History Of Computer: Basic Computing Periods PDF

# History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods ## Living in the Information Technology Era President Ramon Magsaysay State University Computer Engineering Department ## Lesson 2: History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods ## Definition of Computer - Computer is a programmable machine. - Compute...

# History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods ## Living in the Information Technology Era President Ramon Magsaysay State University Computer Engineering Department ## Lesson 2: History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods ## Definition of Computer - Computer is a programmable machine. - Computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. - Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions(program). - Computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations. ## Three principal characteristics of computer: - It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. - It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions. - It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 ## History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods ### Earliest Computers Earliest Computers originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computers. - These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical expression. - The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics. - The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 ## History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods ### Tally sticks A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages. ### Abacus An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations. - The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C - The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China in around 500 B.C. - It used to perform basic arithmetic operations. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 ## History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods ### Napier's Bones - Invented by John Napier in 1614. - Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards. ### Slide Rule - Invented by William Oughtred in 1622. - Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms. - Used primarily for - multiplication - division - roots - logarithms–Trigonometry - Not normally used for addition or subtraction. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 ## History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods ### Pascaline - Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. - It was its limitation to addition and subtraction. - It is too expensive. ### Stepped Reckoner - Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672. - The machine that can add subtract multiply and divide automatically By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 ## History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods ### Jacquard Loom - The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881. - It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards. ### Arithmometer - A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820. - The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine. - The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions. - The first mass-produced calculating machine. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 ## History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods ### Difference Engine and Analytical Engine - It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. - Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834 - It is the first mechanical computer. ### First Computer Programmer - In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system. - She writes programs for the Analytical Engine. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 ## History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods ### Scheutzian Calculation Engine - Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843. - Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine. - The first printing calculator. ### Tabulating Machine - Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890. - To assist in summarizing information and accounting. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 ## History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods ### Harvard Mark 1 - Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC). - Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943 - The first electro-mechanical computer. ### Z1 - The first programmable computer. - Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938. - To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 ## History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods ### Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) - It was the first electronic digital computing device. - Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942. ### ENIAC - ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. - It was the first electronic general-purpose computer. - Completed in 1946. - Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 ## History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods ### UNIVAC 1 - The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the first commercial computer. - Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. ### EDVAC - EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer - The First Stored Program Computer - Designed by Von Neumann in 1952. - It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 ## History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods ### The First Portable Computer - Osborne 1- the first portable computer. - Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation. ### The First Computer Company - The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company. - Founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 ## Four Stages of Information Technology Development **(a) Premechanical** - The premechanical age is the earliest age of information technology. It can be defined as the time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D. **(b) Mechanical** - The mechanical age is when we first start to see connections between our current technology and its ancestors. The mechanical age can be defined as the time between 1450 and 1840. **(c) Electromechanical** – Some technologies that resemble our modern-day technology. The electromechanical age can be defined as the time between 1840 and 1940. These are the beginnings of telecommunication. **(d) Electronic** – The electronic age is what we currently live in. It can be defined as the time between 1940 and right now. The ENIAC was the first high-speed, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 ## Pre-Mechanical Age: 3000 B.C. – 1450 A.D. **(1) Writing and Alphabets-communication.** - Petroglyph - First humans communicated only through speaking and picture drawings. - 3000 B.C., the Sumerians in Mesopotamia (what is today southern Iraq) devised Cuniform. - The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin names to create the alphabet we use today. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 ## Pre-Mechanical Age: 3000 B.C. – 1450 A.D. **(3) Books and Libraries: Permanent Storage Devices.** - Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the earliest "books" - The Egyptians kept scrolls. - Around 600 B.C., the Greeks began to fold sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them together. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 ## Pre-Mechanical Age: 3000 B.C. – 1450 A.D. **(4) The First Numbering Systems.** - Egyptian System: - The numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number 10 as a N or circle, the number 100 as a coiled rope, and the number 1,000 as a lotus blossom. - The first numbering systems like those in use today were invented between 100 and 200 A.D. by Hindus in India who created a nine-digit numbering system. - Around 875 A.D., the concept of zero was developed. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 ## Pre-Mechanical Age: 3000 B.C. – 1450 A.D. **(5) The First Calculators: The Abacus.** - One of the very first information processors. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 ## Mechanical Age: 1450 – 1840 **(1) The First Information Explosion.** - Johann Gutenberg – Invented the movable metal-type printing process in 1450. - The development of book indexes and the widespread use of page numbers. **(2) Calculating Machine** - Wilhelm Schickard invented the first mechanical calculator in 1623 that can work with six digits and can carries digits across columns. **(3) Pascaline** - The Pascaline. Invented by Blaise Pascal (1642) (made of clock gears and levers) that could solve mathematical problems like addition and subtraction. **(4) Babbage's Engines** - Charles Babbage – invented the difference engine (1821) and analytical engine (1832). Father of modern computer. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 ## Eletromechanical Age: 1840 – 1940 **(1) Morse Code: 1835** - Samuel Morse – conceived of his version of an Electromagnetic Telegraph (Dots and Dashes) **(2) Telephone and Radio: 1876** - Alexander Graham Bell – developed the first working telephone. **(3) Comptograph: 1885** - Dorr Felt – invented first adding and subtracting calculator. - Comptograph containing a built-in printer. **(4) Punch Card: 1890** - Piece of stiff paper that contains digital information represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 ## Electronic Age: 1941 – Present **(1) Z1: 1941** - Konrad Zuse – Built the first programmable computer called Z3. **(2) Mark I: 1942** - John von Neumann – Build the first stored program computer. - 8 feet tall, 51 feet long, 2 feet thick, weighed 5 tons, used about 750,000 parts, 500 miles of wires. **(3) ABC Computer: 1942** - John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. - Completed the first all-electronic computer called ABC or Atanasoff-Berry Computer. - Foundation for advances in electronic digital computers. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 ## Milestone in Computer History ### History of Computer: Generations of Computer There are five generations of computer: - First generation – 1946 to 1958 - Second generation – 1959 to 1964 - Third generation – 1965 to 1970 - Fourth generation – 1971 to Today - Fifth generation – Today to future ### The First Generation The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 ## Milestone in Computer History ### The Second Generation Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes. Allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable. Still generated a great deal of heat that can damage the computer. ### The Third Generation The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. It could carry out instructions in billionths of a second. Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second- generation computers. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 ## Milestone in Computer History ### The Fourth Generation The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. ### The Fifth Generation Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in development. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self- organization. There are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 # Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives ### Business - Store and maintain accounts, personnel records, manage projects, track inventory, create presentations and reports. - Enable communication with people both within and outside the business, using various technologies, including e-mail. - Can be used to promote the business and enable direct interaction with customers. ### Education - Can be used to give learners audio-visual packages, interactive exercises, and remote learning, including tutoring over the internet. - Can be used to access educational information from intranet and internet sources, or via e-books. - Can be used to maintain and monitor student performance, including through the use of online examinations, as well as to create projects and assignments. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 # Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives ### Healthcare - Easier to store and access patient data, complex information can also be analyzed by software to aid discovery of diagnoses, as well as search for risks of diseases. - Computers control lab equipment, heart rate monitors, and blood pressure monitors. - Enable doctors to have greater access to information on the latest drugs, as well as the ability /to share information on diseases with other medical specialists. ### Retail and Trade - Can be used to buy and sell products online. - Enables sellers to reach a wider market with low overheads, and buyers to compare prices, read reviews, and choose delivery preferences. - Can be used for direct trading and advertising, using sites, social media or independent websites. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 # Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives ### Government - Improve the quality and efficiency of their services. - Examples include city planning, law enforcement, traffic, and tourism. - Can be used to store information, promote services, communicate internally and externally, as well as for routine administrative purposes. ### Marketing - Enable marketing campaigns to be more precise through the analysis and manipulation of data. T - Facilitate the creation of websites and promotional materials. - Can be used to generate social media campaigns. - Enable direct communication with customers through email and online chat. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 # Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives ### Science - Scientists were one of the first groups to adopt computers as a work tool. - Can be used for research, sharing information with other specialists both locally and internationally, as well as collecting, categorizing, analyzing, and storing data. - Computers also play a vital role in launching, controlling, and maintaining space craft, as well as operating other advanced technology. ### Publishing - Can be used to design pretty much any type of publication. - Include newsletters, marketing materials, fashion magazines, novels, or newspapers. - Computers are used in the publishing of both hard-copy and e-books. - They are also used to market publications and track sales. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 # Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives ### Arts and Entertainment - Can be used to create drawings, graphic designs, and paintings. - Can be used to edit, copy, send, and print photographs. They can be used by writers to create and edit. - Can be used to make, record, edit, play, and listen to music. - Can be used to capture, edit and watch videos. - Can be used for playing games. ### Communication - Real-time communication over the internet easy, thanks to software and videoconferencing services such as Skype. - Families can connect with audio and video, businesses can hold meetings between remote participants, - News organizations can interview people without the need for a film crew. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 # Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives ### Banking and Finance - Most banking in advanced countries now takes place online. - Can use computers to check your account balance, transfer money, or pay off credit cards. - Can also use computer technology to access information on stock markets, trade stocks, and manage investments. - Banks store customer account data, as well as detailed information on customer behavior which is used to streamline marketing. ### Transport - Road vehicles, trains, planes, and boats are increasingly automated with computers being used to maintain safety and navigation systems, and increasingly to drive, fly, or steer. - Can also highlight problems that require attention, such as low fuel levels, oil changes, or a failing mechanical part. - Can be used to customize settings for individuals. - Example, seat setup, air-conditioning temperatures. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 # Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives ### Navigation - Computer technology has been combined with GPS technology. - Computers combined with satellites mean that it's now easy to pinpoint your exact location, know which way that you are moving on a map, - Good idea of amenities and places of interest around you. ### Working From Home - Working from home and other forms of remote working increasingly common. - Workers can access necessary data, communicate, and share information without commuting to a traditional office. - Managers are able to monitor workers' productivity remotely. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 # Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives ### Military - Use for training purposes. - Used for analyzing intelligence data. - Used to control smart technology, such as guided missiles and drones, as well as for tracking incoming missiles and destroying them. - Work with other technologies such as satellites to provide geospatial information and analysis. - Help tanks and planes to target enemy forces. ### Social and Romance - Social media enables people to chat in text or audio in real time across large distances, - Exchange photographs, videos, and memes. - Dating sites and apps help people to find romance. - Online groups help people to connect with others who have similar interests. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 # Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives ### Booking Vacations - Can be used by travelers to study timetables, examine route options, and buy plane, train, or bus tickets. - Can be used to explore and book accommodation, whether traditional hotels, or through newer services. - Guided tours, excursions, events, and trips can also be explored and booked online using computers. ### Security and Surveillance - Increasingly being combined with other technologies to monitor people and goods. - Computers combined with biometric passports make it harder for people to fraudulently enter a country or gain access to a passenger airplane. - Face-recognition technology makes it easier to identify terrorists or criminals in public places. - Driver plates can be auto scanned by speed cameras or police cars. - Private security systems have also become much more sophisticated with the introduction of computer technology and internet technology. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 # Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives ### Weather Forecasting - World's weather is complex and depends upon a multitude of factors that are constantly changing. - It's impossible for human beings to monitor and process all the information coming in from satellite and other technologies, never mind perform the complex calculations that are needed to predict what is likely to happen in the future. - Computers can process the large amounts of meteorological information. ### Robotics - Robotics is an expanding area of technology which combines computers with science and engineering to produce machines that can either replace humans, or do specific jobs that humans are unable to do. - One of the first use of robotics was in manufacturing to build cars. Since then, robots have been developed to explore areas where conditions are too harsh for humans, to help law enforcement, to help the military, and to assist healthcare professionals. By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4 ## End of Lesson 2 ### Any Questions? By: Engr. Froilan G. Cantillo GEE 4