5 Generations of Computers PDF

5 Generation of Computers – Version 2 1st 1946 – 1959 2nd 1959 - 1965 3rd – 1965 – 1971 4th – 1971 – Present 5th - Emerging Hardware Vacuum Tubes Transistors Integrated Circuits Microprocessors ULSI...

5 Generation of Computers – Version 2 1st 1946 – 1959 2nd 1959 - 1965 3rd – 1965 – 1971 4th – 1971 – Present 5th - Emerging Hardware Vacuum Tubes Transistors Integrated Circuits Microprocessors ULSI (large, had limited (more reliable and (miniaturized (include thousands (based on parallel storage capacity, economical. transistors and of integrated circuits processing and unreliable and Smaller components placed them on on a single silicon artificial intelligence required lots of that could maintain silicon chips called chip) software) maintenance.) two states, “Off” and semiconductors) “On” represented by the binary digits 0 and 1. Main Memory Magnetic Drums External Storage Punch Cards Tapes and Discs Improve Disk (Floppy Disk) Input/Output Punch cards for Punch cards for Keyboards – Input Development of Will respond to Devices Input Input Monitors - Output GUIs (Graphical natural language Print outs for Output Print outs for Output User Interfaces, the input. mouse and handheld devices.) Programming Machine Language Assembly More high-level High-Level Languages Language; languages Languages and Beginning of High Application Software Level Programming Languages – FORTRAN and COBOL Operating System No Operating Humans handled Operating Systems Several operating System, human the punch cards. were introduced that systems were operators to set made it possible for developed switches computers to run MS-DOS multiple applications Microsoft Windows at the same time and to share memory and other resources.  Size Enormous in size. Smaller in Size Development was Significant reduction Support the Consumed a lot of Used Less Energy cheaper, faster, in processor size, development of AI electricity Easier to Move smaller and more and at the same and Natural Langue Expensive to Used for the Atomic reliable. time, a significant processing. Operate Energy Industry They were increase in Malfunctioned Still required cooling complicated to capabilities. Quantum because of systems and manufacture, More reliable than Computing excessive heat. constant difficult to maintain their predecessors, Molecular maintenance & required A/C to uses high-level Technology keep the computers languages Nanotechnology cool enough to run.Portable Economical Examples ENIAC, UNIVAC, Honeywell 400, IBM PDP-8, PDP-11, ICL IBM first home IBM-701 and IBM- 7094, CDC 1604, 2900, IBM 360, and computer, Apple 650 CDC 3600, UNIVAC IBM 370 Macintosh 1108 The Abacaus - The abacus consists of strings of beads strung on rods, which are mounted on a rectangular frame. As the beads are moved back and forth on the rod, their positions represent stored values. To carry out calculations, the abacus needs a human operator; otherwise, it is merely data storage. The Leibniz Machine - in which the gears of the machine are initially mechanically set in a position that represents the input, and their final state represents the output of the calculations. Designed to perform basic arithmetic operations, and the algorithm for addition was embedded into the structure of the hardware itself. Babbage’s Analytical Engine - which was never constructed) was designed to read instructions in the form of holes on paper cards. In other words, Babbage’s Analytical Engine was programmable. Ada Lovelace - who published a paper demonstrating that the Analytical Engine is indeed programmable, is considered to be the world’s first programmer. ENIAC - the first general-purpose electronic computer and one of the first programmable computers