CRSP Examination Preparation Manual PDF

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riskasdfasdfasdfdsfadsfsdfdsfasdf CRSP 2025 Examination Preparation Study Materials Developed by Safety Certified Management Consulting Ltd. Jim Moroney IHT, BSC, CRSP, CSP Web Site: www.canadiancrsp.com Email: [email protected]. Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Copyright 2024 by Jim Moroney IHT, BSC, CRSP, CSP All rights reserved. No part of this material can be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or scanning without permission in writing from the author. These products shall not be resold without expressed written consent. Acknowledgment A special thank you to the BCRSP who has granted permission to use the information contained in their published Study Guides for the purpose of the referencing and creation of this training program. 2|Page Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Safety Certified Management Consulting Ltd. Disclaimer Safety Certified Management Consulting Ltd. cannot guarantee that attending this workshop and using the information in this manual will result in a candidate being successful with the certification examination process. All attempts have been made to keep this information as current and reflective of the type of knowledge required for the BCRSP Exam. The BCRSP does not specifically endorse these study materials (or other independently created products) for the preparation of challenging the certification exams. Board of Canadian Registered Safety Professionals (BCRSP) The CRSP designation is now a widely accepted form of recognition by industry and government in Canada. Many employers in Canada require the CRSP designation to qualify for a safety position. The CRSP is a person who is employed in the occupational health, safety, and environmental field in a professional capacity, as a practitioner, a consultant, or an educator. CRSPs use a combination of engineering, human and physical sciences to develop and implement programs, systems, procedures and techniques for the reduction and elimination of losses. Eligibility To be eligible to apply for the CRSP® certification, you must have a combination of education, professional development, and experience. Depending on the type of education you have obtained, there may be an exemption from the Professional Development criteria, but this will have to be confirmed by the BCRSP. Applicants must have the following. 1. A minimum of a bachelor’s degree (4-year degree or for Quebec 3- year+CEGEP)) in any field* OR a 2-year diploma (or certificate) (minimum of 900 hours or 60 credits) in occupational health and safety or equivalent from a recognized academic institution. 2. 48 months of professional level OHS experience obtained within the last 72 months (minimum of 900 hours/calendar year of practice in OHS) **if applying with a bachelor’s degree, applicant must also demonstrate sufficient professional development in OHS to qualify. 3|Page  Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Application and Examination Rules The BCRSP cautions applicants to proceed with application submission only if they are certain, they meet the minimum eligibility requirements because the application fee is over $500 and is non-refundable. There is also an examination fee and an annual renewal fee. The applicant must ensure that the individuals selected to complete the questionnaires are aware of the necessity to complete and forward the forms accurately and promptly as failure to receive all of the questionnaires will delay the registration process. One of the two questionnaires (practice or reference) must be completed by a CRSP or equivalent (such as CSP, CMIOSH, CIH, ROH, PEng, CHRP/CHRL). Examination Dates The CRSP Examination is held three times a year. Typically, this occurs during a two- week window (Monday-Friday) that begins in late January or early February, June and October. The BCRSP contracts Pearson VUE to deliver its certification examinations by computer at their testing centres throughout Canada. The application process that will determine your eligibility to write the CRSP. Once a candidate is approved to proceed to the examination, they have one year in which to sit the CRSP Examination for the first time. Candidates who fail the first writing of the examination are permitted up to two supplementary writings over the next year. The one-year supplementary writing period begins as of the failing of the first examination writing. Candidates rewriting the examination will be required to write the full 3 1/2-hour, multiple choice examination. Candidates failing all three (3) writings will have their files closed and must wait a minimum of one (1) year before resubmitting a new application. 4|Page  Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Examination Blueprint The primary function of the Blueprint is to describe how the examination is to be developed. It provides instructions and guidelines on how the competencies (e.g., knowledge, abilities, skills, attitudes, and judgment) are to be expressed within the examination in order for accurate decisions to be made on the ability of examinees to practice safely and effectively. The CRSPEX is constantly under review to ensure that the designation remains relevant for OHS professionals and reflective of current OHS practice. The BCRSP conducts a review of the competencies required of a CRSP/PSAC every five years and updates the CRSP Examination Blueprint accordingly. A revised CRSP Examination Blueprint was released in 2020 and will apply to the June 2021 examinations and all subsequent examinations until the next review. The exams can only be written at the 30 Regional Screening Centres located across Canada. The results are typically mailed in 4 to 6 weeks. A comprehensive review of this second edition of the Blueprint for the Canadian Registered Safety Professional Examination is planned for 2024. The Blueprint is also evaluated annually to ensure the competencies continue to reflect that expected of a registered safety professional. Application Process Schedule The applicant must complete an application form and, together with all supporting documentation, and a non-refundable application fee. The application requires details about formal education, professional development, and related experience. In addition, a reference questionnaire and practice questionnaire must be completed by individuals who have a sound knowledge of the applicant's work performance. It is the applicant’s responsibility to ensure that all information is submitted with the application along with the required documentation. Please review the eligibility requirements before applying as the application fee is non-refundable. 5|Page  Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Competencies The competencies were evaluated by approximately 1,960 Canadian Registered Safety Professionals. The CRSPEX is a criterion-referenced examination. Essentially it is based on the content in a domain. The domain consists of competencies that a safety professional should know. Subject Categories The initial classification of the competencies consisted of the following nine categories defined below (the number and the percentage of competencies are indicated in parentheses following the category name): Category Competencies 1 Hazard and Risks: Identification and Assessment 6 2 Hazard and Risks: Controls and Mitigation 10 3 Health and Safety Management 27 4 Ethics, Professional Role, and Function 9 5 Technical, Human and Social Sciences 14 6 Management Sciences 11 Since some of the competencies can be placed in one or more categories it’s important to consider that this just represents an organized framework. Groups and Weightings 6|Page  Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. The exam is three and a half (3.5) hours long and will consist of between 190 and 210 questions. The multiple-choice questions of the CRSPEX are presented in one of two formats. Independent questions will constitute about 65 to 75 % of the questions whereas case base questions will comprise of approximately 25% to 35 % of the questions. Type of Question Percentage Distribution Case Based Questions 25 – 35% Independent Questions 65 – 75% Competency Categories and Weightings Percentage of Category Questions on Exam 1 Hazard and Risks: Identification and Assessment 17 -22% 2 Hazard and Risks: Controls and Mitigation 17 - 22% 3 Safety Management Systems 23 - 28% 4 Ethics, Professional Role, and Function 8 - 13% 5 Technical, Human and Social Sciences 8 - 13% 6 Organizational Management and Leadership 12 - 17% 7|Page Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. BCRSP Examination Blueprint Hazard and Risk: Identification and Assessment (HRIA) HRIA1 Demonstrate an understanding of the difference between a hazard and risk. HRIA2 Demonstrate an understanding of causational factors related to workplace hazards. Demonstrate the use of a variety of safety techniques to identify hazards, including: a) Benchmarking b) Event tree analyses c) Fault tree analyses d) Inspections and observations e) Inventory HRIA3 f) Job hazard analyses g) Job safety analyses h) Monitoring i) Physical demands analysis j) Predictive modelling k) Reassessment l) Task analyses m) Other Demonstrate an understanding of analysis and prioritization of risks, including: a) ALARA/ALARP b) Complexity c) Inherent and residual risks d) Monitoring HRIA4 e) Probability, severity, frequency, likelihood f) Quantitative/Qualitative g) Reassessment h) Risk matrix i) Routine vs non-routine work j) Other Demonstrate an understanding of biological hazards (e.g., communicable disease, HRIA5 wildlife, etc.), their characteristics, and mechanisms of harm. Demonstrate an understanding of chemical hazards (e.g., chemical reaction, fire, HRIA6 natural and man-made, etc.), their characteristics, and mechanisms of harm. Demonstrate an understanding of environmental hazards (e.g., weather, spills, etc.), HRIA7 their characteristics, and mechanisms of harm. Demonstrate an understanding of physical hazards (e.g., radiation, magnetic fields, HRIA8 noise, hazardous energy, etc.), their characteristics, and mechanisms of harm. Demonstrate an understanding of safety hazards (e.g., machine, working at heights, HRIA9 etc.), their characteristics, and mechanisms of harm. Demonstrate an understanding of psychosocial hazards (e.g., stress, violence, HRIA10 psychological, etc.), their characteristics, and mechanisms of harm. Demonstrate an understanding of ergonomic hazards (e.g., cognitive, manual material HRIA11 handling, job design, etc.), their characteristics, and mechanisms of harm. 8|Page Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Demonstrate an understanding of the hazards and risks associated with various work HRIA12 settings (e.g., working alone, remote work, hybrid work, vehicle, etc.). Hazard and Risk: Controls and Mitigation (HRCM) HRCM1 Demonstrate an understanding of active and passive controls. Demonstrate an understanding of the effectiveness of the hierarchy of controls for HRCM2 workplace hazards. HRCM3 Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of critical controls. Demonstrate an understanding of the selection, implementation, effectiveness, and HRCM4 limitations of controls for biological hazards. Demonstrate an understanding of the selection, implementation, effectiveness, and HRCM5 limitations of controls for chemical hazards. Demonstrate an understanding of the selection, implementation, effectiveness, and HRCM6 limitations of controls for environmental hazards. Demonstrate an understanding of the selection, implementation, effectiveness, and HRCM7 limitations of controls for physical hazards. Demonstrate an understanding of the selection, implementation, effectiveness, and HRCM8 limitations of controls for safety hazards. Demonstrate an understanding of the selection, implementation, effectiveness, and HRCM9 limitations of controls for psychosocial hazards. Demonstrate an understanding of the selection, implementation, effectiveness, and HRCM10 limitations of controls for ergonomic hazards. Demonstrate an understanding of the controls for hazards and risks associated with HRCM11 various work settings (e.g., working alone, remote work, hybrid work, vehicle, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of workplace health promotion, including: a) Community service b) Employee and family assistance programs c) Injury, illness, and disease prevention programs HRCM12 d) Life balance e) Psychosocial factors f) Stress and fatigue management g) Substance abuse and addiction programs h) Wellness programs i) Other Demonstrate an understanding of workplace design and processes, including: a) Artificial intelligence b) Automation HRCM13 c) Facilities d) Human factors e) Injury prevention f) Life safety 9|Page Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. g) Process safety h) Procurement i) Robotics j) Safeguarding k) Other Demonstrate an understanding of administrative controls, including: a) Communication b) Contractor management c) Inspection d) Preventative/Predictive maintenance HRCM14 e) Scheduling f) Signage g) Supply chain management h) Systems of work – Policies, procedures and permits i) Training and awareness j) Visitor management k) Other Demonstrate an understanding of selection, use, care, maintenance, and limitations of HRCM15 personal protective equipment. Demonstrate an understanding of emergency preparedness, including: a) Business continuity plans b) Chain of command c) Corporate crisis management HRCM16 d) Detection and mitigation methods e) Development of emergency preparedness plans and arrangements f) Implementation of preparedness and testing g) Relevant standards h) Other Demonstrate an understanding of injury, and illness management, including: a) Case management b) Claim and cost management HRCM17 c) Provision of first-aid services d) Provision of medical services e) Role of relevant parties in worker’s recovery f) Worker’s compensation, insurance and legal requirements g) Other Safety Management Systems (SMS) Demonstrate an understanding of safety management systems (e.g., analysis, SMS1 selection, implementation, evaluation, etc.). SMS2 Demonstrate an understanding of safety management theories and incident causation. Demonstrate an understanding of safety management in relation to the context of the organization and other management systems, including: SMS3 a) Enterprise Risk Management b) Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) c) Financial d) Insurance 10 | P a g e Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. e) Operational f) Quality g) Security h) Other Demonstrate an understanding of the integration of occupational health and safety SMS4 management systems, roles, and responsibilities within an organization. Demonstrate an understanding of the concepts of organizational and workplace SMS5 culture. Demonstrate an understanding of how to measure, analyse and improve organizational SMS6 and workplace culture. Demonstrate an understanding of national and international standards, and SMS7 associations (e.g., ISO, CSA, ANSI, NFPA, National Fire Code, National Building Code, National Safety Code, ACGIH, NIOSH, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of law, including: a) Civil Law b) Common Law c) Compensation Law d) Criminal Law SMS8 e) Employment Law f) Human Rights Law g) Privacy Law h) Product liability i) Property Law j) Tort Law k) Other Demonstrate an understanding of occupational health and safety law in Canada, including: a) Due diligence SMS9 b) Duties and responsibilities c) Environmental legislation d) Transportation (e.g., TDG, hours of service, etc.) e) WHMIS/GHS f) Other Demonstrate an understanding of the Internal Responsibility System (IRS) and SMS10 legislated duties of workplace parties. Demonstrate an understanding of worker rights (i.e., right to know, right to participate SMS11 and right to refuse). Demonstrate an understanding of the duties and powers of enforcement agencies SMS12 (e.g., orders to comply, prosecutions, ticketing, administrative penalties, appeal, process, etc.). SMS13 Demonstrate an understanding of risk management principles. Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of monitoring, evaluating and SMS14 validating system controls. 11 | P a g e Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Demonstrate an understanding of the inspection process within a safety management SMS15 system. Demonstrate an understanding of investigations (e.g., immediate vs root cause, causal SMS16 analysis, corrective actions, control effectiveness, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of surveys, surveillance, and assessments (e.g., health, SMS17 hygiene, culture/climate, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of auditing (e.g., hazard audits, compliance audits, SMS18 OHSMS audits, protocols and procedures, relevant standards, etc.). SMS19 Demonstrate an understanding of managing critical controls. Demonstrate an understanding of performance indicators (e.g., qualitative, quantitative, SMS20 leading and lagging, trending, etc.). SMS21 Demonstrate an understanding of benchmarking. Demonstrate an understanding of processes for selecting tools for monitoring, SMS22 evaluation, and validation. SMS23 Demonstrate an understanding of data collection and analysis techniques. SMS24 Demonstrate an understanding of how to develop action plans for findings. Demonstrate an understanding of internal and external requirements for information SMS25 management (i.e., document control and retention, reporting, cybersecurity). Demonstrate an understanding of organizational channels of communication and consultative mechanisms, including: a) Barriers to communication b) Emerging concepts and technologies SMS26 c) Formal and informal d) Internal and external e) Management committees f) Safety committees g) Steering committees h) Other Ethics, Legal, Professional Role and Function (ELPRF) Demonstrate an understanding of ethical theories, models of ethical practice and ELPRF1 ethical decision-making (e.g., utilitarianism, Kantianism, natural law, conflicting goals, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of the obligations of a CRSP (e.g., with respect to ELPRF2 employers, co-workers, public, fellow professionals, contractors, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of the CRSP’s obligations with respect to The BCRSP ELPRF3 Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct. Demonstrate an understanding of professional errors and omissions (e.g., legal, ethical, ELPRF4 consequences and indemnification, etc.). 12 | P a g e Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Demonstrate an understanding of the role of the CRSP and limits of professional ELPRF5 practice (e.g., interaction with government agencies, scope of practice, boundaries of competence, etc.). ELPRF6 Demonstrate an understanding of corporate governance frameworks. Demonstrate an understanding of environmental, social and governance (ESG) (e.g., ELPRF7 health and safety indicators, human capital, resource conservation, resource management, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of the role of specialists and how to foster collaboration ELPRF8 (e.g., auditor, ergonomist, human resource specialist, occupational hygienist, occupational therapist, occupational health nurse, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of research methodologies related to health and safety ELPRF9 and evidence-based practice. Technical, Human and Social Sciences (THSS) Demonstrate an understanding of basic principles of human anatomy, physiology, and THSS1 biomechanics. THSS2 Demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles of toxicology. Demonstrate an understanding of mechanisms and prevention of musculoskeletal THSS3 disorders. Demonstrate an understanding of human factors and their impact on performance THSS4 (e.g., people, workplace, management, fit for duty, fatigue management, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of occupational illness and disease (e.g., asthma, THSS5 PTSD, chemical and environmental sensitivity, dermatitis, cancer, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of how social factors in the workplace impact worker THSS6 and organizational well-being (e.g., culture, biases, vulnerable workers, diversity, inclusion, etc.) Demonstrate an understanding of human psychology principles (e.g., organizational THSS7 and industrial psychology, etc.) THSS8 Demonstrate an understanding of conflict resolution management. Demonstrate an understanding of statistics and quantitative analysis (e.g., mean, THSS9 percentage, standard deviation, time weighted average, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of occupational hygiene measurement and sampling THSS10 (e.g., air, noise, radiation, chemical, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of ventilation (e.g., local, general, supply, exhaust, THSS11 etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of occupational exposure limits (e.g., Threshold Limit THSS12 Values (TLVs), Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs), action levels, etc.). 13 | P a g e Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Demonstrate an understanding of new and emerging technology (e.g., artificial THSS13 intelligence, monitoring devices, Internet of Things (IoT), autonomous or remotely controlled equipment and technology, etc.). THSS14 Demonstrate an understanding of material/process/workflow analyses. Organizational Management and Leadership (OML) Demonstrate an understanding of engagement, influence, and communication OML1 techniques (e.g., emotional intelligence, interpersonal skills, etc.) Demonstrate an understanding of leadership styles (e.g., directive, supportive, OML2 consultative, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of problem-solving processes (e.g., collaboration, OM consensus building, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of the integration of safety into organizational structure, OML4 function, culture, and design. Demonstrate an understanding of the functions of management (e.g., planning, OML5 organizing, leading, measuring performance, controlling, resources, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of financial and business processes (e.g., budgeting, OML6 business case development, management by objectives, policy and procedure development, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of worker and labour relations (e.g., union, non-union, OML7 etc.). OML8 Demonstrate an understanding of strategic planning concepts and processes. OML9 Demonstrate an understanding of change management. Demonstrate an understanding of a training management system (e.g., needs analysis, OML10 learning principles, development, delivery, evaluation, etc.). OML11 Demonstrate an understanding of project management concepts and processes. 14 | P a g e Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. BCRSPEX Competencies Aligned with Traditional Subject Area Module Subject Adjusted (Max) Weighting 1 Safety Fundamentals 20% 2 Risk Management 20% 3 Auditing 15% 4 Ergonomics 10% 5 Fire Prevention 5% 6 Health and Wellness 10% 7 Law and Ethics 15% 8 Management Systems 20% 9 Occupational Hygiene 20% Module 1 Safety Fundamentals – 20% ELPRF8 Demonstrate an understanding of the role of specialists and how to foster collaboration (e.g., auditor, ergonomist, human resource specialist, occupational hygienist, occupational therapist, occupational health nurse, etc.). SMS2 Demonstrate an understanding of safety management theories and incident causation. THSS9 Demonstrate an understanding of statistics and quantitative analysis (e.g., mean, percentage, standard deviation, time weighted average, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of physical hazards (e.g., radiation, magnetic fields, noise, HRIA8 hazardous energy, etc.), their characteristics, and mechanisms of harm. Demonstrate an understanding of safety hazards (e.g., machine, working at heights, etc.), HRIA9 their characteristics, and mechanisms of harm. Demonstrate an understanding of the hazards and risks associated with various work HRIA12 settings (e.g., working alone, remote work, hybrid work, vehicle, etc.). HRCM11 Demonstrate an understanding of the controls for hazards and risks associated with various work settings (e.g., working alone, remote work, hybrid work, vehicle, etc.). 15 | P a g e Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. HRCM13 Demonstrate an understanding of workplace design and processes, including: a) Artificial intelligence b) Automation c) Facilities d) Human factors e) Injury prevention f) Life safety g) Process safety h) Procurement i) Robotics j) Safeguarding k) Other HRCM15 Demonstrate an understanding of selection, use, care, maintenance, and limitations of personal protective equipment. SMS15 Demonstrate an understanding of the inspection process within a safety management system. SMS16 Demonstrate an understanding of investigations (e.g., immediate vs root cause, causal analysis, corrective actions, control effectiveness, etc.). SMS20 Demonstrate an understanding of performance indicators (e.g., qualitative, quantitative, leading and lagging, trending, etc.). THSS13 Demonstrate an understanding of new and emerging technology (e.g., artificial intelligence, monitoring devices, Internet of Things (IoT), autonomous or remotely controlled equipment and technology, etc.). THSS14 Demonstrate an understanding of MFA material/process/workflow analyses. Module 2 - Risk Management – 20% HRIA1 Demonstrate an understanding of the difference between a hazard and risk. HRIA2 Demonstrate an understanding of causational factors related to workplace hazards. HRCM2 Demonstrate an understanding of the effectiveness of the hierarchy of controls for workplace hazards. HRCM3 Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of critical controls. HRCM1 Demonstrate an understanding of active and passive controls. HRCM8 Demonstrate an understanding of the selection, implementation, effectiveness, and limitations of controls for safety hazards. 16 | P a g e Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Demonstrate the use of a variety of safety techniques to identify hazards, including: a) Benchmarking b) Event tree analyses c) Fault tree analyses d) Inspections and observations e) Inventory HRIA3 f) Job hazard analyses g) Job safety analyses h) Monitoring i) Physical demands analysis j) Predictive modelling k) Reassessment l) Task analyses m) Other Demonstrate an understanding of analysis and prioritization of risks, including: a) ALARA/ALARP b) Complexity c) Inherent and residual risks d) Monitoring HRIA4 e) Probability, severity, frequency, likelihood f) Quantitative/Qualitative g) Reassessment h) Risk matrix i) Routine vs non-routine work j) Other Demonstrate an understanding of safety management in relation to the context of the organization and other management systems, including: a) Enterprise Risk Management b) Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) SMS3 c) Financial d) Insurance e) Operational f) Quality g) Security h) Other SMS13 Demonstrate an understanding of risk management principles. SMS19 Demonstrate an understanding of managing critical controls. HRIA7 Demonstrate an understanding of environmental hazards (e.g., weather, spills, etc.), their characteristics, and mechanisms of harm. 17 | P a g e Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. SMS7 Demonstrate an understanding of national and international standards, and associations (e.g., ISO, CSA, ANSI, NFPA, National Fire Code, National Building Code, National Safety Code, ACGIH, NIOSH, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of administrative controls, including: a) Communication b) Contractor management c) Inspection d) Preventative/Predictive maintenance HRCM14 e) Scheduling f) Signage g) Supply chain management h) Systems of work – Policies, procedures and permits i) Training and awareness j) Visitor management k) Other Module 3 - Auditing – 15% Demonstrate an understanding of the role of specialists and how to foster ELPRF8 collaboration (e.g., auditor, ergonomist, human resource specialist, occupational hygienist, occupational therapist, occupational health nurse, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of national and international standards, and SMS7 associations (e.g., ISO, CSA, ANSI, NFPA, National Fire Code, National Building Code, National Safety Code, ACGIH, NIOSH, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of safety management systems (e.g., analysis, SMS1 selection, implementation, evaluation, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of monitoring, evaluating and SMS14 validating system controls. Demonstrate an understanding of processes for selecting tools for monitoring, SMS22 evaluation, and validation. Demonstrate an understanding of auditing (e.g., hazard audits, compliance audits, SMS18 OHSMS audits, protocols and procedures, relevant standards, etc.). SMS21 Demonstrate an understanding of benchmarking. SMS23 Demonstrate an understanding of data collection and analysis techniques. SMS24 Demonstrate an understanding of how to develop action plans for findings. Demonstrate an understanding of research methodologies related to health and ELPRF9 safety and evidence-based practice. 18 | P a g e Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Demonstrate an understanding of surveys, surveillance, and assessments (e.g., health, SMS17 hygiene, culture/climate, etc.). Module 4 - Ergonomics – 10% Demonstrate an understanding of the role of specialists and how to foster ELPRF8 collaboration (e.g., auditor, ergonomist, human resource specialist, occupational hygienist, occupational therapist, occupational health nurse, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of national and international standards, and SMS7 associations (e.g., ISO, CSA, ANSI, NFPA, National Fire Code, National Building Code, National Safety Code, ACGIH, NIOSH, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of ergonomic hazards (e.g., cognitive, manual HRIA11 material handling, job design, etc.), their characteristics, and mechanisms of harm. Demonstrate an understanding of the selection, implementation, effectiveness, and HRCM10 limitations of controls for ergonomic hazards. Demonstrate an understanding of basic principles of human anatomy, physiology, THSS1 and biomechanics. Demonstrate an understanding of mechanisms and prevention of musculoskeletal THSS3 disorders. Demonstrate an understanding of human factors and their impact on performance THSS4 (e.g., people, workplace, management, fit for duty, fatigue management, etc.). Module 5 – Fire Prevention – 5% Demonstrate an understanding of national and international standards, and SMS7 associations (e.g., ISO, CSA, ANSI, NFPA, National Fire Code, National Building Code, National Safety Code, ACGIH, NIOSH, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of emergency preparedness, including: a) Business continuity plans b) Chain of command c) Corporate crisis management HRCM16 d) Detection and mitigation methods e) Development of emergency preparedness plans and arrangements f) Implementation of preparedness and testing g) Relevant standards h) Other Module 6 - Health and Wellness – 10% Demonstrate an understanding of workplace health promotion, including: a) Community service HRCM12 b) Employee and family assistance programs c) Injury, illness, and disease prevention programs d) Life balance 19 | P a g e Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. e) Psychosocial factors f) Stress and fatigue management g) Substance abuse and addiction programs h) Wellness programs i) Other THSS6 Demonstrate an understanding of how social factors in the workplace impact worker and organizational well-being (e.g., culture, biases, vulnerable workers, diversity, inclusion, etc.) THSS7 Demonstrate an understanding of human psychology principles (e.g., organizational and industrial psychology, etc.) THSS5 Demonstrate an understanding of occupational illness and disease (e.g., asthma, PTSD, chemical and environmental sensitivity, dermatitis, cancer, etc.). HRIA10 Demonstrate an understanding of psychosocial hazards (e.g., stress, violence, psychological, etc.), their characteristics, and mechanisms of harm. HRCM9 Demonstrate an understanding of the selection, implementation, effectiveness, and limitations of controls for psychosocial hazards. Module 7 - Law and Ethics – 15% Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of law, including: a) Civil Law b) Common Law c) Compensation Law d) Criminal Law SMS8 e) Employment Law f) Human Rights Law g) Privacy Law h) Product liability i) Property Law j) Tort Law k) Other Demonstrate an understanding of occupational health and safety law in Canada, including: a) Due diligence SMS9 b) Duties and responsibilities c) Environmental legislation d) Transportation (e.g., TDG, hours of service, etc.) e) WHMIS/GHS f) Other Demonstrate an understanding of the Internal Responsibility System (IRS) and legislated SMS10 duties of workplace parties. 20 | P a g e Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Demonstrate an understanding of worker rights (i.e., right to know, right to SMS11 participate and right to refuse). Demonstrate an understanding of the duties and powers of enforcement agencies SMS12 (e.g., orders to comply, prosecutions, ticketing, administrative penalties, appeal, process, etc.). ELPRF1 Demonstrate an understanding of ethical theories, models of ethical practice and ethical decision-making (e.g., utilitarianism, Kantianism, natural law, conflicting goals, etc.). ELPRF2 Demonstrate an understanding of the obligations of a CRSP (e.g., with respect to employers, co-workers, public, fellow professionals, contractors, etc.). ELPRF3 Demonstrate an understanding of the CRSP’s obligations with respect to The BCRSP Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct. ELPRF4 Demonstrate an understanding of professional errors and omissions (e.g., legal, ethical, consequences and indemnification, etc.). ELPRF5 Demonstrate an understanding of the role of the CRSP and limits of professional practice (e.g., interaction with government agencies, scope of practice, boundaries of competence, etc.). ELPRF6 Demonstrate an understanding of corporate governance frameworks. ELPRF7 Demonstrate an understanding of environmental, social and governance (ESG) (e.g., health and safety indicators, human capital, resource conservation, resource management, etc.). Module 8 - Management Systems – 20% SMS7 Demonstrate an understanding of national and international standards, and associations (e.g., ISO, CSA, ANSI, NFPA, National Fire Code, National Building Code, National Safety Code, ACGIH, NIOSH, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of the integration of occupational health and safety SMS4 management systems, roles, and responsibilities within an organization. SMS5 Demonstrate an understanding of the concepts of organizational and workplace culture. Demonstrate an understanding of how to measure, analyse and improve organizational SMS6 and workplace culture. OML1 Demonstrate an understanding of engagement, influence, and communication techniques (e.g., emotional intelligence, interpersonal skills, etc.) OML2 Demonstrate an understanding of leadership styles (e.g., directive, supportive, consultative, etc.). 21 | P a g e Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. OM Demonstrate an understanding of problem-solving processes (e.g., collaboration, consensus building, etc.). OML4 Demonstrate an understanding of the integration of safety into organizational structure, function, culture, and design. OML5 Demonstrate an understanding of the functions of management (e.g., planning, organizing, leading, measuring performance, controlling, resources, etc.). OML6 Demonstrate an understanding of financial and business processes (e.g., budgeting, business case development, management by objectives, policy and procedure development, etc.). OML7 Demonstrate an understanding of worker and labour relations (e.g., union, non-union, etc.). OML8 Demonstrate an understanding of strategic planning concepts and processes. OML9 Demonstrate an understanding of change management. THSS8 Demonstrate an understanding of conflict resolution management. SMS25 Demonstrate an understanding of internal and external requirements for information management (i.e., document control and retention, reporting, cybersecurity). SMS26 Demonstrate an understanding of organizational channels of communication and consultative mechanisms, including: a) Barriers to communication b) Emerging concepts and technologies c) Formal and informal d) Internal and external e) Management committees f) Safety committees g) Steering committees h) Other Module 9 - Occupational Hygiene – 20% ELPRF8 Demonstrate an understanding of the role of specialists and how to foster collaboration (e.g., auditor, ergonomist, human resource specialist, occupational hygienist, occupational therapist, occupational health nurse, etc.). SMS7 Demonstrate an understanding of national and international standards, and associations (e.g., ISO, CSA, ANSI, NFPA, National Fire Code, National Building Code, National Safety Code, ACGIH, NIOSH, etc.). 22 | P a g e Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. THSS1 Demonstrate an understanding of basic principles of human anatomy, physiology, and biomechanics. Demonstrate an understanding of chemical hazards (e.g., chemical reaction, fire, natural HRIA6 and man-made, etc.), their characteristics, and mechanisms of harm. HRCM5 Demonstrate an understanding of the selection, implementation, effectiveness, and limitations of controls for chemical hazards. HRCM7 Demonstrate an understanding of the selection, implementation, effectiveness, and limitations of controls for physical hazards. Demonstrate an understanding of physical hazards (e.g., radiation, magnetic fields, noise, HRIA8 hazardous energy, etc.), their characteristics, and mechanisms of harm. HRIA5 Demonstrate an understanding of biological hazards (e.g., communicable disease, wildlife, etc.), their characteristics, and mechanisms of harm. HRCM4 Demonstrate an understanding of the selection, implementation, effectiveness, and limitations of controls for biological hazards. HRCM6 Demonstrate an understanding of the selection, implementation, effectiveness, and limitations of controls for environmental hazards. THSS5 Demonstrate an understanding of occupational illness and disease (e.g., asthma, PTSD, chemical and environmental sensitivity, dermatitis, cancer, etc.). THSS9 Demonstrate an understanding of statistics and quantitative analysis (e.g., mean, percentage, standard deviation, time weighted average, etc.). THSS10 Demonstrate an understanding of occupational hygiene measurement and sampling (e.g., air, noise, radiation, chemical, etc.). THSS11 Demonstrate an understanding of ventilation (e.g., local, general, supply, exhaust, etc.). THSS12 Demonstrate an understanding of occupational exposure limits (e.g., Threshold Limit Values (TLVs), Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs), action levels, etc.). 23 | P a g e  Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. What is the Pass Mark? The pass mark is set in reference to the content and the difficulty of the examination questions. The pass mark is set at a level that represents the performance expected of a competent safety professional or competent safety technician. The standard setting method used to establish the pass mark for the CRSP and CRST Examinations is the modified-Angoff method. The Angoff technique is the standard setting method used to establish the pass mark. A statistical procedure is used to assess the difficulty of the questions on the exams by considering how people had answered them (correctly or incorrectly). The pass mark is adjusted to reflect the differences in content difficulty and candidate performance on the new exam. This statistical procedure ensures that all candidates, regardless of which examination form they write, must achieve an equivalent standard to successfully pass the examination. Reciprocal Agreements Currently the Board has Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) with a variety of professional organizations which make it easier for professionals to hold multiple credentials with a simplified application process. 1. Board of Certified Safety Professionals (BCSP) 2. Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH). 3. National or International Diploma in Occupational Health & Safety (NEBOSH) 4. Australian Institute of Health & Safety (AIHS) formerly SIA If you are certified by either of these organizations, please refer to the appropriate MOU and contact the BCRSP office for a special application form. 24 | P a g e  Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Continuous Professional Development Program The CMP applies to each CRSP who must earn a minimum of 25 CMPs within a 5-year period to maintain certification. It starts January 1st of the following year. The system of credits will require a reasonable degree of effort in activities contributing to continued professional development but should not be unduly difficult for any CRSP to meet. The credit system is divided into three categories and credits may be obtained in one or more of these categories: 1. Academic Activities 2. Examinations and Additional Qualifications 3. Professional Pursuits. A detailed breakdown of these categories with allocated credits will be provided to all candidates on successfully achieving the CRSP designation. CMP information may also be viewed on the Board’s website. Contact Information Jim Moroney IHT, BSc, CRSP, CSP Email: [email protected] Telephone: 587-573-4920 The Board of Canadian Registered Safety Professionals (BCRSP) 6519-B Mississauga Road Mississauga, ON L5N 1A6 Telephone: 905-567 7198 Toll Free: 1-888-279-CRSP (2777) Facsimile: 905-567-7191 E-mail: [email protected] 25 | P a g e Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Tips for Writing the CRSPEX 1. Formulas and tables needed to solve questions will be available on the computer, but you must know when and how to apply them. 2. Units of measurement will be expressed according to the International System of Units (SI); know the metric symbols. 3. Check your time every 30 minutes. You are allowed about one minute per question on a 210-question exam. 4. Some choose to answer the independent questions first followed by case-based questions. 5. Do not get hung up on difficult questions; move on, answer those that you do know, then go back and tackle the unanswered questions. 6. Points are not deducted for wrong answers, so answer all the questions, as a last resort, guess! 7. Time permitting, go back over the questions and your answers, but remember, studies show your first answer is most often the correct one. Study Techniques 1. Prepare a personal study plan. 2. Determine how you learn best, by seeing (visual learner), by hearing (auditory learner), or by doing (kinesthetic learner), and put that to your advantage when you study. 3. Study sessions should be short, 2 to 3 hours maximum; take a 10 to 15-minute break every 25 minutes. 4. Set the time aside for study; block it into your weekly schedule. 5. Form a study group; set a schedule; find group strengths and play on them. 6. Learn the material not only by reading and re-reading, but by writing it down, and reading out loud; the more senses you involve, the better the result. 7. Use memory aids (mnemonics) such as acronyms, symbols, and catchwords to remember lists, groups, methods, etc. 8. Draw copies of models or figures that might be on the exam; we remember pictures easier than words. 9. Test yourself, by answering questions, doing short exams, or case studies; mark them and learn from your results. 10. A quick restudy 48 hours before the exam is better than cramming the night before; usually you only remember the first and last things you read if you try to cram. 11. Take the night before the exam off. 26 | P a g e  Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. BCRSP Reference Textbooks Reference Text List Updated May 28, 2024 1. CCOHS Business Continuity Plan CCOHS, 2. Accident Prevention Manual for Business and Industry, Administration & Programs, 14th Edition - Hagan, P. E., Montgomery, J. F., et al. (2015). National Safety Council; Itasca, IL. 3. Accident Prevention Manual for Business and Industry, Engineering & Technology, 14th Edition - Hagan, P. E., Montgomery, J. F., et al. (2015). National Safety Council; Itasca, IL. 4. The Accounting Revolution and the New Sustainability Implications for the OSH Professional - A report from the Center for Safety and Sustainability. (2015). 5. BCRSP Rules of Professional Conduct - Board of Canadian Registered Safety Professionals. (2016). 6. Canadian Health and Safety Law - Keith, Norm. (1997). Canadian Law Book; Toronto, ON 7. CAN/CSA-Z1003-13/BNQ 9700-803/2013 – Psychological Health and Safety in the Workplace - www.csagroup.org 8. Disability Management: Theory, Strategy, and Industry Practice, 6th Edition - Dyck, Dianne E. (2009). LexisNexis Canada; Markham, ON 9. Environmental Indicators - Environnent Canada 10. Ergonomic Intervention - St. Vincent, Marie, Vezina, Nicole, et al. (2014). IRSST; Montréal, QC 11. Ethics and Professional Practice, Chapter 38 OHS Body of Knowledge 12. Fire Safety Management Handbook, 3rd Edition - Della-Giustina, Daniel E. (2014). CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL 13. Fitting the Human: Introduction to Ergonomics, 7th Edition - Kroemer, Karl H.E., (2017). CRC Press; Boca Raton, FL. 14. Foundations of Safety Science - Dekker, Sidney (2019). Routledge; 1st Edition. 15. Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene; 6th Edition - Plog, B. A. & Quinlan, P. (2012). National Safety Council; Itasca, IL. 16. Fundamentals of Management, 8th Edition - Robbins, Stephen P., DeCenzo, David A., et al. (2016). Pearson; Toronto, ON 27 | P a g e Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. 17. The Global Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling Chemicals (GHS), Rev.7(2017) - United Nations (2017). 18. Health, Safety and Environment Systems Auditing, Design Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition - Shematek, Gene Marie, MacLean, Paul, Lineen, Peter. (2016). LexisNexis Canada; Markham, ON 19. Health Promotion in the Workplace, 5th Edition - O’Donnell, Michael & Associates. (2017). CreateSpace Independent Publishing 20. Incident Command System - ICS Canada (2012) 21. Interaction Between Human Resources Management and OHS – Research Report IRSST, Sylvie Gravel, Monique Lortie, Henriette Bilodeau, Jessica Dubé 22. ISO 26000 Guidance on Social Responsibility First Edition 2010-11-01 https://www.iso.org/standard/42546.html 23. National Fire Code of Canada - National Research Council (2015). 24. Occupational Health & Safety: Theory, Strategy and Industry practice, 5th Edition - Dyck, Dianne E. (2023). LexisNexis Canada; Markham, ON 25. Occupational Health & Safety for Technologists, Engineers and Managers, 2nd Edition - Goetsch, David, Ozon, G. (2018). Pearson Canada, Toronto, ON. 26. OHS Body of Knowledge - Safety Institute of Australia (2012). Note: Australia specific sections (e.g., laws and regulations, etc.) are excluded as source material. 27. Pocket Dictionary of Canadian Law, 5th Edition - Dukelow, D.A. (2002). Carswell, Toronto, ON 28. Practical Loss Control Leadership, 3rd Edition - Bird, Frank E. Jr., Germain, George L., Clark, M. Douglas. (2012). Det Norske Veritas (USA) Inc.; Duluth, GA 29. Safety Leadership and Professional Development - Olawoyin, Richard and Hill, Darryl (2018). American Society of Safety Professionals, Chicago, IL 30. Safety Professionals Handbook, 3rd Edition - Haight, Joel M. (2023) American Society of Safety Professionals, Chicago, IL. Note: USA specific sections (e.g. laws and regulations, etc.) are excluded as source material. 31. TLVs and BEIs - Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) published annually. 32. Violence in the Workplace Prevention Guide - CCOHS (2016) www.ccohs.ca 33. Workplace Health and Wellness Guide - CCOHS (2016) ww.ccohs.ca 28 | P a g e  Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. BCRSP CODE OF ETHICS Rules of Professional Conduct The purpose of the Canadian Registered Safety Professional Rules of Professional Conduct is to provide guidance to ensure that each CRSP®/PSAC® adheres to high standards of integrity and professional competence. Competence is “the ability to perform a task, function or role up to a set of prescribed standards.” Preamble: As a condition to obtaining and maintaining certification, each CRSP®/PSAC® commits to abide by the Code as adopted by the Board of Canadian Registered Safety Professionals (BCRSP). Each CRSP®/PSAC® pledges to subscribe not only to the letter but also to the spirit of the Code in all their professional activities. 1. Competence Certificants are required to: a) Maintain competence in carrying out professional responsibilities and provide services in an honest and diligent manner. b) Provide sound judgement in pursuance of their professional duties. c) Recognize their professional limitations and perform only those services that may be handled competently based on one’s training and experience. d) Ensure persons working under their authority or supervision are competent to carry out the tasks assigned to them. 2. Integrity Certificants are required to: a) Maintain honesty, integrity, and objectivity in all professional activities. b) Protect and promote the safety and health of people, property, and the environment above any consideration of self-interest. c) Avoid circumstances where compromise of professional conduct or conflict of interest may arise. d) Represent their qualifications and experience accurately and not knowingly make false or misleading statements. 3. Respect in the Workplace Certificants are required to: a) Support, promote and apply the principles of human rights, equity, dignity, and respect in the workplace. b) Recognize that discrimination on the basis of race, creed, colour, language, national origin, political or religious affiliation, sex, sexual 29 | P a g e  Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. orientation, age, marital status, family relationship and disability is prohibited. 4. Professional Growth Certificants are required to: a) Continue professional development throughout their career and support and encourage fellow CRSPs/PSACs to develop professionally. 5. Confidentiality Certificants are required to: a) Protect the confidentiality of all professionally acquired information and disclose such information only when properly authorized or when legally obligated to do so. 6. Requirements Certificants are required to: a) Keep apprised of all relevant laws, regulations, and recognized standards of practice as it relates to their professional duties. 7. Support of the Profession and Other Professionals Certificants are required to: a) Uphold the honour and prestige of the profession. b) Recognize and respect the original work, integrity, and ability of their peers. 8. Support of the CRSP®/PSAC® Certification Certificants are required to: a) Comply with the relevant provisions of the CRSP®/PSAC® bylaws, policies, and certification scheme. b) Make claims regarding CRSP®/PSAC® certification only with respect to the scope for which certification has been granted. c) Not use the certification in such a manner as to bring the certification body into disrepute, and not make any statement regarding the certification which the certification body may consider misleading or unauthorized. d) Discontinue the use of all claims to certification that contains any reference to the certification body or certification upon suspension or withdrawal of certification, and to return any certificates issued by the certification body. e) Not use the certificate in a misleading manner. f) Abstain from behaviour that will cause harm to the reputation of the BCRSP and its certificants. 30 | P a g e  Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. g) Maintain the security of the BCRSP examination information and materials, including the prevention of unauthorized disclosures of test information. Accountability (Adherence) Each certificant will rely on the BCRSP to protect the integrity of the CRSP®/PSAC®. The Professional Conduct Committee (PCC) is tasked with ensuring that responsibility is fulfilled in a fair and impartial manner. The PCC will be solely responsible for ensuring BCRSP Policy is followed to investigate complaints or allegation of misconduct against certificants. Complaints or allegations of misconduct against certificants found to be justified by the PCC will be referred to the Discipline Committee for review. The BCRSP may disclose any disciplinary or enforcement decision/action against a certificant along with associated information, to other organizations including without limitation, organizations related to health and safety, law enforcement agencies, and regulatory bodies. 31 | P a g e  Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Safety Fundamentals MODULE 1 Safety Certified Management Consulting Ltd. Jim Moroney IHT, BSC, CRSP, CSP Website: www.canadiancrsp.com Email: [email protected] 32 | P a g e  Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Safety Fundamentals This module can have as many as 40 questions on an exam with 200 questions. Module 1 - Safety Fundamentals Role of Safety Demonstrate an understanding of the role of specialists and how ELPRF8 Professional to foster collaboration (e.g., health and safety professional, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of safety management theories SMS2 Incident Causation and incident causation. Demonstrate an understanding of statistics and quantitative THSS9 Statistics analysis (e.g., mean, percentage, standard deviation, time weighted average, etc.). Performance Demonstrate an understanding of performance indicators (e.g., SMS20 Indicators qualitative, quantitative, leading and lagging, trending, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of the inspection process within SMS15 Inspections a safety management system. Demonstrate an understanding of investigations (e.g., immediate SMS16 Investigations vs root cause, causal analysis, corrective actions, control effectiveness, etc.). Demonstrate an understanding of physical hazards (e.g., HRIA8 Hazardous Energy radiation, magnetic fields, noise, hazardous energy, etc.), their characteristics, and mechanisms of harm. Material Process Demonstrate an understanding of material process workflow THSS14 Flow Analysis analyses or Material Flow Analysis (MFA). 33 | P a g e Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Demonstrate an understanding of safety hazards (e.g., machine, Safety Hazards HRIA9 working at heights, etc.), their characteristics, and mechanisms Working at Heights of harm. Demonstrate an understanding of workplace design and processes, including: a) Artificial intelligence b) Automation c) Facilities Workplace Design d) Human factors HRCM13 e) Injury prevention and Processes f) Life safety g) Process safety h) Procurement i) Robotics j) Safeguarding k) Other Working Alone, Demonstrate an understanding of the hazards and risks HRIA12 Remote and Hybrid associated with various work settings (e.g., working alone, Work remote work, hybrid work, vehicle, etc.). Working Alone, Demonstrate an understanding of the controls for hazards and HRIA12 Remote and Hybrid risks associated with various work settings (e.g., working alone, Work remote work, hybrid work, vehicle, etc.). Personal Protective Demonstrate an understanding of selection, use, care, HRCM15 Equipment maintenance, and limitations of personal protective equipment. Demonstrate an understanding of new and emerging technology Emerging (e.g., artificial intelligence, monitoring devices, Internet of Things THSS13 Technology (IoT), autonomous or remotely controlled equipment and technology, etc.). 34 | P a g e  Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Role of the Health and Safety Professional Canadian Registered Safety Professional (CRSP)® A CRSP® is an individual who has met the requirements for registration established by the Governing Board. A CRSP® applies broad based safety knowledge to analyze and develop systems that will achieve optimum control over hazards and exposures detrimental to people, equipment, material, and the environment. A CRSP® is dedicated to the principles of loss control, incident prevention and environmental protection as demonstrated by their daily activities. A CRSP possesses an understanding of a unique multidisciplinary body of knowledge concerning risk and the elimination or reduction of work-related fatalities, injuries, and illnesses, as well as property damage and associated social and financial losses. Develops and ensures the execution of a safety management strategy and framework for risk control management. Influences leadership and relevant parties by developing relationships, mentoring, and offering comprehensive technical and strategic advice. Creates and manages processes for monitoring, measuring, and assessing safety performance. Partners with relevant parties in facilitating change management. Considers wider context of business processes and external regulatory, market and societal influences. Increases their comprehension and control over novel, unknown, and complex hazards. Provides advice on conceptual and technical knowledge through evidence analysis, experience, and critical thinking. Works independently under their own initiative and responsibility, while also including professional collaboration. Commits to continually improve one’s organization and self. Understands and acts within the limits of one's talents, training, experience, and scope of practice. 35 | P a g e  Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Canadian Registered Safety Technician (CRST) A CRST is an individual who has met the requirements for registration established by the BCRSP Governing Board. A CRST supports a safe working environment by maintaining OHS administrative processes, conducting training and using a range of state-of-the-art tools, processes, and common practice solutions to OHS risks. They oversee and drive monitoring and compliance in relation to technical and behavioral risk controls. Key Definitions: Safety - The control of recognized hazards to attain an acceptable level of risk and provide protection from exposure to hazards. Accident - This is an occurrence in a sequence of events that produce an unintended injury, death, or property damage. Other adjectives commonly used are an unplanned, unexpected, or unintended event. Incident - An undesired event that results in loss, or that under slightly different circumstances, could have resulted in loss “near miss.” Loss – Is defined as harm to people; damage to equipment or property; destruction of material. Hazard - A condition or practice that has potential for accidental loss. Risk - The chance of loss when exposed to a hazard. Risk includes elements of probability, including the degree of exposure and the severity (consequences) of exposure. Danger - Relative exposure of people to a hazard. It suggests that there is a definite chance of harm, but the harm is not always certain. Danger levels can differ even though the hazard is the same. Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) environment refers to a situation where the air is contaminated with hazardous substances at levels that pose an immediate danger to life or health. Essentially, an IDLH environment is one where exposure could be fatal or cause irreversible harm if not promptly addressed. 36 | P a g e  Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Accident Theories What is an "Accident Theory"? Loss causation models or accident theories attempt to explain how accidents are caused. They are intended to provide categories of causes and link these together in a logical and understandable fashion. Theories attempt to identify causes that are many steps removed from an accident or incident. They often focus on the events which took place immediately prior to the accident happening. There are several different models which have been introduced over the years and there is not one best theory or model that describes all situations. Safety professionals should use the model that is most appropriate for the circumstances that they face. One important theme is that the assumptions that one holds regarding the causes of accidents can play a key role in how one identifies the underlying causes and organizes the corrective measures. Model Building Theory: is a set of ideas or principles that work together to explain something about reality. We create models when we try to describe a theory in a useful way. It’s not recommended that we adopt a single accident model for an organization. One model may be better suited to train supervisors, but a different model may be more useful when doing an in-depth accident investigation. Since Heinrich dominoes theory in 1936, our knowledge about accident causation and accident prevention has grown and changed remarkably. What once was the only theory explaining accidents has evolved into many theories. This increase in understanding among safety specialists and others has made a substantial impact on the modern world. Understanding and qualifying causation will lead us to a more comprehensive approach to the most effective intervention strategies. Modern loss causation models including the following principles: Multiple causes. Multilinear interaction of causes and effects. Multiple opportunities for control. 37 | P a g e  Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Heinrich’s Domino Theory Heinrich’s Domino Theory is a model of accident causation that views accidents as a chain of sequential events, much like a line of dominoes falling over. Heinrich developed a sequential accident model known as the “five domino model.” In this model, each factor acts as a domino that triggers the next step, similar to how toppling dominoes fall in a row. The five factors identified are: Ancestry and Social Environment: These impact a worker’s skills, beliefs, and character traits. Heinrich suggested that undesirable traits could be passed along through inheritance. Unsafe Acts of People: Responsible for 88% of all accidents according to Heinrich. Unsafe Mechanical or Physical Conditions: These hazardous conditions contribute to accidents. Accidents: The culmination of the preceding factors. Injury: The final outcome resulting from the accident sequence. Heinrich’s Domino Theory provides a framework for understanding how accidents occur and emphasizes the importance of breaking the chain of events to prevent injuries in occupational settings. Social Unsafe Act Environmental Fault of Person Mechanical or Accident Injury Ancestry Physical Hazard Modeled from H.W. Heinrich, Dan Petersen, Nestor Roos, Industrial Accident Prevention, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1980 Heinrich’s Safety Pyramid: Heinrich is also famous for originating the concept of the “safety pyramid,” which illustrates the decreasing frequency of accidents as you move from minor incidents to severe injuries. There can be 1 major injury for every 29 minor injuries and 300 non injury accidents. 38 | P a g e  Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Frank Bird Domino Sequence Bird broadened the injury concept to include property damage. Bird also refers to incident rather than acts because of his interest in close calls. He also provided us with lists of unsafe acts, unsafe conditions, basic causes, and examples of lack of control by management. The unsafe acts and unsafe conditions were caused by personal factors and job factors. Frank Bird’s original theory is related to industrial accident prevention and is often depicted using the accident triangle. 1. Accident Triangle (Heinrich’s Triangle or Bird’s Triangle): The accident triangle, also known as Heinrich’s triangle or Bird’s triangle, illustrates a relationship between serious accidents, minor accidents, and near misses. The idea behind this theory is that if the number of minor accidents is reduced, there will be a corresponding decrease in the number of serious accidents. The theory emphasizes the importance of addressing minor incidents and near misses to prevent more severe accidents. 2. The Iceberg Analogy: At the core of the Frank Bird Theory lies the analogy of an iceberg. Just as we only see a small portion of an iceberg above the water surface, In summary, both Heinrich and Bird emphasized the significance of addressing minor incidents and near misses to prevent major accidents in the workplace. The accident triangle remains a valuable concept in safety management and risk prevention. 1 - Serious or Disabling Injuries 10 - Minor Injuries 30 – Property Damage Accidents 600 – Incidents with No Visible Injury or Damage Bird most recently revised model replaced the supervisor is a fundamental cause with the management system as a fundamental cause. The failure was primarily the inability to establish proper standards or enforce those standards. 39 | P a g e  Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Modeled From: Frank E. Bird, Jr., George L. Germain, Practical Loss Control Leadership, Revised 3 rd Edition, Det Norske Veritas, (U.S.A.), Inc., 1996, p. 7 Loss - The result of any accident is loss which is defined as harm to people, damage to equipment or property and process loss (material, product, or service). Incident - This is the unintended event that precedes the loss; the contact that might or does cause harm or damage. Immediate Causes - These are the substandard (unsafe) acts or practices and conditions that were present immediately preceding the contact. The immediate causes (also called hazards) are generally obvious. Basic Causes - These are the real causes behind the immediate causes are the reasons why the substandard acts and conditions occurred. Personal Factors: lack of knowledge/skill; improper motivation; stress; inadequate physical/mental capability. Job/System Factors: inadequate leadership/supervision, purchasing, engineering, maintenance, tools/equipment, and work standards; wear/tear; abuse/misuse. Lack of Control - Control is one of the four management functions. Without management control, the accident cause and effect sequence are started and unless corrected leads to losses. Lack of control is often due to these factors: 1. Inadequate System 2. Inadequate Standards 3. Inadequate Compliance with Standards The most significant difference between this model and Heinrich’s Model and that Bird identifies the lack of control by management and not the workers or supervisor are at the core of the losses. 40 | P a g e  Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Iceberg Model The Iceberg Theory in relation to accident costs is a concept that illustrates the idea that the visible costs of an accident, such as medical expenses, insurance premiums, and legal fees, are just the “tip of the iceberg.” Below the surface, there are often many more indirect costs that are not immediately apparent. These can include lost productivity, training replacement employees, lower morale, and damage to reputation. It’s estimated that the indirect costs can be up to 10 times greater than the direct, insured costs. For example, for every $1 spent on direct costs, there might be an additional money spent on indirect costs. This theory emphasizes the importance of proactive safety measures and accident prevention, as the true cost of accidents is far greater than what is initially seen or covered by insurance. It’s a reminder that the financial impact of workplace incidents extends well beyond the immediate expenses. 41 | P a g e  Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Weaver’s (updated dominoes) Model Weaver’s Model of accident causation is a conceptual framework that helps us understand the factors contributing to accidents. Unlike Heinrich’s domino theory, which emphasized unsafe acts as the primary cause of accidents, Weaver’s model considers both operational errors (management omissions) and unsafe acts. The sequence of accident factors in Weaver’s model includes: 1. Ancestry and Social Environment: These factors influence an individual’s behavior and attitudes. 2. Worker Fault: Unsafe acts committed by workers. 3. Unsafe Act: Specific actions or behaviors that contribute to accidents. 4. Mechanical and Physical Hazard: The presence of hazardous conditions or equipment. 5. Accident Damage or Injury: The final outcome of the accident. In summary, Weaver’s model recognizes that accidents result from a combination of organizational factors, individual behavior, and hazardous conditions. It provides a more holistic view of accident causation compared to Heinrich’s domino theory. From: Modeled H.W. Heinrich, Dan Petersen, Nestor Roos, Industrial Accident Prevention, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1980, p. 31 42 | P a g e  Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Adams’ Model Edward Adams’ Updated Accident Sequence is essentially a refinement of Bird’s model. Adams renamed immediate causes “tactical errors” and basic causes “operational errors.” Adams emphasized that operational errors are often rooted in the management structure, objectives, synchronization of workflow systems, and the planning and execution of operations. These operational errors can lead to tactical errors, such as unsafe acts or conditions. This is significant because it promotes the idea that we need to look at the individual people in the management system (not just at the defective policies and programs) and so it can be related to the internal responsibility system (IRS) the philosophy underlying OHS legislation in Canada. Conditions and acts at the worker level are influenced by the worker personally but are also influenced by policy, program, procedure, staffing, design errors and omissions made by (potentially) everyone else. We can see that the Internal Responsibility System comes from accident theory. The IRS can be related to personal due diligence (with the content varying based on their authority and control). An OHS Act based on the IRS model will have duties for individuals at all levels of the organization. Modeled From: H.W. Heinrich, Dan Petersen, Nestor Roos, Industrial Accident Prevention, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1980, p. 30 43 | P a g e  Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Accident Proneness Theory Accident-proneness refers to the idea that some individuals have a greater predisposition than others to experience accidents, such as car crashes and industrial injuries. Let’s delve into this concept further: 1. Early Work: The study of accident-proneness dates back to 1919 when researchers Greenwood and Woods examined workers at a British munitions factory. They found that accidents were unevenly distributed among workers, with a relatively small proportion of individuals accounting for most accidents. 2. Present Study: Accident-proneness remains an active area of study, especially in safety engineering. Factors like pilot error or errors by nuclear plant operators can significantly impact system reliability and safety. 3. Statistical Evidence: Different individuals indeed exhibit varying accident rates. For instance, young male drivers are at the highest risk for car accidents. However, conclusive evidence supporting the existence of a distinct, persistent, and independently verifiable physiological or psychological syndrome related to accident-proneness remains elusive. 4. Nature and Causes: Assuming accident-proneness exists as a distinct entity, its exact nature and causes remain unknown. Factors associated with accident-proneness include absent-mindedness, clumsiness, carelessness, impulsivity, risk-taking predisposition, and unconscious desires to create accidents for secondary gains. Interestingly, studies have shown that educational background or study experience significantly affects concentration capability, which may play a role in accident-proneness. In summary, while accident-proneness is a concept that has been studied for decades, definitive evidence supporting its existence remains inconclusive. Researchers continue to explore the interplay of human factors, psychology, and accidents to enhance safety measures. 44 | P a g e  Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. The Life Change Unit (LCU) Theory Rank Life Event Mean Value 1 Death of spouse 100 2 Divorce 73 3 Marital separation 65 4 Jail term 63 5 Death of close family member 63 6 Personal injury or illness 53 7 Marriage 50 8 Fired at work 47 9 Marital reconciliation 45 10 Retirement 45 11 Changes in family member’s health 44 etc. etc. --- The Life Change Unit Theory, also known as the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale aims to identify major stressful life events and assess their impact on an individual’s stress levels. Here’s how it works: 1. Stressful Life Events: The scale comprises a list of 43 stressful life events, ranging from significant positive changes (like marriage) to negative ones (such as divorce or illness). These events can necessitate adjustments in behavior or lifestyle, potentially inducing stress. 2. Assigning Life Change Units (LCUs): Each of the 43 life events is assigned a Life Change Unit (LCU) value based on how traumatic it feels to a large sample of participants. For instance, the “Death of a spouse” event has the highest LCU value of 100, indicating it’s the most stressful event on the list. 3. Calculating Stress Scores: By adding up the LCUs for the events an individual has experienced over a year, we can calculate a stress score. Higher scores indicate a greater risk of experiencing a major health breakdown in the subsequent two years: Less than 150 LCUs: 30% chance of suffering from stress. 150–299 LCUs: 50% chance of suffering from stress. Over 300 LCUs: 80% chance of developing a stress-related illness. 4. Empirical Research: Researchers have found a positive correlation between Life Change scores and illness. As LCUs increase, so does the frequency of illness. However, it’s essential to note that life events are not the sole factor contributing to illness. In summary, the Life Change Unit Theory helps us understand how various life events, both positive and negative, impact our stress levels and overall well-being. Keep in mind that individual differences play a role, and not everyone responds the same way to these events. 45 | P a g e  Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Kerr’s Goals Freedom Alertness Theory Kerr’s Goals Freedom Alertness Theory focuses on understanding the causes of accidents in various contexts, including construction sites. 1. Psychologically Satisfying Work Environment: o A psychologically rewarding work environment leads to higher safe performance. 2. Components of the Theory: Goals: When workers have clear and meaningful goals set by management, they are more likely to engage in safe behaviors. Freedom: Workers need the freedom to pursue these goals. When they have autonomy and control over their work processes, they become more invested in achieving the desired outcomes. Alertness: When employees are actively engaged and alert, they are better equipped to avoid accidents and respond effectively to hazards. 3. Application to Accident Prevention: By creating a positive work environment that aligns with the theory, organizations can reduce accidents. When workers feel motivated, engaged, and alert, they are more likely to follow safety protocols and avoid risky behaviors. 4. Limitations: While the theory highlights the importance of psychological factors, it doesn’t offer extensive strategic guidelines for managers and supervisors. Eliminating human errors alone is not sufficient for accident prevention; a holistic approach is needed. In summary, Kerr’s theory emphasizes the role of psychological satisfaction, goal setting, and freedom in accident prevention. However, organizations should also consider broader safety management strategies to effectively reduce risks in workplaces Kerr’s theory suggests that a positive work environment, well-defined goals, freedom to pursue those goals, and heightened alertness contribute to accident prevention. However, it’s essential to recognize that accidents can still occur due to other factors beyond individual behavior. 46 | P a g e  Module 1 – Safety Fundamentals © 2024 SCMC Ltd. Ferrell Human Factors Theory Ferrell’s Human Factors Theory focuses on understanding the causes of accidents and errors in human performance. Ferrell’s theory suggests that accidents result from a causal chain, similar to the multiple causation theory. Within this chain, one or more of the causes are attributed to human error. Three Situations Leading to Human Error: 1. Overload: Occurs when there’s a mismatch between a person’s capacity, load, and state. o Factors affecting overload include: ▪ Load Task: Physical information processing demands. ▪ Environment: Light, noise, distractions, and stressors. ▪ Internal: Emotional stress and worry. ▪ Situational: Ambiguity of goals or danger. o Capacity: Natural endowment, physical condition, mental state, training, drugs, pollutants, pressure, fatigue, and stressors that impair the ability to respond. o State: Motivational and arousal levels. 2. Incompatibility: Refers to incorrect responses or mismatches. o Factors contributing to incompatibility include: ▪ Stimulus-Response: Due to control-display inconsistencies. ▪ Stimulus-Stimulus: Due to inconsistent display types. ▪