CRSP Exam Preparation Manual 2022 PDF

Comprehensive Guide to Canadian Registered Safety Professional Exams 2022 CRSP Examination Preparation Study Manual Developed by: Safety Certified Management Consulting Ltd. Jim Moroney IHT, BSC, CRSP, CSP Website: www.canadiancrsp.com Email: [email protected]. Expert Advice Test Taking Strategies Comprehensive Review Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. 2|Page Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Copyright 2022 by Jim Moroney IHT, BSC, CRSP, CSP All rights reserved. No part of this material can be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanical, photocopying, recording or scanning without permission in writing from the author. These products shall not be resold without expressed written consent. Acknowledgment A special thank you to the BCRSP who has granted permission to use the information contained in their published Study Guides for the purpose of the referencing and creation of this training program. 3|Page Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Safety Certified Management Consulting Ltd. Disclaimer Safety Certified Management Consulting Ltd. cannot guarantee that attending this workshop and using the information in this manual will result in a candidate being successful with the certification examination process. All attempts have been made to keep this information as current and reflective of the type of knowledge required for the BCRSP Exam. The BCRSP does not specifically endorse these study materials (or other independently created products) for the preparation of challenging the certification exams. Board of Canadian Registered Safety Professionals (BCRSP) The CRSP designation is now a widely accepted form of recognition by industry and government in Canada. Many employers in Canada require the CRSP designation in order to qualify for a safety position. The CRSP is a person who is employed in the occupational health, safety, and environmental field in a professional capacity, as a practitioner, a consultant, or an educator. CRSPs use a combination of engineering, human and physical sciences to develop and implement programs, systems, procedures and techniques for the reduction and elimination of losses. Eligibility To be eligible to apply for the CRSP® certification, you must have a combination of education, professional development, and experience. Depending on the type of education you have obtained, there may be an exemption from the Professional Development criteria, but this will have to be confirmed by the BCRSP. Applicants must have the following. 1. A minimum of a Bachelor's degree (4-year degree or for Quebec 3- year+CEGEP)) in any field* OR a 2-year diploma (or certificate) (minimum of 900 hours or 60 credits) in occupational health and safety or equivalent from a recognized academic institution. 2. 48 months of professional level OHS experience obtained within the last 72 months (minimum of 900 hours/calendar year of practice in OHS) **if applying with a Bachelor’s degree, applicant must also demonstrate sufficient professional development in OHS to qualify. 4|Page Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Application and Examination Rules The BCRSP cautions applicants to proceed with application submission only if they are certain, they meet the minimum eligibility requirements because the application fee is over $500 and is non-refundable. There is also an examination fee and an annual renewal fee. The applicant must ensure that the individuals selected to complete the questionnaires are aware of the necessity to complete and forward the forms accurately and promptly as failure to receive all of the questionnaires will delay the registration process. One of the two questionnaires (practice or reference) must be completed by a CRSP or equivalent (such as CSP, CMIOSH, CIH, ROH, PEng, CHRP/CHRL). Examination Dates The CRSP Examination is held three times a year. Typically, this occurs during a two- week window (Monday-Friday) that begins in late January or early February, June and October. The BCRSP contracts Pearson VUE to deliver its certification examinations by computer at their testing centres throughout Canada. The application process that will determine your eligibility to write the CRSP. Once a candidate is approved to proceed to the examination, they have one year in which to sit the CRSP Examination for the first time. Candidates who fail the first writing of the examination are permitted up to two supplementary writings over the next year. The one-year supplementary writing period begins as of the failing of the first examination writing. Candidates rewriting the examination will be required to write the full 3 1/2-hour, multiple choice examination. Candidates failing all three (3) writings will have their files closed and must wait a minimum of one (1) year before resubmitting a new application. 5|Page Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Examination Blueprint The primary function of the Blueprint is to describe how the examination is to be developed. It provides instructions and guidelines on how the competencies (e.g., knowledge, abilities, skills, attitudes, and judgment) are to be expressed within the examination in order for accurate decisions to be made on the ability of examinees to practice safely and effectively. The CRSPEX is constantly under review to ensure that the designation remains relevant for OHS professionals and reflective of current OHS practice. The BCRSP conducts a review of the competencies required of a CRSP/PSAC every five years and updates the CRSP Examination Blueprint accordingly. A revised CRSP Examination Blueprint was released in 2020 and will apply to the June 2021 examinations and all subsequent examinations until the next review. The exams can only be written at the 30 Regional Screening Centres located across Canada. The results are typically mailed in 4 to 6 weeks. A comprehensive review of this second edition of the Blueprint for the Canadian Registered Safety Professional Examination is planned for 2024. The Blueprint is also evaluated annually to ensure the competencies continue to reflect that expected of a registered safety professional. Application Process Schedule The applicant must complete an application form and, together with all supporting documentation, and a non-refundable application fee. The application requires details about formal education, professional development and related experience. In addition, a reference questionnaire and practice questionnaire must be completed by individuals who have a sound knowledge of the applicant's work performance. It is the applicant’s responsibility to ensure that all information is submitted with the application along with the required documentation. Please review the eligibility requirements before applying as the application fee is non-refundable. 6|Page Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Competencies The competencies were evaluated by approximately 1,960 Canadian Registered Safety Professionals. The CRSPEX is a criterion-referenced examination. Essentially it is based on the content in a domain. The domain consists of competencies that a safety professional should know. Subject Categories The initial classification of the competencies consisted of the following nine categories defined below (the number and the percentage of competencies are indicated in parentheses following the category name): Category Competencies 1 Hazard and Risks: Identification and Assessment 6 2 Hazard and Risks: Controls and Mitigation 10 3 Health and Safety Management 27 4 Ethics, Professional Role and Function 9 5 Technical, Human and Social Sciences 14 6 Management Sciences 11 Since some of the competencies can be placed in one or more categories it’s important to consider that this just represents an organized framework. Groups and Weightings 7|Page Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. The exam is three and a half (3.5) hours long and will consist of between 190 and 210 questions. The multiple-choice questions of the CRSPEX are presented in one of two formats. Independent questions will constitute about 65 to 75 % of the questions whereas case base questions will comprise of approximately 25% to 35 % of the questions. Type of Question Percentage Distribution Case Based Questions 25 – 35% Independent Questions 65 – 75% Competency Categories and Weightings Questions on Category Exam 1 Hazard and Risks: Identification and Assessment 15 – 20% 2 Hazard and Risks: Controls and Mitigation 15 – 20% 3 Health and Safety Management 30 – 35% 4 Ethics, Professional Role and Function 10 – 15% 5 Technical, Human and Social Sciences 10 – 15% 6 Management Sciences 10 – 15% BCRSP Examination Blueprint Hazard and Risks: Identification and Assessment (HRIA) HRIA1 Causational factors related to health and psychosocial hazards. HRIA2 Causational factors related to health and safety hazards. HRIA3 Difference between hazards and risks HRIA4 Use of a variety of safety techniques to identify hazards. HRIA5 Analysis and prioritization of risks. HRIA6 Specific hazards, their characteristics, and their mechanisms of harm. Hazard and Risks: Controls and Mitigation (HRCM) HRCM1 Active and passive controls. HRCM2 Selection, implementation, effectiveness, and limitations of controls. HRCM3 Use and effectiveness of the hierarchy of controls for hazards. 8|Page Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. HRCM4 Workplace health promotion. HRCM5 Principles of critical controls. HRCM6 Design processes and workplace design. HRCM7 Procedural and administrative controls. HRCM8 Selection, use, care, maintenance, and limitations of personal protective equipment. HRCM9 Emergency preparedness. HRCM10 Injury and illness management. Health and Safety Management (HSM) HSM1 Safety management systems. HSM2 Safety management theories and accident causation. HSM3 Safety management in relation to the context of the organization and other management systems. HSM4 Integration of Health and Safety, and roles and responsibilities within an organization. HSM5 Concepts of organizational and workplace culture. HSM6 How to measure and analyse organizational culture. HSM7 How to improve organizational culture. HSM8 National and International Standards, And Associations including HSM9 Principles of law. HSM10 Occupational health and safety law in Canada HSM11 Legislated duties of workplace parties. HSM12 Worker rights. HSM13 Duties and powers of enforcement agencies. HSM14 Risk Management Principles HSM15 Principles of monitoring, evaluating, and validating system controls. HSM16 Inspections and observations. HSM17 Investigations. HSM18 Surveys, surveillance, and assessments (e.g., health, culture/climate, etc.). HSM19 Demonstrate an understanding of auditing. HSM20 Managing critical controls. HSM21 Performance indicators. HSM22 Benchmarking. HSM23 Processes for selecting tools for monitoring, evaluation, and validation. HSM24 Data collection and analysis techniques. HSM25 How to develop action plans for findings. HSM26 Internal and external requirements for information management HSM27 Organizational channels of communication and consultative mechanisms. Ethics, Professional Role and Function (EPRF) EPRF1 Ethical theories, models of ethical practice and ethical decision-making. EPRF2 Obligations of a CRSP. EPRF3 CRSP’s obligations with respect to the BCRSP Code of Conduct. EPRF4 Consequences of professional liability, errors, and omissions. EPRF5 Role of the CRSP and limits of professional practice. EPRF6 Corporate governance. EPRF7 Corporate social responsibility and sustainability. EPRF8 The role of specialists. EPRF9 Research methodologies related to health and safety and evidence-based practice. 9|Page Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Technical, Human and Social Sciences (THSS) THSS1 Basic principles of human anatomy, physiology, and biomechanics. THSS2 Basic principles of toxicology. THSS3 Mechanisms and prevention of musculoskeletal injuries. THSS4 Human factors and their impact on performance (i.e., people, workplace, management). THSS5 Occupational illness and disease. THSS6 How social factors in the workplace impact worker and organizational well-being. THSS7 Demonstrate an understanding of human psychology principles. THSS8 Conflict management. THSS9 Statistics and quantitative analysis. THSS10 Demonstrate an understanding of occupational hygiene measurement and sampling including: THSS11 Demonstrate an understanding of ventilation. THSS12 Occupational exposure limits. THSS13 New and emerging technology. THSS14 Demonstrate an understanding of material/process/workflow analyses. Management Sciences (MS) MS1 Engagement, influence, and communication techniques such as emotional intelligence, interpersonal skills, etc. MS2 Leadership styles such as directive, supportive or consultative, etc. MS3 Problem-solving processes. MS4 Integration of health and safety into organizational structure, function, culture, and design. MS5 Functions of management. MS6 Financial and business processes. MS7 Labour Relations MS8 Strategic Planning MS9 Change Management MS10 Training needs analyses including development, delivery, and evaluation, etc. MS11 Project Management 10 | P a g e Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. BCRSPEX Competencies Aligned with Traditional Subject Area Module Subject Adjusted Weighting 1 Accident Theory 5 – 10% 2 Safety Fundamentals 15 – 20% 3 Health and Safety Auditing 10 – 15% 4 Ergonomics 5 – 10% 5 Fire Prevention 5 – 10% 6 Health and Wellness 5 – 10% 7 Law and Ethics 10 – 15% 8 Management Systems 15 – 20% 9 Occupational Hygiene 15 – 20% 10 Risk Management 15 – 20% Module 1 Accident Theory Safety management theories and accident causation - HSM2 (update) Module 2 Safety Management Key Definitions Statistics and quantitative analysis (e.g., mean, percentage, standard deviation, etc.). THSS9 Electrical - HRIA2; HRIA6; HRCM3 Facility design and Procurement and Inventory - HRIA4, - HRCM6, HRCM6 Material/process/workflow analyses. THSS14 Supply chain management – HRCM7 Job hazard analyses - HRIA4 Job safety analyses - HRIA4 Task analyses - HRIA4 Gravitational (Working at Heights) - HRIA2; HRIA6; HRCM3 Mechanical - HRCM3; HRIA2; HRIA6 Safeguarding – workplace design - HRCM6 Systems of work - Policies, procedures and permits – HRCM7 11 | P a g e Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. PPE Selection, use, care, maintenance, and limitations of personal protective equipment - HRCM8 Role of the Safety Professional - EPRF8 Predictive Modelling - HRIA4 Performance indicators (e.g., qualitative, quantitative, leading, and lagging, trending, etc.). - HSM21 Workplace Inspections and Observations - HRIA4; HSM16; HRCM7 Workplace Accident Incident Investigations (e.g., immediate vs root cause, causal analysis, corrective actions, control effectiveness, etc.) - HSM17 Benchmarking - HRIA4; HSM22 Research methodologies related to health and safety and evidence-based practice - EPRF9 New and emerging technology (e.g., artificial intelligence, monitoring devices, Internet of Things (IoT), autonomous or remotely controlled equipment and technology, etc.). - THSS13 Module 3 Health and Safety Auditing Role of auditor - EPRF8 Safety management systems - HSM1 Auditing (e.g., hazard audits, compliance audits, OHSMS audits, protocols and procedures, relevant standards, etc.). - HSM19 Auditing processes for selecting tools for monitoring, evaluation and validation. - HSM23 Audit data collection and analysis techniques. - HSM24 Standard ISO - HSM8 Standards ANSI - HSM8 Standards CSA - HSM8 Develop action plans for findings - HSM25 Environment - HRIA2; HRIA6; HRCM3; HSM3 Module 4 Ergonomics Role of ergonomist - EPRF8 Ergonomics - HRIA2; HRIA6; HRCM3 Human factors in workplace design - HRCM6 Human factors and their impact on performance (i.e., people, workplace, management). - THSS4 Mechanisms and prevention of musculoskeletal injuries. THSS3 Physical demands analysis - HRIA4 Injury prevention in workplace design - HRCM6 Module 5 Fire Prevention National Building Code, - HSM8 National Fire Code - HSM8 NFPA - HSM8 Fire - HRIA2; HRIA6; HRCM3 ICS Monitoring - HRIA4 Implementation of preparedness and testing for emergencies - HRCM9 12 | P a g e Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Life Safety – in workplace design - HRCM6 Relevant standards for emergencies - HRCM9 Chain of command for emergencies- HRCM9 Business continuity plans for emergencies - HRCM9 Detection and mitigation methods for emergencies- HRCM9 Development of emergency preparedness plans and arrangements for emergencies - HRCM9 Corporate crisis management for emergencies- HRCM9 Explosions - HRIA2; HRIA6; HRCM3 Module 6 Health and Wellness Role of Claims Adjudicator- EPRF8 Role of Occupational Health Nurse- EPRF8 Role of Physician - EPRF8 Role of the Occupational Therapist- EPRF8 Employee Assistance Program (EAP) - HRCM4 Wellness programs - HRCM4 What social factors in the workplace impact worker and organizational well-being (e.g., culture, group norms, peer pressure, biases, multiple generations, diversity, aging workforce, etc.) - THSS6 Addiction control programs - HRCM4 Life balance - HRCM4; HRIA1 Demographics and culture - HRIA1 Fatigue - HRIA1; HRCM4 Psychosocial work environment - HRCM4 Psychosocial - HRIA6; HRCM3 Injury, illness, and disease prevention programs - HRCM4 Psychological/Mental health - HRIA1 Aggression (people/animals) and violence - HRIA1 Stress - HRIA1 Impacts on wellness - HRIA1 Workload - HRIA1 Bullying and harassment (see reference CCOHS) - HRIA1 Human psychology principles o organisational, and industrial psychology, - THSS7 o behavioural psychology, - THSS7 o neuropsychology, - THSS7 o psychomotor, - THSS7 o motivation, - THSS7 o personality- THSS7 o cognitive psychology - THSS7 Injury, case, and claim management - HRCM10 Provision of first-aid services - HRCM10 Provision of medical services - HRCM10 Fitness for duty/impairment - HRIA1 Role of work and the workplace in worker’s recovery - HRCM10 13 | P a g e Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Module 7 Law and Ethics Common Law - HSM9 Compensation Law - HSM9 Product liability - HSM9 Property Law - HSM9 Civil Law - HSM9 Criminal Law - HSM9 Employment Law - HSM9 Human Rights Law - HSM9 Privacy Law - HSM9 Tort Law - HSM9 Due diligence Canada OHS - HSM10 Environmental legislation Canada OHS - HSM10 Transportation of dangerous goods (TDG) - HSM10 WHMIS/GHS - HSM10 Worker’s compensation, insurance, and local legal requirements - HRCM10 Duties and responsibilities Canada OHS - HSM10 o Legislated duties of workplace parties - IRS - HSM11 o Legislated duties of workplace parties’ employers - HSM11 o Legislated duties of workplace parties’ supervisors - HSM11 o Legislated duties of workplace parties’ workers - HSM11 o Legislated duties of workplace parties JHSC. - HSM11 Worker Rights (i.e., right to know, right to participate and right to refuse). - HSM12 Duties and powers of enforcement agencies (e.g., orders to comply, prosecutions, ticketing, administrative penalties, the appeal process, etc.). - HSM13 CRSP Obligations (e.g., with respect to employers, co-workers, public, fellow professionals, contractors, etc.). - EPRF2 CRSP’s obligations with respect to The BCRSP Code of Conduct. - EPRF3 CRSP consequences of professional liability, errors and omissions. - EPRF4 CRSP and limits of professional practice (e.g., interaction with government agencies, scope of practice, boundaries of competence, etc.). - EPRF5 Corporate governance. EPRF6 Corporate social responsibility and sustainability (e.g., health and safety indicators, resource conservation, resource management, etc.). - EPRF7 Ethical theories, models of ethical practice and ethical decision-making (e.g., utilitarianism, Kantianism, natural law, conflicting goals, etc.). - EPRF1 Licensing – HRCM7 Contractor Management – HRCM7 Module 8 Management Systems Culture - concepts of organizational and workplace culture - HSM5 How to improve organizational culture - HSM7 How to measure and analyse organizational culture - HSM6 14 | P a g e Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Integration of health and safety into organizational structure, function, culture and design. MS4 Integration of health and safety, and roles and responsibilities within an organization - HSM4 Communication techniques - engagement, influence, and (e.g., emotional intelligence, interpersonal skills, etc.) MS1 Barriers to communication HSM27 Management committee’s communication - HSM27 Steering committee’s communication HSM27 Safety committee’s communication HSM27 Formal and informal communication - HSM27 Internal and external communication - HSM27 Operational related to safety management - HSM3 Project management. - MS11 1-Supply chain management – HRCM7 Training and awareness – HRCM7 Training needs analyses (e.g., development, delivery, and evaluation, etc.). MS10 Functions of management (e.g., planning, organizing, leading, measuring performance, controlling, resources, etc.). - MS5 Strategic planning. MS8 Sustainability related to safety management HSM3 Financial and business processes (e.g., budgeting, business case development, management by objectives, policy, and procedure development, etc.). MS6 Labour relations. - MS7 Quality related to safety management HSM3 Financial related to safety management - HSM3 Change management. MS9 Leadership styles (e.g., directive, supportive, consultative, etc.). - MS2 Problem-solving processes. MS3 Conflict management - THSS8 Surveys, surveillance, and assessments (e.g., health, culture/climate, etc.) - HSM18 Internal and external requirements for information management (i.e., document control, reporting, data security). - HSM26 Organizational processes and leadership - HRIA1 Module 9 Occupational Hygiene Role of occupational hygienist - EPRF8 Principles of human anatomy, physiology, and biomechanics. THSS1 Statistics and quantitative analysis (time weighted average, etc.). THSS9 Standards ACGIH - HSM8 Standards NIOSH, etc.- HSM8 Basic principles of toxicology. - THSS2 Biological - HRIA2; HRIA6; HRCM3 Chemical - HRIA2; HRIA6; HRCM3 Noise and vibration - HRIA2; HRCM3; HRIA6 Occupational Exposure Limits (e.g., Threshold Limit Values (TLVs), Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs), action levels, etc.). - THSS12 15 | P a g e Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Occupational hygiene measurement and sampling (e.g., air, noise, radiation, chemical, etc.). - THSS10 Occupational illness and disease (e.g., asthma, chemical and environmental sensitivity, dermatitis, cancer, etc.). - THSS5 Radiant energy - HRIA2; HRIA6; HRCM3 Thermal - HRIA2; HRIA6; HRCM3 Ventilation (e.g., local, general, supply, exhaust, etc.). - THSS11 Pressure - HRCM3; HRIA2; HRIA6 Module 10 Risk Management - Risk management principles - HSM14 Difference between hazards and risks - HRIA3 Probability, severity, likelihood – HRIA5 Hierarchy of controls for hazards, including: - HRCM3 Communication – admin controls – HRCM7 Monitoring Risk – HRIA5 Complexity risk – HRIA5 Enterprise risk management related to safety management - HSM3 Signage – HRCM7 Quantitative/Qualitative risk – HRIA5 Event tree analyses - HRIA4 Fault tree analyses - HRIA4 Principles of critical controls - HRCM5 Managing critical controls - HSM20 Monitoring, evaluating, and validating system controls - HSM15 ALARA/ALARP risk – HRIA5 Inherent and residual risks – HRIA5 Risk matrix – HRIA5 Reassessment Risk – HRIA5- HRIA4 Process Safety – in workplace design - HRCM6 (see Australia) Routine vs non-routine work risk – HRIA5 Active and passive controls - HRCM1 Security related to safety management HSM3 Insurance related to safety management - HSM3 16 | P a g e Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. What is the Pass Mark? The pass mark is set in reference to the content and the difficulty of the examination questions. The pass mark is set at a level that represents the performance expected of a competent safety professional or competent safety technician. The standard setting method used to establish the pass mark for the CRSP and CRST Examinations is the modified-Angoff method. The Angoff technique is the standard setting method used to establish the pass mark. A statistical procedure is used to assess the difficulty of the questions on the exams by considering how people had answered them (correctly or incorrectly). The pass mark is adjusted to reflect the differences in content difficulty and candidate performance on the new exam. This statistical procedure ensures that all candidates, regardless of which examination form they write, must achieve an equivalent standard to successfully pass the examination. As indicated by the BCRSP in December 2020. Approximately 58% of exam candidates (includes first, second and third attempts) will be successful at any given exam writing. Reciprocal Agreements Currently the Board has Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) with a variety of professional organizations which make it easier for professionals to hold multiple credentials with a simplified application process. 1. Board of Certified Safety Professionals (BCSP) 2. Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH). 3. National or International Diploma in Occupational Health & Safety (NEBOSH) 4. Safety Institute of Australia (SIA) If you are certified by either of these organizations, please refer to the appropriate MOU and contact the BCRSP office for a special application form. 17 | P a g e Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Continuous Professional Development Program The CMP applies to each CRSP who must earn a minimum of 25 CMPs within a 5-year period to maintain certification. It starts January 1st of the following year. The system of credits will require a reasonable degree of effort in activities contributing to continued professional development but should not be unduly difficult for any CRSP to meet. The credit system is divided into three categories and credits may be obtained in one or more of these categories: 1. Academic Activities 2. Examinations and Additional Qualifications 3. Professional Pursuits. A detailed breakdown of these categories with allocated credits will be provided to all candidates on successfully achieving the CRSP designation. CMP information may also be viewed on the Board’s website. Contact Information Jim Moroney IHT, BSc, CRSP, CSP Email: [email protected] 103 Rockborough Park NW, Calgary Alberta T3G-5T1 Telephone: 587-573-4920 The Board of Canadian Registered Safety Professionals (BCRSP) 6519-B Mississauga Road Mississauga, ON L5N 1A6 Telephone: 905-567 7198 Toll Free: 1-888-279-CRSP (2777) Facsimile: 905-567-7191 E-mail: [email protected] 18 | P a g e Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Tips for Writing the CRSPEX 1. Formulas and tables needed to solve questions will be available on the computer, but you must know when and how to apply them. 2. Units of measurement will be expressed according to the International System of Units (SI); know the metric symbols. 3. Check your time every 30 minutes. You are allowed about one minute per question on a 210-question exam. 4. Some choose to answer the independent questions first followed by case-based questions. 5. Do not get hung up on difficult questions; move on, answer those that you do know, then go back and tackle the unanswered questions. 6. Points are not deducted for wrong answers, so answer all the questions, as a last resort, guess! 7. Time permitting, go back over the questions and your answers, but remember, studies show your first answer is most often the correct one. Study Techniques 1. Prepare a personal study plan. 2. Start with the heaviest weighted domain and focus your studies on the G1 competencies, marking them off when you are done. 3. Determine how you learn best, by seeing (visual learner), by hearing (auditory learner), or by doing (kinesthetic learner), and put that to your advantage when you study. 4. Study sessions should be short, 2 to 3 hours maximum; take a 10 to 15-minute break every 25 minutes. 5. Set the time aside for study; block it into your weekly schedule. 6. Form a study group; set a schedule; find group strengths and play on them. 7. Learn the material not only by reading and re-reading, but by writing it down, and reading out loud; the more senses you involve, the better the result. 8. Use memory aids (mnemonics) such as acronyms, symbols, and catchwords to remember lists, groups, methods, etc. 9. Draw copies of models or figures that might be on the exam; we remember pictures easier than words. 19 | P a g e Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. 10. Test yourself, by answering questions, doing short exams, or case studies; mark them and learn from your results. 11. A quick restudy 48 hours before the exam is better than cramming the night before; usually you only remember the first and last things you read if you try to cram. 12. Take the night before the exam off. BCRSP Reference Textbooks Reference Text List Updated May 7, 2020 1. A Guide to Business Continuity Planning Public Safety Canada, https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/bsnss-cntnt- plnnng/index-en.aspx 2. Accident Prevention Manual for Business and Industry, Administration & Programs, 14th Edition Hagan, P. E., Montgomery, J. F., et al. (2015). National Safety Council; Itasca, IL. 3. Accident Prevention Manual for Business and Industry, Engineering & Technology, 14th Edition Hagan, P. E., Montgomery, J. F., et al. (2015). National Safety Council; Itasca, IL. 4. The Accounting Revolution and the New Sustainability Implications for the OSH Professional A report from the Center for Safety and Sustainability. (2015). http://www.centershs.org. 5. BCRSP Rules of Professional Conduct Board of Canadian Registered Safety Professionals. (2016). http://www.bcrsp.ca 6. Canadian Health and Safety Law Keith, Norm. (1997). Canadian Law Book; Toronto, ON 7. Disability Management: Theory, Strategy, and Industry Practice, 6th Edition Dyck, Dianne E. (2009). LexisNexis Canada; Markham, ON 8. Environmental Indicators Environment Canada https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate- change/services/environmental-indicators.html 9. Ergonomic Intervention St. Vincent, Marie, Vezina, Nicole, et al. (2014). IRSST; Montréal, QC 10. Ethics and Professional Practice, Chapter 38 OHS Body of Knowledge https://www.ohsbok.org.au/chapter-38-3-ethics-and-professional-practice/ 20 | P a g e Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. 11. Fire Safety Management Handbook, 3rd Edition Della-Giustina, Daniel E. (2014). CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL 12. Fitting the Human: Introduction to Ergonomics, 7th Edition Kroemer, Karl H.E., (2017). CRC Press; Boca Raton, FL. 13. Foundations of Safety Science Dekker, Sidney (2019). Routledge; 1st Edition. 14. Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene; 6th Edition Plog, B. A. & Quinlan, P. (2012). National Safety Council; Itasca, IL. 15. Fundamentals of Management, 8th Edition Robbins, Stephen P., DeCenzo, David A., et al. (2016). Pearson; Toronto, ON 16. The Global Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling Chemicals (GHS), Rev.7(2017) United Nations (2017). https://www.unece.org 17. Health, Safety and Environment Systems Auditing, Design Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition Shematek, Gene Marie, MacLean, Paul, Lineen, Peter. (2016). LexisNexis Canada; Markham, ON 18. Health Promotion in the Workplace, 5th Edition O’Donnell, Michael & Associates. (2017). CreateSpace Independent Publishing 19. Incident Command System ICS Canada (2012) http://www.icscanada.ca/images/upload//ICS%20OPS%20Description2012.pdf 20. National Fire Code of Canada National Research Council (2015). 21. Occupational Health & Safety: Theory, Strategy and Industry Practice, 3rd edition Dyck, Dianne E. (2011). LexisNexis Canada; Markham, ON 22. Occupational Health & Safety for Technologists, Engineers and Managers, 2nd Edition Goetsch, David, Ozon, G. (2018). Pearson Canada, Toronto, ON. 23. OHS Body of Knowledge Safety Institute of Australia (2012). http://www.ohsbok.org.au Note: Australia specific sections (e.g., laws and regulations, etc.) are excluded as source material. 24. Pocket Dictionary of Canadian Law, 5th Edition Dukelow, D.A. (2002). Carswell, Toronto, ON 25. Practical Loss Control Leadership, 3rd Edition Bird, Frank E. Jr., Germain, George L., Clark, M. Douglas. (2012). Det Norske Veritas (USA) Inc.; Duluth, GA 21 | P a g e Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. 26. Safety Leadership and Professional Development Olawoyin, Richard and Hill, Darryl (2018). American Society of Safety Professionals, Chicago, IL 27. Safety Professionals Handbook: Management Applications (Volume I), 2nd Edition Haight, Joel M. (2012) American Society of Safety Professionals, Chicago, IL Note: USA specific sections (e.g., laws and regulations, etc.) are excluded as source material. 28. Safety Professionals Handbook: Technical Applications (Volume II), 2nd Edition Haight, Joel M. (2012) American Society of Safety Professionals, Chicago, IL Note: USA specific sections (e.g., laws and regulations, etc.) are excluded as source material 29. TLVs and BEIs - Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) published annually. www.acgih.org 30. Violence in the Workplace Prevention Guide CCOHS (2016) www.ccohs.ca 31. Workplace Health and Wellness Guide CCOHS (2016) ww.ccohs.ca 22 | P a g e Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. BCRSP CODE OF ETHICS Code of Ethics Revision Effective January 1, 2016 written by Paula Campkin, MBA, CRSP, Governor & Chair of the Professional Conduct Committee Rules of Professional Conduct The purpose of the Canadian Registered Safety Professional Rules of Professional Conduct is to provide guidance to ensure that each CRSP®/PSAC® adheres to high standards of integrity and professional competence. Competence is “the ability to perform a task, function or role up to a set of prescribed standards.” Preamble: As a condition to obtaining and maintaining certification, each CRSP®/PSAC® commits to abide by the Code as adopted by the Board of Canadian Registered Safety Professionals (BCRSP). Each CRSP®/PSAC® pledges to subscribe not only to the letter but also to the spirit of the Code in all their professional activities. 1. Competence Certificants are required to: a) Maintain competence in carrying out professional responsibilities and provide services in an honest and diligent manner. b) Provide sound judgement in pursuance of their professional duties. c) Recognize their professional limitations and perform only those services that may be handled competently based on one’s training and experience. d) Ensure persons working under their authority or supervision are competent to carry out the tasks assigned to them. 2. Integrity Certificants are required to: a) Maintain honesty, integrity, and objectivity in all professional activities. b) Protect and promote the safety and health of people, property and the environment above any consideration of self-interest. c) Avoid circumstances where compromise of professional conduct or conflict of interest may arise. d) Represent their qualifications and experience accurately and not knowingly make false or misleading statements. 3. Respect in the Workplace Certificants are required to: a) Support, promote and apply the principles of human rights, equity, dignity and respect in the workplace. b) Recognize that discrimination on the basis of race, creed, colour, language, national origin, political or religious affiliation, sex, sexual orientation, age, marital status, family relationship and disability is prohibited. 23 | P a g e Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. 4. Professional Growth Certificants are required to: a) Continue professional development throughout their career and support and encourage fellow CRSPs/PSACs to develop professionally. 5. Confidentiality Certificants are required to: a) Protect the confidentiality of all professionally acquired information and disclose such information only when properly authorized or when legally obligated to do so. 6. Requirements Certificants are required to a) Keep apprised of all relevant laws, regulations, and recognized standards of practice as it relates to their professional duties. 7. Support of the Profession and Other Professionals Certificants are required to: a) Uphold the honour and prestige of the profession. b) Recognize and respect the original work, integrity, and ability of their peers. 8. Support of the CRSP®/PSAC® Certification Certificants are required to: a) Comply with the relevant provisions of the CRSP®/PSAC® bylaws, policies, and certification scheme. b) Make claims regarding CRSP®/PSAC® certification only with respect to the scope for which certification has been granted. c) Not use the certification in such a manner as to bring the certification body into disrepute, and not make any statement regarding the certification which the certification body may consider misleading or unauthorized. d) Discontinue the use of all claims to certification that contains any reference to the certification body or certification upon suspension or withdrawal of certification, and to return any certificates issued by the certification body. e) Not use the certificate in a misleading manner. f) Abstain from behaviour that will cause harm to the reputation of the BCRSP and its certificants. g) Maintain the security of the BCRSP examination information and materials, including the prevention of unauthorized disclosures of test information. 24 | P a g e Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. 9. Accountability (Adherence) Each certificant will rely on the BCRSP to protect the integrity of the CRSP®/PSAC®. The Professional Conduct Committee (PCC) is tasked with ensuring that responsibility is fulfilled in a fair and impartial manner. The PCC will be solely responsible for ensuring BCRSP Policy is followed to investigate complaints or allegation of misconduct against certificants. Complaints or allegations of misconduct against certificants found to be justified by the PCC will be referred to the Discipline Committee for review. The BCRSP may disclose any disciplinary or enforcement decision/action against a certificant along with associated information, to other organizations including without limitation, organizations related to health and safety, law enforcement agencies, and regulatory bodies. 25 | P a g e Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Sample CRSPEX Questions (some from BCRSP) SAMPLE CRSPEX QUESTIONS AND CASE STUDY Module 1 – Accident Theory 1. Unwanted energy flow is: a) Uncontrolled energy flow that can be directed to do unwanted work. b) A high-energy component involved in an energy release. c) A by-product of high-energy environment production. d) A term used in the field of stress management. 2. This accident/incident theory states that accidents are the result of a causal chain, one or more of the causes being human error. It identifies three general costs of accidents: overload, incompatibility, and improper activities. What is this theory? a) Dr. Dan Petersen Model b) Bob Firenze’s System Model c) Dr. Leslie Ball’s Model d) Dr. Russell Ferrell’s Model Module 2 - Safety Fundamentals 3. The term ‘protection factor’ in respiratory protection is used to describe: a) The overall effectiveness of a respirator and the nature of contaminants. b) The overall life expectancy the user can expect to get from the equipment. c) The degree of inhalation resistance the equipment’s material has been rated for. d) The amount of training the wearer is required to have before using the equipment. 4. Portable conveyors are equipped with skirtboards or sideboards because: a) They permit access to the point of operation. b) They provide complete guarding of the in-running nip hazard. c) They prevent operators from reaching into the conveyor. d) They keep material from falling over the sides. Module 3 – Auditing 5. Ethically, an auditor must do all the following except for: a) Accept payment for the audit work without an agreement. b) Avoid disclosing any information for personal gain. c) Avoid conflict of interest situations. d) Refrain from making recommendations that suggest further contract work. 6. The selective sampling process that is used to determine audit interviews is critical. The most common sampling process for determining interviews is: a) Targeted sampling techniques for audit interview selection. b) Arbitrary sampling techniques for audit interview selection. c) Targeted sampling and random selection. d) Numerical sampling combined with random selection process. 26 | P a g e Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Module 4 – Ergonomics 7. One kind of muscular effort can be described as static. Static effort is characterized as: a) An alternation between contraction and extension of the muscles. b) A prolonged state of contraction of the muscles. c) Tension and relaxation of the muscles. d) Change in rhythm of the muscle length. 8. When evaluating repetitive work, the key factors to be considered include: a) The average number of lifts per minute over a fifteen-minute period. b) The duration of the shift and the repetition rate and recovery time provided. c) The level of fatigue and boredom that may affect the worker’s ability to perform the task well. d) The position of the joints when the task is performed; the force exerted, and the repetition rate or amount of recovery time provided. Module 5 - Fire Prevention and Protection 9. A systematic approach to fire protection systems’ inspection, testing and maintenance should follow guidelines established by the manufacturers and by: a) NFPA b) NRC c) Factory Mutual d) Underwriters’ Laboratories 10. In Canada, the National Building Code and the National Fire Code are developed under the: a) Underwriters Laboratories Canada Inc. b) Factory Mutual c) Canadian Standards Association d) National Research Council Module 6 - Health and Wellness 11. The Attending physician or designated Health Care Provider can provide the following information to an employer about an injured worker: a) The patient’s treatment for healing. b) Any restrictions on patient activities. c) A diagnosis of patient’s condition. d) A prognosis of patient’s condition. 12. A strategy that gives structure and organization to the activity of returning injured workers to the workplace as soon as possible following a work-related accident is a definition of a: a) Modified Work Program b) Claims Management Program c) Disability Management Program d) Vocational Rehabilitation Program 27 | P a g e Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Module 7 - Law and Ethics 13. A ‘procedural’ approach to regulation: a) Sets a general standard that you must meet without much concern about how you meet it. b) Sets out the requirements of procedural justice. c) Sets out the rules of the Court. d) Sets out detailed rules telling you how to reach a standard. 14. The goal of the OHS ticketing system is to enable officers or inspectors to issue violation tickets to those who contravene health and safety law. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the Occupational Health & Safety ticketing systems? a) Tickets can be issued to workers but cannot be issued to employers. b) OHS tickets are not similar to traffic tickets. c) They are an on-the-spot penalty given out following an infraction of the law. d) Any party that wishes to plead not guilty will have the option of attending a court date. Module 8 - Management Systems 15. The effective manager in the emerging workplace recognizes as foundational goals: a) High productivity and low operating costs. b) High performance and low labour conflict. c) High performance and satisfaction among team members. d) High productivity and low loss rates. 16. In the field of management theory, “Theory Z” refers to: a) High-risk, potentially high-return preferences. b) Managing by cultural norms. c) Eastern European management principles. d) Adherence to Japanese management principles. Module 9 - Occupational Hygiene 17. Two identical pumps emitted noise levels of 87 dBA. This was confirmand by the manufacture. There were plans to install both of these pumps side by side in the new pump house. The Safety Professional was consulted and asked what they thought would be the anticipated noise levels to ensure they had adequate hearing protection in place for workers entering the pump house. a) Noise levels would increase to 90 dBA. b) Noise levels would increase to 174 dBA. c) Noise levels would be stable at 87 dBA because noise levels are calculated on a logarithmic scale. d) Noise levels would increase to 93 dBA reflecting a 5-decibel doubling of sound power. 18. Which chemical exposure was associated with a liver cancer called angiosarcoma? a) Trichloroethylene. b) Vinyl Chloride c) Lead d) Asbestos 28 | P a g e Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. 19. What type of respirator should be used when working with an individual infected with tuberculosis? a) Any respirator with an N95 approval b) Half face piece respirator c) Only a full facepiece respirator d) A surgical mask Case Study (Next 3 Questions will Apply) Occupational dermatitis represents one of the most common forms of occupational disease. The significance of dermal [skin] absorption in terms of overall body burden of chemicals is still largely unknown. In 1997, a single incident focused the attention of health and safety professionals on to the seriousness of dermal exposure. A professor of chemistry died of mercury intoxication, days after a brief exposure to dimethyl mercury. The occasion occurred in the laboratory when the chemical leaked across a latex glove. 20. How could this fatality have been prevented? a) The ventilation rate in the laboratory fume hood could have been increased, thereby increasing the evaporation rate. b) The professor of chemistry should have recognized the hazard and taken appropriate precautions. c) The glove selection should have been impermeable to the chemical used. d) The latex glove may have been old or compromised. 21. How could a safety practitioner have assisted in a prevention program? a) The CRSP could have checked the fume hood flow rate and set out a regular maintenance schedule. b) The CRSP could have completed a risk assessment, noting the chemicals and PPE in use. c) The CRSP could have initiated a chemical inventory program for the laboratory. d) The CRSP could have completed a risk assessment, noting the chemicals and PPE in use, for the laboratory manager with recommended controls. 22. What is the most common approach used to assess skin exposure to a contaminant? a) Biological monitoring is commonly used to assess total body burden of chemical contaminants. b) Critical flux is the dose resulting from inhalation exposure combined with dermal exposure. c) Using pads or dosimeters to determine the amount of contaminant deposited on the skin. d) There is no recognized approach to assess skin exposure to a contaminant. Module 10 - Risk Management 23. The safety practitioner will approach risk management as: a) A management system directed at influencing worker behaviour, with emphasis on worker safety and health. b) A system designed to manage quality and process safety. c) A system-wide assessment of risks and risk control, with emphasis on worker safety and health. d) A responsibility for the safety practitioner to document all workplace related risks and develop controls for the identified risks. 29 | P a g e Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. 24. Perceptions of risk may affect the tolerance for certain types of hazards. Which of the following may bias the judgement of one of the affected parties? a) Scientific evidence not containing sufficient evidence to support a potential for harm. b) Value assumptions or, subjective interpretations of evidence based on personal or societal values. c) The principle of achieving a technically agreeable control measure. d) All occupational hazards should be measure using the ‘precautionary principle’. 30 | P a g e Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. CORRECT ANSWERS Module 1 – Accident Theory Question 1: Correct Answer B Justification: The choice of A is clearly wrong with the inclusion of the words ‘unwanted work’. C and D are distracters using ‘by-product’ and ‘stress management’ inappropriately. The energy models discussed in the Study Guide emphasize the release of unwanted energy as a component of accident causation. Question 2: Correct Answer D Justification: The correct answer is Dr. Russell Ferrell’s theory because it states that accidents are the result of a causal chain, one or more of the causes being human error. He identifies three general costs of accidents: overload, incompatibility, and improper activities. Improper activities include two sources of accidents. Module 2 – Safety Fundamentals Question 3: Correct Answer A Justification: The protection factor on respirators reflects the overall effectiveness of a respirator and the nature of contaminants. Question 4: Correct Answer D Justification: There may be an element of truth to A, B and C; however, skirting and sideboards describe a specific control to prevent material from falling from a conveyor. Portable conveyors require the same level of guarding as do fixed conveyor systems. Module 3 - Auditing Question 5: Correct Answer A Justification: There is an ethical conflict if an auditor accepts money if there was no prior agreement for money to be paid for the audit. The auditor must avoid disclosing any information for personal gain and/or avoid conflict of interest situations and/or make recommendations that suggest further contract work. Question 6: Correct Answer C Justification: A combination of targeted sampling and random sampling is commonly used to determine audit interviews. Module 4 - Ergonomics Question 7: Correct Answer B Justification: The correct answer is related to only one state; static, means virtually not moving. Therefore ‘a prolonged state of contraction’ clearly describes the circumstance. Question 8: Correct Answer D Justification: Although all the answers contain some element of truth, D is the only one that gathers all the factors together; duration, rate, force and repetition/recovery. 31 | P a g e Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Module 5 - Fire Prevention and Protection Question 9: Correct Answer A Justification: NFPA Standards have been adopted by many Canadian jurisdictions giving them the force of law when referenced in a regulation or code. The other possible answers B, C, and D all refer to standard making organizations; however, their guidelines and standards often defer to, or reference the National Fire Protection Association Standards. Question 10: Correct Answer D Justification: The NRC develops the Codes on a consensus basis through committees of various stakeholders. Module 6 - Health and Wellness Question 11: Correct Answer B Justification: Confidentiality of medical information limits the physician’s ability to provide the employer with any information on the patient other than that described in B. Question 12: Correct Answer C Justification: The key to this question is the descriptor, ‘strategy that gives structure and organization’. Thus, a disability management program may contain all the other programs in its scope. Module 7 - Law and Ethics Question 13: Correct Answer D Justification: A regulation is the detailed legal authority, whereas an Act is the basic legal authority. Some jurisdictions are including performance standards into their procedural regulations; this will allow the organization to measure their procedures against the minimum legal standard for compliance. Question 14: Correct Answer C Justification: OHS tickets or fines are issued as on the spot penalty issued because of an infraction of the law. Tickets can indeed be issued to workers and employers. OHS tickets are remarkably similar to traffic tickets. Any party that wishes to plead not guilty will be required to attend a court date (this is not optional unless they have no intention of wining their case). Module 8 - Management Systems Question 15: Correct Answer C Justification: The effective manager in the emerging workplace recognizes high performance and satisfaction among team members as foundational goals. In other words, make it possible for people to get rewarded for fully using their talents to achieve high performance. Question 16: Correct Answer D Justification: Theory "Z” refers to adherence to Japanese management principles. Theory Z was described by William Ouchi and focused on long-term employment philosophy; slower promotions and more lateral job movements; an emphasis on career planning and development and broad concern for employee involvement. 32 | P a g e Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Module 9 - Occupational Hygiene Question 17: Correct Answer A Justification: The correct answer is A. Adding equal amounts of sound pressure levels or doubling the sound power correspond to 3 decibels increase in decibel readings. This is because decibels are calculated using a logarithmic scale where every doubling of sound power corresponds to an increase of 3 decibels which is 90 dbA. Question 18: Correct Answer B Justification: This association of chemical exposure to vinyl chloride monomer results in a rare form of liver cancer. Question 19: Correct Answer A Justification: The N95 respirator is the most common of the seven types of particulate filtering facepiece respirators. This product filters at least 95% of airborne particles but is not resistant to oil. Not all surgical masks provide the protection associated with N95. Only surgical masks that have an in 95 designations should be used to protect against exposure to tuberculosis bacteria. Therefore, the most correct answer is A. Case Study 20: Correct Answer C Justification: A is clearly wrong, as the ventilation plays no role in this scenario. B is wrong as we must not ‘blame the worker’ and the professor may have known all the chemical hazards related to the dimethyl mercury but was unaware of the permeability of the selected latex glove. *Please refer to the Accident Theory (AT) domain regarding safety systems and Fault Tree analysis. The latex is the culprit here as it readily breaks down in the presence of solvents and was not the glove material of choice. D has no import, as the age or condition of the latex would not have mattered in this case. Case Study 21: Correct Answer D Justification: The answer includes all aspects of CRSP’s role, identifying risk, recommending controls, and presenting the findings to a supervisor in charge of the workplace. Case Study 22: Correct Answer C Justification: C is the most correct answer. A is correct but has no relationship to the question. B is also correct but talks about a definition of a particular dose, but not exposure. D is incorrect by any standard. Module 10 - Risk Management Question 23 Correct Answer C Justification: C is the only possible correct choice, as risk management has nothing to do with ‘influencing worker behaviour’ or ‘quality and process safety’. It is no longer acceptable to ‘blame the worker’ because of assessing risk. Nor does risk management direct the safety practitioner to ‘develop controls’ for all identified risks. Question 24: Correct Answer B Justification: The correct answer contains language such as ‘subjective interpretation’ based on personal values. 33 | P a g e Introduction © 2022 SCMC Ltd. 34 | P a g e Accident Theory MODULE 1 Safety Certified Management Consulting Ltd. Jim Moroney IHT, BSC, CRSP, CSP Website: www.canadiancrsp.com Email: [email protected] Module 1 Accident Theory © 2022 SCMC Ltd. 36 | P a g e Module 1 Accident Theory © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Accident Theory 1. Accident Theories What is an "Accident Theory Model Building Categories of Fault Multiple Causation and Total Loss Model Multiple Causation Model Muti-Cause Model Iceberg Model Cyclical Model 2. Heinrich’s Pyramid Model 3. Heinrich’s Domino Theory 4. Bird’s Updated Domino Sequence HSE UK 1993 Ratio Study 5. Weaver’s (updated dominoes) Model 6. Adams’ Model 7. Psychological/Behaviour Models 8. Accident Proneness Theory 9. The Life Change Unit (LCU) Theory 10. Kerr’s Goals Freedom Alertness Theory 11. Peterson’s Motivation Reward Satisfaction Model 12. Adjustment Stress Theory 13. Ferrell Theory 14. The Petersen Accident-Incident Causation Model 15. Behavioral Psychological Model 16. DeJoy’s Model 17. Ball Energy Model 18. Douglas Stair Step Model 19. Zabetakis Model 37 | P a g e Module 1 Accident Theory © 2022 SCMC Ltd. 20. Decision Models 21. System Models 22. Firenze System Model 23. The Surry Model 24. CSA Model 25. James Reason’s Model 26. Tripod Delta Model 27. Tripod Beta Model 28. Epidemiological Theory of Accident Causation 29. Internal Responsibility Model 30. Principles of Modern Loss Causation Models Applying Theories to Investigations 38 | P a g e Module 1 Accident Theory © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Accident Theories What is an "Accident Theory"? Loss causation models or accident theories attempt to explain how accidents are caused. They are intended to provide categories of causes and link these together in a logical and understandable fashion. The theories that attempt to identify causes that are many steps removed from an accident or incident. They often focus on the events which took place immediately prior to the accident happening. There are several different models which have been introduced over the years and there is no one best theory or model that describes all situations. Safety professionals should use the model that is most appropriate for the circumstances that they face. One important theme is that the assumptions that one holds regarding the causes of accidents can play an important role in how one identifies the underlying causes and organizes the corrective measures. Model Building Theory: is a set of ideas or principles that work together to explain something about reality. We create models when we try to describe a theory in a useful way. It’s not recommended that we adopt a single accident model for an organization. One model may be better suited to train supervisors, but a different model may be more useful when doing an in-depth accident investigation. Since Heinrich dominoes theory in 1936, our knowledge about accident causation and accident prevention has grown and changed remarkably. What once was the only theory explaining accidents has evolved into many theories. This increase in understanding among safety specialists and others has made a substantial impact on the modern world. Understanding and qualifying causation will lead us to a more comprehensive approach to the most effective intervention strategies. Categories of Fault 1. Intention: A person intended to harm another person. This is the most serious type of fault. 2. Recklessness: A person has knowledge of high risk and does not care if harm results because one’s actions or one’s inaction. 3. Negligence: A person caused an accident because they did or did not do what a reasonable person would or would not have done. Harm is caused by carelessness, but not by recklessness. 39 | P a g e Module 1 Accident Theory © 2022 SCMC Ltd. 4. Strict Liability: A concept of common law can best be described by the following scenario. The owner of dog is strictly liable if the dog gets away and bites their neigbour. A person is at fault because they “owned” the hazard in the first place and specifically NOT because they were negligent in the handling of their dog. This is the least serious type of fault. Multiple Causation and Total Loss Model Simple Model This shows a single cause for each effect. Multiple Causation Model This shows multiple causes which must happen simultaneously to have an effect. All losses are connected to the management system to all other losses. It is important to know the difference between accident or incident causation and loss causation. 40 | P a g e Module 1 Accident Theory © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Muti-Cause Model This shows that there are several underlying causes which create multiple losses. Iceberg Model The iceberg model provides the strong financial argument for the investment in safety. Indirect costs associated with accidents can be many more times the direct costs. Adapted from Frank E. Bird, Jr., George L. Germain, Practical Loss Control Leadership, 3rd Edition. 41 | P a g e Module 1 Accident Theory © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Cyclical Model Management Models To ensure we have improved our systems, it is generally accepted that we must deal with the root causes of accidents. These underlying causes often relate to the management system of the organization, and this forms the basis of management models of loss causation. Heinrich’s Pyramid Model This shows the relationship between major injuries, minor injuries and "near misses”. Fatalities are rare and often appear to be unique and idiosyncratic. The pyramid shows that causes of fatalities are not unique and idiosyncratic – they have happened many times before but with alternate outcomes. 1 – Major Injury 29 – Minor Injury 300 - No Injury Accidents 42 | P a g e Module 1 Accident Theory © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Heinrich’s Domino Theory (1930’s) H. W. Heinrich published an influential book, "Industrial Accident Prevention: A Scientific Approach." In his book Heinrich presented a set of theories called “axioms” of industrial safety. These axioms or “self-evident truths” were the first set of principles or guidelines ever set down in industrial safety and as such guided all safety activity and effort for many years. Today some of the axioms are no longer believed to be truths. Heinrich’s first axiom deals with a theory of accident causation labeled the “domino theory”. He believed that about 90% of accidents could be attributed to unsafe acts as opposed to unsafe conditions. This focus on worker behaviour as opposed to physical conditions is largely seen as being more accurate. Of course, more comprehensive models have since been developed that include engineering designs or flaws in the management system. Social Unsafe Act Environmental Fault of Person Mechanical or Accident Injury Ancestry Physical Hazard Modeled from H.W. Heinrich, Dan Petersen, Nestor Roos, Industrial Accident Prevention, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1980 Frank Bird’s Original Theory Bird analyzed over 1.7 million accident reports by just less than 300 companies thru an American insurance firm. 1 - Serious or Disabling Injuries 10 - Minor Injuries 30 – Property Damage Accidents 600 – Incidents with No Visible Injury or Damage 43 | P a g e Module 1 Accident Theory © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Bird broadened the injury concept to include property damage. Bird also refers to incident rather than acts because of his interest in close calls. He also provided us with lists of unsafe acts, unsafe conditions, basic causes, and examples of lack of control by management. The unsafe acts and unsafe conditions were caused by personal factors and job factors. He believed supervisors were responsible for many of a worker’s errors or unsafe conditions. This is a significant improvement to Heinrich’s bad genes and toilet training ideas but still has a long way to go to explain the contributing factors in more complex organizations. Lack of Control by Management This focused on the supervisor as the primary culprit who might not conduct group safety meetings, inspections, train new workers, etc. Basic Causes – Origins Personal Factors: lack of knowledge or skill, improper motivation, etc. Job Factors: inadequate work standards, designs, maintenance, purchasing standards, etc. Immediate Causes Unsafe Practices: failure to warn or secure, failure to use PPE, etc. Unsafe Conditions: inadequate guards, excessive noise, etc. Incident – Contact Struck against, struck by, fall, caught in, contact with, etc. People/Property Loss Physical harm, property damage Modeled From: Frank E. Bird, Jr., George L. Germain, Practical Loss Control Leadership, Revised 3 rd Edition, Det Norske Veritas, (U.S.A.), Inc., 1996, p. 7 44 | P a g e Module 1 Accident Theory © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Bird’s Updated Domino Sequence – 1970’s The updated Bird model replaced the supervisor is a fundamental cause with the management system as a fundamental cause. The failure was primarily the inability to establish proper standards or enforce those standards. Industrial Loss Control Institute (ILCI) was acquired by Det Norske Veritas Industry, Inc. and DNV Management Systems now presents the most recent version of the updated domino sequence in “Practical Loss Control Leadership” Revised Edition, 1996. Modeled From: Frank E. Bird, Jr., George L. Germain, Practical Loss Control Leadership, Revised 3 rd Edition, Det Norske Veritas, (U.S.A.), Inc., 1996, p. 7 Examining the DNV Management Systems model working from right to left: Loss - The result of any accident is loss which is defined as harm to people, damage to equipment or property and process loss (material, product or service). The type/degree of loss is a matter of chance. The implementation of emergency response plans, effective firefighting, prompt first aid and medical treatment are all examples of actions can be taken at this stage to minimize loss. Incident - This is the unintended event that precedes the loss; the contact that might or does cause harm or damage. When hazards exist, there is always the possibility of contact with a harmful amount of energy or harmful substance above the threshold limit of the structure or body. Moving objects transfer their kinetic energy to the objects they strike. Other forms of energy include acoustical energy, chemical energy, electricity, thermal energy, radiant energy, and atomic energy. Immediate Causes - These are the substandard (unsafe) acts or practices and conditions that were present immediately preceding the contact. The immediate causes (also called hazards) are generally very obvious. 45 | P a g e Module 1 Accident Theory © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Basic Causes - These are the real causes behind the immediate causes. They are the reasons why the substandard acts and conditions occurred. When these are identified, management control measures can be implemented. Basic causes fall into two main categories: Personal Factors: lack of knowledge/skill; improper motivation; stress; inadequate physical/mental capability. Job/System Factors: inadequate leadership/supervision, purchasing, engineering, maintenance, tools/equipment, and work standards; wear/tear; abuse/misuse. Lack of Control - Control is one of the four management functions. Without management control, the accident cause and effect sequence are started and unless corrected leads to losses. Lack of control is often due to these factors: 1. Inadequate System 2. Inadequate Standards 3. Inadequate Compliance with Standards Important difference with Heinrich’s Model Ultimately the lack of control by management and not the workers or supervisor are to blame. It incorporates the concept of "loss control management" and the concept of contact with energy or a substance. It also introduces the concept of a close call, as an "incident", includes "disease" in the meaning of "injury" multi-causation model root causes in the management system are more important "damage" means property loss as well as injury to people. HSE UK 1993 Ratio Study There are many unsafe conditions and unsafe practices which hardly ever result in a severe injury, but only in minor cuts and scrapes. These pyramid models illustrate the need to be concerned with the high frequency of minor events which often precede a serious injury or loss. Various studies indicate that severe injuries are reasonably predictable in certain situations such as: 1. Unusual Non-routine Work 2. Nonproduction Activities 3. Sources of High Energy 4. Certain Construction Situations Such as High-Rise Erection, Tunneling, Working over Water Etc. 1 – Over 3 Day Injury or Illness 7 - Minor Injuries or Illness 46 | P a g e Module 1 Accident Theory © 2022 SCMC Ltd. 189 – Non- Injury/Illness Accidents Weaver’s (updated dominoes) Model – 1970’s D.A. Weaver updated Heinrich’s domino theory in 1971. He introduced the concept of locating and defining operational error. Weaver describes the last three dominos to the right of the sequence as being symptoms of operational error. At the point in the sequence where we find the "unsafe act and/or condition", Weaver asks three questions which he thought would lead us to discovering the operational errors which caused the accident. 1. What caused the accident? 2. Why was the operational error permitted? 3. Whether management had preventive knowledge? From: Modeled H.W. Heinrich, Dan Petersen, Nestor Roos, Industrial Accident Prevention, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1980, p. 31 47 | P a g e Module 1 Accident Theory © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Adams’ Model Edward Adams’ Updated Accident Sequence is also a domino model and is essentially a refinement of Bird’s model. Adams renamed immediate causes “tactical errors” and basic causes “operational errors”. Significant because it promotes the idea that we need to look at the individual people in the management system (not just at the defective policies and programs) and so it can be related to the internal responsibility system (IRS) the philosophy underlying OHS legislation in Canada. Modeled From: H.W. Heinrich, Dan Petersen, Nestor Roos, Industrial Accident Prevention, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1980, p. 30 People – Orientated Revision of Adam’s Accident Sequence 48 | P a g e Module 1 Accident Theory © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Conditions and acts at the worker level are influenced by the worker personally but are also influenced by policy, program, procedure, staffing, design errors and omissions made by (potentially) everyone else. We can see that the Internal Responsibility System comes from accident theory. The IRS can be related to personal due diligence (with the content varying based on their authority and control). An OHS Act based on the IRS model will have duties for individuals at all levels of the organization. Psychological/Behaviour Models These models focus on stress and human error. They are also called “human factors” models when causal factors are organized in terms of current thinking in human factors/ergonomics. Accident Proneness Theory The concept of accident-prone personality was popular in the 1920s and 1960s. The theory had failed to identify any set of individual characteristics which are predictive of accidents. It is now widely accepted that the interaction between the individual’s behavior and their work environment and the features should be our focus when determining how to improve safety performance. Today we think less in terms of proneness and look more at theories that attempt to explain accident repeaters, (e.g., inappropriate levels of stress). The Life Change Unit (LCU) Theory The LCU theory consists of a chart ranking stressful events. A study found that a person who acquired fewer than 150 points in the previous year has one chance in three (33%) of serious illness in the next two years. Score 150 to 300, and there’s a 50% chance of serious illness; over 300 the likelihood is almost 90%. Life Change Unit (LCU) Theory Rank Life Event Mean Value 1 Death of spouse 100 2 Divorce 73 3 Marital separation 65 4 Jail term 63 5 Death of close family member 63 6 Personal injury or illness 53 7 Marriage 50 8 Fired at work 47 9 Marital reconciliation 45 10 Retirement 45 11 Changes in family member’s health 44 etc. etc. --- 49 | P a g e Module 1 Accident Theory © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Kerr’s Goals Freedom Alertness Theory Dr. Willard Kerr’s theory states that great freedom to set reasonably attainable goals is accompanied typically by high quality work performance. The theory regards an accident as merely low-quality work behaviour – a “scrappage” that happens to a person instead of to a thing. Raising the level of quality involves raising the level of alertness and high alertness can only be sustained within a rewarding psychological climate. The richer the climate in rewarding opportunities, the higher the level of alertness, the higher the level of work quality, and the lower the probability of accidents. Workers can participate in identifying and solving work problems and management allows workers to define goals for themselves. Management can use managerial techniques and participative methods for setting defined goals for worker thus improving the work environment. Peterson’s Motivation Reward Satisfaction Model The key idea proposed in this model is that workers performance is affected by motivation and ability. Unfortunately, there was very little with respect to workplace design and other factors that many others believe contribute to accidents. Adjustment Stress Theory This theory assumes accidents will occur where stress on a worker exceeds the worker’s capacity to handle stress. 50 | P a g e Module 1 Accident Theory © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Ferrell Theory Dr. Russell Ferrell’s theory states that accidents are the result of a causal chain, one or more of the causes being human error. He identifies three general costs of accidents: overload, incompatibility, and improper activities. Improper activities include two sources of accidents. First, it is possible the responsible person didn’t know any better, alternatively they may have known that an accident may result from the action but deliberately chose to take that risk. Incompatibility encompasses both an incorrect response to the situation by the person and subtle environmental characteristics such as a poorly designed workstation. Overload can be broken down into three subcategories. 1. Emotional state of the individual can account for part of the overload (ex. unmotivated and agitated) 2. Individual’s physical and educational background (physical fitness, genetics, training, education) factors such as exposure to drugs, pollutants, toxins, job- related stressors, and pressures). 3. Individual load (difficulty of the task, negative or positive aspects of environment, level of danger). Separately overload, incompatibility and improper activities can all lead to human error. 51 | P a g e Module 1 Accident Theory © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Petersen Accident-Incident Causation Model Dr. Dan Petersen’s model is a largely an expansion upon Ferrell Human Factor Model. It shows that accidents or incidents are the result of some combination of human error and system failure. The most noteworthy contribution is likely the recognition that human error is only part of a larger model. The inability of an organization to correct errors (systems failure) was added as a possible mediator between errors and accidents. Management’s failure to detect mistakes and lack of training are two examples of systems failures. For policy can also lead to system failure following human error. Adapted From: H.W. Heinrich, Dan Petersen, Nestor Roos, Industrial Accident Prevention, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1980, p. 49 52 | P a g e Module 1 Accident Theory © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Behavioral Psychological Model Behaviour can be objectively studied and changed by manipulating the environmental conditions that immediately follow target behaviour. Many elements of behaviour-based safety have been drawn from this basic model. DeJoy’s Model In 1990, David DeJoy proposed a human factors model that demonstrates the complexity of human error and the ways in which the person, task and environmental variables interact in causing such errors. Adapted From: Professional Safety, May 1990, p. 11 53 | P a g e Module 1 Accident Theory © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Energy Models These models focus on the concept of energy release as a necessary part of the accident causation process. One of the more important categories of accident theories are those which incorporate energy concepts. Energy models explicitly find the sources of accidents in unwanted flows of energy, or interruptions in needed flows of energy. They usually involve the “barrier concept” – a barrier being a needed obstruction in the path of an energy flow. Energy models are particularly useful as they assist us with risk analysis. High energy sources are deserving of much greater attention in the workplace than low energy sources since the latter cannot usually cause severe injuries. Ball Energy Model Dr. Leslie Ball’s model assumes that all hazards involve some form of energy and that all accidents are caused by such hazards. The left side of the model illustrated below indicates that an accident may occur due to destructive energy sources, while the right side shows an accident may be caused by critical energy needs. This model is easily adapted to hazard assessments. Adapted From: H.W. Heinrich, Dan Petersen, Nestor Roos, Industrial Accident Prevention, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1980, p. 54 54 | P a g e Module 1 Accident Theory © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Douglas Stair Step Model The major point in this model is that there is no single acceptable standard for performing work safely. The standard is a range where tasks and conditions blend to form the standard. It is very abstract and difficult to apply. Zabetakis Model Central element is the unplanned release of energy and/or hazardous material. Decision Models These models focus on sequences of events that must succeed for an accident to be avoided or that must fail for an accident to happen. System Models A system model recognizes the inseparable ties between individuals, their tools and machines, and the general work environment. Firenze System Model Bob Firenze’s system model illustrates the impact that variable psychological, physiological, or physical “stressors” have on a person’s decision-making capability. Adapted From: H.W. Heinrich, Dan Petersen, Nestor Roos, Industrial Accident Prevention, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1980, p. 52 A revised version of the Firenze model has been adopted by the National Safety Council (NSC) and is discussed in the National Safety Council publication “Accident Prevention Manual for Business & Industry – Administration and Programs”. 55 | P a g e Module 1 Accident Theory © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Surry Model In 1969, Jean Surry published the book Industrial Accident Research-A Human Engineering Appraisal. The book contained a review of models and approaches predominantly applied in accident research. Surry grouped the theoretical and conceptual frameworks into five categories: (1) chain-of-multiple-events models, (2) epidemiological models, (3) energy-exchange models, (4) behaviour models, and (5) systems models. She concluded that none of these models is incompatible with any of the others; each simply stresses different aspects. This inspired her to combine the various frameworks into one comprehensive and general model. Jean Surry developed a model of accident causation that has three principal stages with two similar cycles linking them. First a dangerous situation is built out of a secure situation, and then the danger is released causing injury or damage. Adapted from: H.W. Heinrich, Dan Petersen, Nestor Roos, Industrial Accident Prevention, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1980, p. 55 56 | P a g e Module 1 Accident Theory © 2022 SCMC Ltd. CSA Model The model assumes the causation process is complex, multifaceted and systems oriented. It accounts for both injury and disease. The model is described in a reactive fashion; it is used after the event during investigation (and it is an important theme in this domain, that accident theories be used more broadly than during investigations). James Reason’s Model Reason’s “Swiss Cheese” model of defenses illustrates how accidents occur in organizations. The model focuses on both organizational hierarchy and human error. It postulates that the typical accident occurs because several (human) errors have occurred at all levels in the organizational hierarchy in a way that made such accident unavoidable. The theory suggests that organizations try to prevent accidents by defenses in order not to allow the risks and hazards to become losses. These organizational defenses are divided into two groups such has hard defenses and soft defenses. (Image adapted from CrewResourceManagement.net ) Unsafe condition is represented by holes in the next slice of Reason Swiss cheese model; the unsafe condition and the psychological risk factors are the contributory factors to unsafe act of workers. Unlike the active failures and immediate causes in the previous slice, the holes in this place are representing the hidden contributory factors. The relationship between the unsafe condition and the unsafe act is a one-to-many interaction because the unsafe condition can lead to many hazards and unsafe acts. 57 | P a g e Module 1 Accident Theory © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Tripod Delta Model Between 1980 and 2000, Shell funded world-class research into the behavioural aspects of risk management. During that period research tools like Tripod, Bow Tie, and were developed The Tripod-Delta Model, which is a checklist-based approach to carrying out safety health checks. This based upon a model for understanding the role of human error in accidents. The management of risk was not viewed as the implementation of ‘barriers’ that block potential negative consequences of a hazard. Incidents are caused by the failure of these barriers and are almost always due to ‘human error’. It moved away from measuring performance in terms of lost time injuries and other end- of-line statistics and focused on measuring processes that disrupt safe operations. It stressed failures in both individual and organizational levels. It is a tool used to help identify underlying problems before the failure occurs. The Tripod Delta survey tool, which is still being used successfully to help companies understand the underlying causes before incidents occur 58 | P a g e Module 1 Accident Theory © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Tripod Beta Model Tripod Beta is a visual methodology for analyzing incidents and accidents, helping the investigator to consider the human factors and directing them towards the underlying causes. It is estimated that over a third of all incident and accident investigation methodologies in use today are Tripod Beta or Tripod derived. Tripod Beta is one of the few incident analysis methodologies to be scientifically validated. At the core of Tripod Beta is the Swiss cheese model of incident causation. Incidents can be modelled as a series of events, each one leading to the next. Each event is the coming together of two things – a hazard/agent (e.g., a source of energy) acts on and changes an object (a person, fuel, equipment). This agent/object/ event combination is called a ‘trio’ and each trio leads to the next, creating a simple tree of what happened. Barriers are functions that, if enacted, would have prevented the next event from happening. They are not always human actions (e.g., an automatic cut-off valve) but they often are. The three sections of the tripod tree attempt to answer the following questions 1. What happened unexpectedly? 2. How did it happen? 3. Why did it happen? 59 | P a g e Module 1 Accident Theory © 2022 SCMC Ltd. Epidemiological Theory of Accident Causation This theory explains casual association between disease or other biologic processes in this case accidents and specific environmental experiences. From the perspective of the epidemiological model that accident is defined as the unexpected unavoidable unintentional act resulting from the interaction of host, agent, and environmental factors within situations which involve risk taking and perception of danger. In this model to important components namely, predisposition

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