Computer Science Part 1 PDF

# Computer Science - Part 1 ## What is a Computer? - An electronic machine that performs mathematical and non-mathematical operations. ## What are computer operations? - **Input:** Entering data into the computer. - **Processing:** Performing operations on the data. - **Output:** Presenting the...

# Computer Science - Part 1 ## What is a Computer? - An electronic machine that performs mathematical and non-mathematical operations. ## What are computer operations? - **Input:** Entering data into the computer. - **Processing:** Performing operations on the data. - **Output:** Presenting the results. - **Storage:** Saving data, programs, or output for future use. ## Advantages of a Computer: - Speed - Reliability - Consistency - Storage - Communications ## Disadvantages of a Computer: - Violation of Privacy - Impact on Labor Force - Health Risks - Impact on Environment ## Computer History ### First - Generation Computers - Electronic digital computers were introduced in the 1950s. - They used vacuum tubes. - **ENIAC:** Was developed during World War II. - **UNIVAC:** Released in 1951. ### Second - Generation Computers - Used transistor. - A small device made of semiconductor material. - Programming languages (FORTRAN and COBOL)were developed and implemented. - Computers used by military, government and big businesses. ### Third - Generation Computers - Introduced integrated circuits (ICs). - Keyboards and monitors were introduced for input and output. - Magnetic disks were typically used for storage. - They were cheap, fast, and reliable. - Used by small businesses. ### Fourth - Generation Computers - The invention of the microprocessor. - **Input:** Keyboard and mouse. - **Output:** Monitor and printer. - **Storage:** Magnetic disks and optical discs. - The development of computer networks, wireless technologies, and the internet. ### Fifth - Generation Computers - Will be based on artificial intelligence. - Computers can learn, think and reason. - **Voice Recognition:** Became a primary means of input. - **Optical Computers:** Process data using light instead of electrons. ## Main Components of a Computer ### Hardware - The physical parts of a computer. - Can be internal (located inside the system unit) or external (located outside of the system unit). ### Software - Programs or instructions used to tell the computer hardware what to do. ## Computer Hardware ### 1. Input - Mouse - Keyboard - Microphone ### 2. Output - Data show - Printer - Monitor ### 3. Storage - Hard drive - Flash memory - USB ### 4. Processing: CPU (Centre Processing Unit) ## CPU Components: ### 1. ALU (Arithmetic and Logical Unit) ### 2. Memory (Register) ### 3. Control Unit ## Storage Unit: Stores data and information -# Secondary storage: - Hard drive - USB - CD - DVD -# Primary storage: - RAM (Random Access Memory) - ROM (Read Only Memory) ## Categories of Computers ### Personal Computers - Designed so all of the components fit entirely on or under a desk or table. ### Mobile Computers - **Notebook Computer:** - Portable, small enough to fit on your lap. - Also called a laptop computer. - Generally more expensive than a desktop computer - **Tablet PC:** - Resembles a letter-sized slate. - Allows you to write on the screen using a digitial pen. ### Mobile Device - **Personal Digital Assistant (PDA):** - Provides personal organizer functions - Calendar - Appointment book - Address book - Calculator - Notepad - **Smart Phones:** - An internet-enabled telephone that usually provides PDA capabilities. ### Mainframe - Very powerful, expensive computer that supports thousands of computers. ### Super Computer - The fastest, most powerful, most expensive computer. - Used for applications requiring complex mathematical calculations. ## Computer Applications in Society - Education - Finance - Government - Healthcare - Science - Publishing - Travel - Manufacturing