Crpt 21 Module 4.3 Insect Orders PDF

CRPT 21: Principles of Crop Protection Module 4.3: Insect Orders  Classification is defined as grouping together of individual objects (e.g., insects) by some systems of relationship or association among them. Taxonomy is the science of classification, the theory, and practice of...

CRPT 21: Principles of Crop Protection Module 4.3: Insect Orders  Classification is defined as grouping together of individual objects (e.g., insects) by some systems of relationship or association among them. Taxonomy is the science of classification, the theory, and practice of classifying organisms. Systematics deals with how organisms are related to each other and attempt to describe the underlying reason for that relationship. A key is a tool that unlocks the door to the identification of an unknown organism Importance of Identification: Knowing the name of the insect pest is needed to formulate pest control recommendations. The name of the organism allows one to obtain information about the life cycle, habits, natural enemies, reproduction and even the control strategies of the insect Species is a fundamental unit of classification; considered the smallest grouping capable of reproduction and the production of fertile offspring  Morphological characteristics used to distinguish different insect orders Head Mouthparts Antennae Compound eyes Legs Wings Abdomen and its appendage  Two groups in taxonomy 1. Lumpers – taxonomy that puts together all related insects in one order. Example: Order Phthiraptera (lice) – lumped - Order Mallophaga (chewing lice) – old - Order Anoplura (sucking lice) 2. Splitters – taxonomy that splits/separates orders into other specific orders. Department of Pest Example: Order Mantodea (mantis) – split Order Blattodea (cockroaches) – split Management College of Order Orthoptera (grasshoppers, mantis, cockroaches) Agriculture and Food Sciences  Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Coleoptera Family: Scarabaeidae Genus: Oryctes Species: rhinoceros Scientific Name: Oryctes rhinoceros L. Common Name: Rhinoceros beetle/ coconut rhinoceros beetle  Class Insecta: (The Insects) Subclass: Apterygota Subclass: Pterygota Division: Exopterygota (external winged forms) Division: Endopterygota (internal winged forms) Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Hexapods Phylogeny Diplura (two-pronged bristletails) Class Entognatha Protura (coneheads) Subphylum Hexapoda Collembola (springtails) Department of Pest Class Insecta (insects) Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Class Insecta Phylogeny Archaeognatha (bristletails) – Apterygota Insecta Zygentoma (Old: Thysanura) (silverfish) – Apterygota Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Department of Pterygota (winged insects) Odonata (dragon-/damselfly) Pest Management College of Neoptera (bug, beetle, wasp, etc.) Agriculture and Food Sciences  Neoptera Phylogeny Hemipteroids (bugs, thrips, lice) Endopterygota (beetle, wasps, moths, flies, etc.) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera (web-spinners) Phasmatodea (stick insects, leaf insects) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, etc.) Neoptera Notoptera (ice crawlers, gladiators, rock crawlers) Zoraptera (angel insects) Department of Pest Management Dictyoptera (Blattodea: cockroaches, termites, Mantodea: mantids) College of Agriculture and Dermaptera (earwigs) Food Sciences  Hemipteroids Phylogeny Psocodea (Phthiraptera: lice and Psocoptera: booklice) Hemipteroids Thysanoptera (thrips) Hemiptera (bug, cicadas, whiteflies, aphids, etc.) Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Endopterygota Phylogeny Megaloptera (dobsonflies, alderflies, etc.) Raphidioptera (snakeflies) Neuroptera (lacewings, antlions, owlflies, etc.) Coleoptera (beetles and weevils) Strepsiptera (twisted-wing endoparasites) Endopterygota Diptera (true flies, mosquitoes, etc.) Mecoptera (scorpionflies, hangingflies) Siphonaptera (fleas) Department of Trichoptera (caddisflies) Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences Lepidoptera (moths, butterflies, skippers) Hymenoptera (wasps, ants, bees and sawflies)  Apterygota: Order Zygentoma Links between “zygón“: meaning yoke or bridge Apterygota and “entoma”: insects Pterygota! Old Name: Thysanura – “thysano” or fringed and “ura” or tail Recognized by their feelers and cerci. Known for their swift movement Department of Pest Management Domestic problem when feeding on starchy material College of Agriculture and Degrade cellulose: can be natural bioreactors for biofuel production Food Sciences https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygentoma#Research_for_biofuel_production  Apterygota: Order Zygentoma Department of Firebrat, Thermobia domestica and lateral aspect of a silverfish, Ctenolepisma longicaudata Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Apterygota: Order Zygentoma Economic importance: May cause extensive damage to household goods e.g., wallpaper paste, book bindings, starch sizing of some textiles, cardboard and other paper products Some are scavengers surviving on a wide range of food but seem to prefer algae, lichens, or starchy vegetable matter Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Palaeoptera Order Ephemeroptera derived from “ephemera” – short-lived “ptera” – wings In reference to the short lifespan of most adult mayflies Example: Mayflies Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Palaeoptera Order Ephemeroptera Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfly  Pterygota: Palaeoptera Order Ephemeroptera Economic importance: Naiads are ecological indicators of good water quality Important source of food for fishes and other aquatic wildlife Mass emergence in summer is often regarded as major nuisance Mostly herbivores; a few are predaceous Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Palaeoptera Order Odonata odṓn (Ionic form of odoús): means tooth Having very big compound eyes General feeders and considered as predators in the field. Examples: üZygoptera: damselflies üAnisoptera: true dragonflies The largest known insect is the fossil dragonfly Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Meganeura monyi, which had a wingspan of approximately 30cm. Food Sciences https://www.amentsoc.org/insects/fact-files/orders/odonata.html  Pterygota: Palaeoptera Order Odonata Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences Damselfly Dragonfly https://www.amentsoc.org/insects/fact-files/orders/odonata.html  Pterygota: Palaeoptera Order Odonata Economic importance Mostly predators of small insects (mosquitoes) Regarded as pests by beekeepers (feed on honeybees) Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences https://www.amentsoc.org/insects/fact-files/orders/odonata.html  Pterygota: Neoptera Order Phasmatodea “phasm”: meaning phantom → referring to the cryptic appearance and behavior of this insect Antennae long, slender Mouthparts mandibulate, prognathous Prothorax is shorter than meso- or metathorax Wings often reduced or absent Department of Pest They are commonly kept as pets and are famous for their superb camouflage (crypsis) Management College of Agriculture and resemble leaves, grasses or twigs, damaged leaves Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera Order Phasmatodea Economic importance: Some species are defoliators of forest trees and cause economic losses Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera Order Orthoptera “orthos”: meaning straight “pteron”: meaning wing Presence of tegmin (a parchment-like material) in the forewing. Hind wing is a membranous type. With prominent pronotal segment Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera Order Orthoptera grasshoppers, locusts crickets and close and close relatives relatives Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera Order Orthoptera Economic importance Associated with agriculture being both minor and major pests as defoliators One of the largest and most important groups of plant- feeding insects Few species are predatory Department of The red-legged grasshopper (Melanoplus femurrubrum) is both a crop pest and intermediate host of tapeworm Pest Management (Choanotaenia infundibulum) that infests poultry College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera: Order Blattodea Derived from the word “blatta” meaning cockroach Antennae slender, setaceous and moniliform Legs adapted for running (cursorial) and walking (gressorial) Front wings thickened (tegmina), hind wings membranous, pleated (termites: alate and wingless) Common species: Department of Pest Management üAmerican cockroach (Periplaneta americana) College of Agriculture and üGerman cockroach (Blattella germanica) Food Sciences üOriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis) üTermites (Coptotermes spp.) https://www.amentsoc.org/insects/fact-files/antennae.html#:~:text=much%20between%20them.- ,Filiform%20antennae,Illustration%20of%20filiform%20antennae.&text=Setaceous%20%2D%20There% 20are%20many%20joints,%2C%20Mayflies%2C%20Stoneflies%20and%20Caddisflies.  Pterygota: Neoptera: Order Blattodea Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and American Cockroach, German Cockroach, Oriental Cockroach and Coptotermes Termites Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera: Order Blattodea Economic importance: ü99% live in wild (no economic importance) üFew species in human dwellings throughout the world üNocturnal: forage for food and water and contaminate it with their smelly excreta. üEat book labels and bindings, and may carry a variety of human pathogens Department of üDead cockroaches and their feces are important sources Pest Management of household “dander” that becomes air-borne and provokes respiratory allergies in sensitive people College of Agriculture and Food Sciences üUseful as research tools (insect physiology and toxicology)  Pterygota: Neoptera: Order Mantodea The only insect that can turn head from side to side without moving any other part of the body Head triangular with well-developed compound eyes Prothorax elongate with large, spiny front legs adapted for catching prey (raptatorial forelegs) Front wings thickened, more slender than hind legs Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences Cerci short, multi-segmented  Pterygota: Neoptera: Order Mantodea Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera: Order Mantodea Economic importance üGenerally considered highly beneficial insects üCannibalistic and may also feed on other beneficial insects üThus, their value as biocontrol agents is probably rather limited Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera Order Dermaptera With tegmen-like forewing, folded to appear a short one with hindwing neatly folded. Having a forcep-like cerci at the tip of the abdomen Predator (i.e., corn borer) Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera Order Dermaptera Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera Order Dermaptera Economic importance üFew species are predatory (Chelisoches morio) üMostly scavengers or herbivores üExample: few species may damage blossoms of ornamental plants; European earwig Furficula auricularia causes economic losses in fruits and vegetable crops in the U.S. Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera Order Dermaptera Department of Pest Management College of The common earwig (Forficula auricularia) A male of Forficula auricularia feeding on Agriculture and Food Sciences attacking a stemborer. Photo: Dr Annemie Erasmus flowers  Pterygota: Neoptera: Hemipteroids: Order Phthiraptera The name Phthiraptera is derived from the Greek "phthir"meaning lice and "aptera" meaning wingless. permanent, obligate ectoparasites of birds and mammals wingless, blind, parasitic insects and highly host specific Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera: Hemipteroids: Order Phthiraptera Suborders: 1. Anoplura: sucking lice, occurring on mammals exclusively Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences Head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) Crab louse (Pthirus pubis) Body louse https://www.amentsoc.org/insects/fact-files/orders/phthiraptera.html  Pterygota: Neoptera: Hemipteroids: Order Phthiraptera Suborders: 2. Rhynchophthirina: ectoparasites of elephants and warthogs Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences Ectoparasitic louse (Haematomyzus elephantis)of Asian elephant https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louse  Pterygota: Neoptera: Hemipteroids: Order Phthiraptera Suborders: 3. Ischnocera: mostly avian chewing lice, however, one family parasitizes mammals Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences Species of chewing louse found only on owls https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louse Pterygota: Neoptera: Hemipteroids: Order Phthiraptera Suborders: 4. Amblycera: a primitive suborder of chewing lice, widespread on birds, however, they also live on South American and Australian mammals Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences Ricinus bombycillae (Denny, 1842) from Bohemian waxwing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louse  Pterygota: Neoptera: Hemipteroids: Order Phthiraptera Economic importance: üAs ectoparasites of humans and domestic animals üAs agents of spread of diseases in humans and domestic animals a. Pediculosis – skin irritation, allergic reactions b. Human body louse spreads relapsing fever, epidemic Department of typhus, trench fever Pest Management College of c. Transmit diseases in domestic animals Agriculture and Food Sciences https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louse  Pterygota: Neoptera: Hemipteroids: Order Thysanoptera “thysanos”: fringe and “pteron”: wing Smallest winged insects. Presence of two pairs of fringed wings Has a rasping-sucking type of mouthparts Thrips are also known as ‘thunder flies’ Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera: Hemipteroids: Order Thysanoptera Frankliniella occidentalis – western flower thrips The onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera: Hemipteroids: Order Thysanoptera Economic importance: üDestructive pests of grain crops, fruits, vegetables and ornamentals üFeeding results in plant deformities, scarring and loss of yield üTransmit plant pathogens Department of Pest üSome species are predatory on mites and other small insects Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera: Hemipteroids: Order Hemiptera Sucking and piercing mouthparts = rostrum Plant sap feeders Location of the rostrums is important for distinguishing the suborders Shield bugs and other true bugs, cicadas, plant hoppers, leaf hoppers, aphids, whiteflies, psyllids, scale insects Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera: Hemipteroids: Order Hemiptera Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera: Hemipteroids: Order Hemiptera Economic importance: üImportant pests of many crops üSome species feed on blood and transmit human diseases (e.g. Chagas disease transmitted to humans by conenose bug, Triatoma sp. Family Reduviidae); bed bugs have little evidence as vectors üEctoparasites of birds and mammals including Department of humans (bed bug, Family Cimicidae and bat bug, Family Polyctenidae) Pest Management College of üSome are predatory Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera: Endopterygota: Order Neuroptera Net-winged insects Lacewings have 2 pairs of wings extensive branching of venation; cross veins abundant especially along leading edge (costal margin) All members are predators Chewing mouthparts Department of Pest Management With prominent antennae compared to Odonata. Examples: lacewings, antlions, mantidflies College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera: Endopterygota: Order Neuroptera Department of Lacewing Antlion Mantidfly Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera: Endopterygota: Order Neuroptera Economic importance: Lacewings are predators of agricultural pests (aphids, whiteflies and scale insects) Antlion larvae live in soil and construct pitfall traps to snare prey Non-predatory species usually feed on nectar, pollen, and honeydew. Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera: Endopterygota: Order Coleoptera “koleos”: sheath, and “pteron”: wing With the largest number of insect species Hardened forewings called Elytra (right and left separated by a line) otherwise it is not Coleoptera Larvae – called grub Department of Species rich insect order Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera: Endopterygota: Order Coleoptera Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera: Endopterygota: Order Coleoptera Economic importance: üMajor pests of agricultural plants and stored products including wood üScavengers and wood boring beetles are useful as decomposers üPredatory species such as ladybird beetles are important Department of biocon agents of aphids and scale insects Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera: Endopterygota: Order Diptera Derived from ‘diplos’ or ‘di’ – two With two membranous wings and halteres used for balancing. Strong fliers Some are pests while some are predators such as Syrphid fly and Tachinid fly Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera: Endopterygota: Order Diptera Haltere – modified hindwing of dipterans (knob-like) for balancing during flight Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera: Endopterygota: Order Diptera Predatory Robber fly Hover fly Parasitic tachinid fly Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences Tsetse fly Fruit fly House fly  Pterygota: Neoptera: Endopterygota: Order Diptera Economic importance: üPredatory üBlood suckers üSome are well-known human disease transmitting agents üCrop pests § Fruit flies Department of Pest Management § Leaf miners College of Agriculture and Food Sciences § Stem flies § Root maggots  Pterygota: Neoptera: Endopterygota: Order Siphonaptera Derived from ‘siphon’ – hallow tube (wingless) The only insects which are laterally compress, holometabolous Mouthparts haustellate, Large bristles often present on head and thorax Department of Hind femur enlarged, adapted for jumping Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera: Endopterygota: Order Siphonaptera Department of Oriental rat flea Female cat flea Dog flea Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera: Endopterygota: Order Siphonaptera Economic importance: Ectoparasites of mammals May transmit pathogens that cause disease in humans and animals Cat and dog fleas are intermediate hosts for tapeworm that infects dogs, cats and humans Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera: Endopterygota: Order Lepidoptera Derived from “lepidos” – scales Presence of four membranous scaly wings Some are nocturnal and some are diurnal Butterflies (clavate/big wings/slender body/wings normally held upwards or spread perpendicular) Moths (with different types of antenna except clavate/bigger bodies relative to the wings/wings held Department of Pest Management towards the body) Skippers (clavate but slightly curve at the tip/wings College of Agriculture and Food Sciences held 45 degree angle).  Pterygota: Neoptera: Endopterygota: Order Lepidoptera Department of Pest Management Moth Butterfly Skipper College of Agriculture and Food Sciences Small skipper: https://butterfly-conservation.org/butterflies/small-skipper Magellan birdwing butterfly: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Philippines#/media/File:Magellana.jpg  Pterygota: Neoptera: Endopterygota: Order Lepidoptera Economic importance: üLarvae are destructive to agricultural crops and forest trees üMany adults are valued for their beauty üA few are useful in commerce (e.g., silkworm, Bombyx mori) Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera: Endopterygota: Order Hymenoptera Derived from ‘hymeno’ or ‘hymen’ – membrane With 4 membranous wings (bigger forewings than hindwings) As a group, the most beneficial group among insect groups. Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Pterygota: Neoptera: Endopterygota: Order Hymenoptera Sawfly Bee Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences Wasps Ants  Pterygota: Neoptera: Endopterygota: Order Hymenoptera Economic importance: üSome species are regarded as pests (sawflies, gall wasps and some ants) üMost members are extremely beneficial either as natural enemies of insects pests or as pollinators of flowering plants Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences  Thank you! Department of Pest Management College of Agriculture and Food Sciences