  Released on June 25, 1998 – Windows they sell 10 million copies in their first 98 is the first version of Windows two years, making this the most widely designed specifically for consumers. used Windows operating system yet.  described as an operating system that  The scale of this success causes “Works Better, Plays Better. ” PCs are Microsoft to revise earlier plans. Virtual common at work and home, and Internet Memory improves visual graphics. In cafes where you can get online are 1990 Windows starts to look like the popping up. Windows 98 is With versions to come. Windows 98, you can find information more easily on your PC as well as the Internet. 6.) WINDOWS XP (2001 – 2005) 8.) WINDOWS 7 (2009 – 2011)  October 25, 2001 – Windows XP is  released for the wireless world of the released with a redesigned look and feel late 2000s. Laptops are outselling that's centered on usability and a unified desktops, and it's become common to Help and Support services center. It’s connect to public wireless hotspots in available in 25 languages. coffee shops and private networks in the  For Microsoft, Windows XP will become home. one of its best-selling products in the  includes new ways to work with coming years. It’s both fast and stable. windows—like Snap, Peek, and Shake—that improves functionality and makes the interface more fun to use. It also marks the debut of WINDOWS TOUCH, which lets touchscreen users browse the web, flip through photos, and open files and folders. 7.) WINDOWS VISTA (2006 – 2008)  released in 2006 with the strongest security system yet.  In Windows Vista Ultimate, BitLocker Drive Encryption provides better data protection for your computer, as laptop 9.) WINDOWS 8 (2012 – 2013) sales and security needs increase.  a re-imagined operating system, from  also features enhancements to the chipset to the user experience, and Windows Media Player as more and introduces a totally new interface that more people come to see their PCs as works smoothly for both touch and central locations for digital media. Here mouse and keyboard. you can watch television, view and send  functions as both a tablet for photographs, and edit videos. entertainment and a full-featured PC for getting things done.  also includes enhancements of the familiar Windows desktop, with a new taskbar and streamlined file management. 10.) WINDOWS 8.1 (2013) 12.) WINDOWS 11 (2021)  advances the Windows 8 vision of  the newest version of Microsoft's providing a powerful collection of apps operating system and cloud connectivity on great devices;  include new features like the ability to it’s everything people loved about download and run Android apps on your Windows 8, plus some enhancements. Windows PC, as well as updates to  combines Microsoft's vision of Microsoft Teams, the Start menu and innovation with customer feedback on the overall look of the software, which is Windows 8 to provide many more Mac-like in design. improvements and new features. E.) LINUX 11.) WINDOWS 10 (2015)  The Linux open source operating  arrived two years after Windows 8.1, in system, or Linux OS, is a freely 2015. distributable, cross platform operating  brought a slew of new features like a system based on Unix that can be reworked Start Menu and user interface, installed on PCs, laptops, net books, multifactor authentication security, mobile and tablet devices, game compressed system files, the consoles, servers, supercomputers and introduction to Microsoft Edge and more. more. F.) ANDROID  a Linux-based open source software stack that comes along with operating system, middleware, native mobile applications, along with set of API  libraries for building third party applications. G.) IOS  Initially developed by Android Inc.  Originally known as the iPhone OS, (founded in 2003 and is based in Palo  operating system that runs on Apple Alto, California) iPhone, iPad, and le iPad Touch devices  designed primarily for touchscreen given to the devices by Steve Jobs mobile devices such as smart phones, during the 2010 WWDC. tablets and now its focus has spread  one of the most used platforms for wider across other embedded systems. mobile devices, only slightly edged out by Android from Google. ANDROID VERSIONS  user interface of iOS is based on the concept of direct manipulation, using ANDROID 1.0 – 1.1 (2008) multitouch gestures. ANDROID 1.5 CUPCAKE (2009)  Interface control elements consist of ANDROID 1.6 DONUT (2009) sliders, switches, and buttons. ANDROID 2.0 – 2.1 ÉCLAIR (2009) Interaction with the OS includes ANDROID 2.2 FROYO (2010) gestures such as swipe, tap, pinch, and ANDROID 2.3 GINGERBREAD (2010) reverse pinch, all of which have specific ANDROID 3.0 – 3.2 HONEYCOMB (2011) definitions within the context of the iOS ANDROID 4.0 ICE CREAM SANDWICH operating system and its multi-touch (2011) interface. ANDROID 4.1 – 4.3 JELLY BEAN (2012) ANDROID 4.4 KITKAT (2013) ANDROID 5.0 – 5.1 LOLLIPOP (2014) ANDROID 6.0 MARSHMALLOW (2015) ANDROID 7.0 – 7.1 NOUGAT (2016) ANDROID 8.0 – 8.1 OREO (2017) ANDROID 9 PIE (2018) ANDROID 10 (2019) ANDROID 11 (2020) ANDROID 12 (2021) ANDROID 13 (2022) ANDROID 14 (2023) ANDROID 15 (2024)  PEOPLE WARE  can transfer information between their mobile device and another computer, PEOPLEWARE such as one at the main office or school  the role of people in the field of information technology, including the 4.) POWER USER creation of hardware and software.  requires the capabilities of a workstation or other type of powerful computer. FIVE (5) CATEGORIES OF USERS  The power user’s workstation often contains industry specific software. 1.) HOME USER  need computers with extremely fast  In an increasing number of homes, the processors because of the nature of computer no longer is a convenience. their work. Instead, it is a basic necessity. Each family member, or home user, spends 5.) ENTERPRISE USER time on the computer for different  Each employee or customer who uses a reasons that include personal financial computer in the enterprise is an management, Web access, enterprise user. communications, and entertainment.  Many large companies use the words, enterprise computing, to refer to the 2.) SMALL OFFICE/HOME OFFICE (SOHO) huge network of computers that meets USER their diverse computing needs.  Computers assist small business and  need computers with extremely fast home office users in managing their processors because of the nature of resources effectively. their work.  includes any company with fewer than 50 employees, as well as the self- employed who work from home.  typically have a desktop computer to perform some or all of their duties. Many also have smart phones or other mobile devices to manage appointments and contact information. 3.) MOBILE USER  often have mobile computers and/or mobile devices. With these computers and devices, the mobile user connects to other computers on a network or the Internet, often wirelessly accessing services such as e-mail and the Web.