CS Week 1 PDF

Lecture 01: Introduction to Computers Intended Learning Outcomes Learning Objectives : LO1: Describe the evolution of computer with history content. LO2: Identify the different criteria's to classify computers. Computers are EVERY WHERE People use all types and size of computer for a varie...

Lecture 01: Introduction to Computers Intended Learning Outcomes Learning Objectives : LO1: Describe the evolution of computer with history content. LO2: Identify the different criteria's to classify computers. Computers are EVERY WHERE People use all types and size of computer for a variety of reasons and in a range of places. Define the term “Computer” The term Computer is derived from the Latin term ‘computare’ Meaning is tocalculate or programmable machine Also “Computer" was originally given to humans (human computers) who performed numerical calculations using mechanical calculators. Example: Abacus ,Slide rule  Definition of Computer Computer is an electronic device, and it can perform a sequence of operations. With these operations' computer convert raw data into meaningful information. That is the computer is the machine that accepts data as its input ,process it and produce the desired output.  Memory Diligence Speed Characteristics of Computer Versatility Automation Reliability Accuracy  o Abacus o Napier’s Bones o Slide Rule o Pascaline o Stepped Reckoner o Jacquard Loom History of Computers o Arithmometer Charles Babbage (1791-1871) THE FATHER OF COMPUTER Charles Babbage who was an English mathematician, was credited for conceiving the idea of a programmable computer and being the father of computing. Around the time of 1820, he formulated the general idea of the first Difference Engine. In 1835, Babbage developed the design for the Analytical engine, an constantly tried to improve its design, and never was able to get grant to build his machine. Difference Engine The Difference Engine, designed in the 1820s by the English mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage. Difference Engine for producing reliable tables to support mathematical and statistical data. Analytical Engine Analytical Engine was Built in 1834. Analytical Engine for faster processing of arithmetic operations. Capable of performing 60 additions per minute. This machine contains five units. They are input,output,store,mill and control. Operations: store numbers and calculating. mill used for punched metal cards for instructions. Computer Generations First Generation Computers (1945-1956) Second Generation Computers (1956-1963) Third Generation Computers (1964 – 1971) Fourth Generation Computers (1971-1981) FIRST-GENERATION COMPUTERS (1945-1956) Main Features: Major Innovation-Vacuum Tubes (Basic Electronic Component/internal computer component) for the develop circuits. Size of 100W light bulb Used magnetic tapes for memory. Thousands of such bulbs were used. Used the Magnetic drums for data storage Very Expensive Example: for the operation and electricity cost FIRST-GENERATION COMPUTERS (1945-1956) Contd…. Computers extremely large in size and less reliable. Have any other problems. Generate a large amount of heat Causing many problems in temperature regulation and climate control. Some of the first-generation computers are Example: ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator) Built in 1946 and Used in world war II for military purpose. Used 18,000 vacuum tubes, about 1,800 square feet of floor space, and consumed about 180,000 watts of electrical power. By using lot of amount electrical power ENIAC generate heat and proper cooling system was required. UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) UNIVAC was the first general purpose electronic digital computer designed for commercial use, produced by Universal Accounting Company of John Mauchly and J.P.Eckert in 1951. Advantages & Disadvantages Electronic digital computers were developed for the first time. These computers were the fastest calculating devices of their time. Computations were performed in millisecond. Advantages These computers were able to execute complex mathematical problems in an efficient manner. Too large in size and unreliable. Vacuum tubes burn frequently Induce a large amount of heat due to the vacuum tubes. Disadvantages Not portable. Limited commercial use. Maintenance problems SECOND-GENERATION COMPUTER(1956-1963) Main Features: Major Innnovation:Transistors. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube. Because, Computers Transistors are more compact than vacuum tubes as they are made up of semiconductors. They are also more durable than vacuum tubes. Data storage used the magnetic core technology. SECOND-GENERATION COMPUTER(1956-1963) To become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable as compared to the first-generation computers. One Transistor can replace 50 vacuum tubes. Used mostly for scientific purpose. The examples of second-generation computers are: Example:IBM 7094 series, IBM1400 series and CDC 164 Second Generation Computers Examples IMB 1620 IMB 1401 Advantages & Disadvantages Smaller ,high portability, reliability as compared to first-generation computers. generated less heat. Advantages Increase the processing efficiency. less prone to failure. Used less energy Wider commercial use They required Air Conditioning. Disadvantages Frequent maintenance was required. They were difficult and quite expensive  THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS (1964 – 1971) Main Features: Major Innnovation:Integrated Circuits (ICs) These ICs were called chips. These ICs are more compact than a transistor. Single ICs has many transistors(Millions), registers and capacitors, placed on a single thin of silicon. The size of the computer got further reduced. THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS (1964 – 1971) The computers of this generations were low cost, large memory and processing speed was very high. Reduced Processing time from microseconds to nanoseconds Large IC companies were started. Example: INTEL started in 1968, AMD started in 1969 Examples IBM System/360, IBM System/370 Third Generation Computers IBM System/360 IBM System/370 Advantages & Disadvantages Smaller in size, reliable, portable as compared to second generation. Less power consumption. : Maintenance cost is low Advantages Heat generation was rare. Processing speed is high compared to the other generations. Can be apply for commercial productions : Easy and Cheaper Air conditioning was required in many cases due to ICs. Disadvantages To manufacture the IC chips required high level of technology. FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS (1971- 1981) Main Features: Major Innovation: Microprocessor Microprocessor is a very large scaled integrated circuit (VLSI) Chip Very advanced circuit and contains millions of transistors within the single package. Fourth-generation computers used very large integration (VLSI) technology and Microprocessor. Invention of Microprocessor leads to higher processing speed and reduced the size of computer. FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS (1971- 1981) Microprocessor paved path for personal computers. Forth generation computers very small, easily portable, highly reliable. Examples : IBM System Advantages & Disadvantages Smaller in size and much reliable. No cooling system required in many cases. Generate lesser amount of heat Much faster computation. : processing speed is very high(1 billion instruction per second) Advantages Portable and cheap. Highly Reliable. Cost of maintenance is very less Totally general-purpose computer. Very advanced technology was required to manufacturing the microprocessors. Disadvantages Required highly skilled people for manufacturing the computers. SLIIT Academy Pvt Ltd. © 2023 Classification Of Computers Computers can be classified in many ways by depending on different features. They can be classified by the usage and capacity or size. Classification by Capacity Classification By purpose Classification By Capacity Depending upon the size, the Computer has been separated into 4 sections. Micro Computer Minicomputer Mainframe Computer Supercomputer Micro Computers Microcomputer, also known as a personal computer. A personal computer designed to meet the computer needs of an individual. People who have the basic knowledge of computers can use micro computers. Provides access to a wide variety of computing applications, such as word processing, photo editing-mail and internet. Micro Computers Also used for entertainment purposes. Example: playing games, listening songs, watching movies Has several advantages. Example : Small size, low cost, probability As well as the disadvantages. Example: speed of the processing is low compared to other types of computers Types of Micro Computers Four Types of Micro computers Desktop Computer Notebook Notebook or laptop Tablet PC Handheld Devices Handheld Devices Tablet PC Desktop Computer  Minicomputers These Computers are smaller in size but larger as compared to Micro Computers Less Expensive Used by small to medium business and firms. Not designed for a single user or individual department.It used in large companies for a specific purposes. Example: Production Department can use Minicomputers to monitor the certain production process. Mainframe Computers Mainframe computers are much smaller in size than Supercomputers. What's more, their capacity limit is additionally very high. These computers can process information at very high speeds. Because of these computers being very quick, many clients can work in them all the while. Mainframe computers are used in those organizations where a large number of people periodically approach to the same data like banks-ATM transactions, ticket reservation, insurance companies, flight scheduling, etc. Super Computers The most powerful computers in terms performance and data processing are the super computers. Supercomputers are one of the fastest and expensive computers currently available. Capable of performing over 600 Billion operations per second Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense number of mathematical calculations (number crunching). Super Computers Super Computers are enabling the Multi-processing. Multiprocessing enable the computer to perform the tasks simultaneously by assigning different task to each processing unit. Usage of Super Computers Weather forecasting Scientific simulations Animated graphics Fluid dynamic calculations Nuclear energy research Electronic design Analysis of geological data (example in petrochemical prospecting) Classification By Purpose Depending upon the purpose, the Computer has been categorized into 2 sections. General Purpose Computer Special Purpose Computer Special Purpose Computers Special Purpose Computers is a computer that is designed to operate on a restricted class of problems. It is dedicated to only one function. Example: ATM Machine, Washing Machine,Cash Registers General Purpose Computers General Purpose Computers is a computer that can be programmed to do many different kinds of tasks, rather than one that is limited by design to a specific task. Most computers are general purpose and have software installed for many different uses. Example: Desktop Computers, Laptop Computers First-generation language: machine code Second-generation language: assembly Third-generation language: COBOL, C, Basic Fourth-generation language: ColdFusion, Progress 4GL, Oracle Reports