Insect Orders PDF

INSECT z ORDERS CHAPTER 4: LESSON 5 RECOGNIZING INSECT ORDER z  Insect Order – groups of insects with common descent that are similar in body structure, type of wings, type of mouthparts and to some extent, in habits. TAXONOMY AND ORGANISM CLASSIFICATION z TAXONOMIC HIERAR...

INSECT z ORDERS CHAPTER 4: LESSON 5 RECOGNIZING INSECT ORDER z  Insect Order – groups of insects with common descent that are similar in body structure, type of wings, type of mouthparts and to some extent, in habits. TAXONOMY AND ORGANISM CLASSIFICATION z TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY z Eukarya Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Hymenoptera Apidae Apis mellifera Apis “Binomial nomenclature” Mellifera (genus + species)  z INSECTA APTERYGOTA PTERYGOTA (wingless) (winged) 28-30 orders Archeognatha Zygentoma (bristletails) (Silverfish)  z INSECT ORDERS Archaeognatha Zygentoma Plecoptera Blattodea Lepidoptera Psocoptera Coleoptera Mantophasmatodea Pthiraptera Dermaptera Mantodea Raphidioptera Diptera Mecoptera Siphonaptera Embioptera Megaloptera Strepsiptera Ephemeroptera Neuroptera Thysanoptera Grylloblattodea Odonata Trichoptera Hemiptera Orthoptera Zoraptera Hymenoptera Phasmatodea  z Archeognatha (MICROCORYPHIA) - “small head”  Mouthpart: Chewing  Wingless  Most species are found in moist soil, but some can be  Have large eyes that don’t found in drier climates. meet at the top of the head  Their food consists mainly of decaying organic matter,  Can jump as far as 12 mosses, lichens or algae. inches into the air by using their tail Bristletails Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology  z Zygentoma Silver fish, firebrats  Mouthpart: Chewing  Found in moist  Wingless locations around houses or under  Long antennae stones.  Three thread-like  Nocturnal filaments at the tip of the abdomen. Silverfish Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology  z Blattodea “insect avoiding  light” Mouthpart: Chewing  Cursorial (adapted to running)  Cockroaches are somewhat and move rapidly general feeders; but prefer  Flattened bodies and a head materials high in fats and concealed from above by the starches. pronotum.  nocturnal  They deposit their eggs in a capsule called OOTHECA.  They have 2 pairs of wings (forewings are leathery while Cockroaches hindwings are membranous) Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology1 z BLATTIDAE BLATTELLIDAE (=ECTOBIIDAE) Periplaneta americana Blatella germanica American cockroach German cockroach  z Previously: Isoptera now under BLATTODEA “equal wings”  Mouthparts: Chewing  Have bead-like antennae (moniliform)  Termites are important  Wings are either absent or present decomposers of (membranous wings similar in size, shape & pattern) wood in the ecosystem.  Live in colonies  Workers are small, soft-bodied, yellowish or Termites whitish insects that live in colonies in wood. Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology  z Coleoptera “Hard wings”  Largest insect order  Mouthparts: Chewing  Immature stages are grub-like or worm-like & the insects pass  With hardened forewings through a pupal stage before (elytra) and membranous becoming adults. hind wings which are  Some feed on plants, some are folded under the front predaceous, scavengers and wings when at rest. some bore in wood.  Most members are terrestrial, Beetles but some are aquatic Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology z coleopterans COCCINELLIDAE CARABIDAE Lady bird beetles (Lady bug) Tiger beetles (Ground beetles)  z Dermaptera “Leathery wings”  Earwigs are usually  Mouthparts: Chewing found hiding under  Medium-sized elongated leaves, boards or in insects cracks outdoors during the day.  With or without 2 pairs of wings. The forewing is  Earwigs can be short, leaving the destructive in green abdomen exposed. houses.  The hind wings are folded  They release a bad- under forewings and are smelling substance Earwigs when disturbed. semi-circular. Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology  z Diptera “two wings”  Includes forms that are parasitic,  Mouthparts: Haustellate in adults (modified predaceous & other forms that for biting/sucking or licking/sponging) or live on either living or dead plant mandibulate or animal material.  Usually winged, but have only one pair of  Some cause significant damage wings with few veins. on crops while others can act as  Hind wings are represented by a pair of pollinators. slender, knobbed structures called halteres that helps in balancing and improving their  Many harmful flies, such as flight. mosquitoes, spread diseases. Flies  Maggots - larvae Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology z MUSCIDAE CULICIDAE Musca domestica Aedes aegypti Common housefly Mosquito  z Embioptera  Embiids have the ability to spin galleries of silk with their legs.  Mouthpart: Chewing  They feed entirely on vegetables such  Winged females and with or as lichens, moss, barks and dead wingless males leaves.  Filiform antennae, 12-32 segmented  Compound eyes often large in males, always small in females Web-spinners, foot  With distinct, enlarged fore spinners, embiids tarsi Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology  z Ephemeroptera “living for a day” Ephemeroptera, which translates to “short-lived  Mouthpart: Chewing  Immature mayflies (subimago) are  Delicate insects with two pairs of aquatic and have chewing mouthparts. triangular shaped wings with many veins; the forewing is large, and  Adults are common around water hindwing is small and are important fish food.  It has long front legs  Adult mayflies live only for one or  With two or three long, tail-like two days. Mayflies appendages  They do not feed during their adult  Adults have reduced mouthparts and do life; their purpose is to mate and lay not feed. eggs for future generations. Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology  z Grylloblattodea (Latin, gryll = cricket) and cockroaches (Latin, blatt = cockroaches) “gryllids + blattids”  Mouthpart: Chewing  Generally found in cold, wet locations, often at relatively high  Elongated body with flattened head altitudes, under stones, in rotting  Compound eyes reduced or logs or lead litter of cool temperate absent forests, etc.  Wingless  They favor low temperatures (optimally around 4ºC) & go  Abdomen with long, segmented underground during warmer months. cerci  Typically predaceous, eating a Rock crawlers, ice  Similar thoracic segments variety of other insects, dead or crawlers  Legs are similar in structure, each alive, but also ingest some plant with a large coxa material. Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology  z Hemiptera “Half wings” SUBORDERS: HOMOPTERA  Found in plants and animals or in  Mouthparts: piercing- terrestrial bugs water. sucking  Some cause considerable plant  Prominent V-shaped area HETEROPTERA damage by their feeding. (scutellum) behind head, aquatic bugs between the folded wings  Some are beneficial because they  Well-developed compound prey on other insects eyes Bugs, aphids, scales, whiteflies Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology  z Hymenoptera “Membrane wings”  Mouthparts: piercing-  Some are predaceous, sucking parasitic, some cause  Membranous wings plant galls and some  The forewings are larger than feed on plant foliage. the hindwings. Some species  The abdomen in the are wingless. females are usually  The furnished with a stinger. body is usually constricted greatly between Bees, Wasps, Ants the abdomen and thorax. Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology  z Lepidoptera “Scaly wings”  Mouthparts: Siphoning for  Contains some of the most adults and chewing in larvae important pest such as the  With four well-developed wings codling moth, armyworm, covered with scales which clothes moth and gives them their colorful wings cabbageworm.  It has tube-like mouthparts  Most of the caterpillars feed called proboscis which is used on leaves of plants, while for sucking (coiled when not in others bore in plant stems use) and fruit.  Larvae – caterpillars, cutworms Butterflies and moths or hornworms Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology  z Mantophasmatodea “Heel-walkers or Gladiators”  Smallest order of insects  Mouthpart : Chewing  Fewer than 8 species are known and  Nocturnal predators two of these are based on  Antennae (slender & filiform) specimens preserved in Baltic amber  Cylindrical (40-45M yrs old)  Gladiator was chosen as common  Short one-segmented cerci name because of their physical Gladiators/Heelwalkers/ similarity to armoured fighters Mantophasmids Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology  z Mantodea “mantis” “like a prophet”  Mantids are predaceous  Mouthparts: Chewing on a large variety of  Large, elongate and slow- insects. moving insects  They are known as  Its front legs are greatly biological control agents. modified for grasping prey.  However, they do not  Wings (if present) are distinguish between useful leathery and cover the and destructive species, but Mantis/Praying mantis abdomen feed on any prey that come near. Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology z MANTIDAE Mantis religiosa European praying mantis  z Mecoptera “long wings” from the Greek: mecos = "long", ptera = "wings  Mouthparts: Chewing  Harmless insects that are found resting on plants that grow along  With four long, narrow wings the banks of streams and in and long antennae damp woods  With a broad, long snout which  Larvae are like caterpillars and is two or three times as long as live in damp soil the width of the head  Adults feed on dead and dying Scorpion flies insects, rotting fruit and nectar Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology  z Megaloptera from the Greek: megalo = “large", ptera = "wings  Mouthparts: Chewing  Adults – have two pairs of wings  All are aquatic and with a branching pattern of predaceous. They have a venation, the hind wings are rather high tolerance for usually larger than the front wings polluted water. and broader at their base.  Adults of many species do  Conspicuous mandibles are not feed. present in adults (especially males) of some species, including the Alderflies, dobsonflies dobsonflies. Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology  z Neuroptera “net-winged insects”  Mouthparts: Chewing  Immature stages are  Fragile insects with two pairs of predaceous. Lacewings and their immature forms, known as similar-sized membranous aphid lions, are the most wings with a complex, net-like common insects in this order, pattern of venation. and both adults and larvae  Chewing mouthparts occur in feed on aphids. adults, but some larval  They are considered beneficial mouthparts are modified for because they feed on other piercing and sucking insects. Lacewings, antlions Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology  z Odonata “toothed flies” SUBORDERS  Both adult & immature stages : develop as predators of other  Mouthpart: Chewing (serrated) ANISOPTERA insects. (dragonflies)  Elongated body with narrow abdomen  The nymphs (naiads) are found in water and possess a unique,  Large eyes, which may cover much of the head extensible mouthpart that can ZYGOPTERA rapidly extend forward to grab prey. (damselflies)  Elongated wings that are highly veined  Adults are excellent fliers that Dragonflies &  Zygoptera : wings equal / paired- capture other insects in flight. damselflies wings  Anisoptera : unequal wings (hind Common Name: Keywider Characteristics Biology wings than forewings)  z Orthoptera “straight wings” SUBORDERS:  Mouthpart: Chewing  Caelifera : diurnal CAELIFERA: short-horned  They have enlarged hind legs which  Ensifera : nocturnal enables them to jump.  Nymphs resemble adults ENSIFERA:  With PRONOTUM, the region behind long-horned the head which is large and saddle-  Adults in several groups feed on shaped foliage of plants (Phytophagous)  Have 2 pairs of wings (forewing –  Adults in several groups in this leathery) order never develop wings such Grasshoppers, Locusts  The ability to sing is a fascinating as cave crickets. Crickets and Katydids feature of orthopteran insects Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology  z Phasmatodea “Phasmids” “ghost insects”  Mouthparts: Chewing  Elongated bodies  Walking sticks are slow moving  Wings are reduced or absent and are generally found on trees or shrubs.  Prothorax is shorter than mesothorax or metathorax  They feed on foliage.  Camouflage - They mimic  Some tropical forms are winged vegetation most likely as an anti- and are called leaf insects. Walking insects & Leaf predator response insects Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology  z Plecoptera “folded wings” from the Greek “pleco” meaning folded and “ptera” meaning wing  Mouthpart: Chewing  Large, soft-bodied insects that are from ½ inch to 2inches long  Aquatic nymphs live under stones in  Have four wings that fold flat over rapidly running streams. the back  Adults are found on stones or plants  Antennae are long near streams and are attracted to lights.  Have two long, tail-like Stoneflies appendages at the tip of the abdomen Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology  z Psocoptera “rubbed wings” from the Greek “psokos” meaning rubbed or gnawed and “ptera” meaning wings “winged insects that gnaw”  Mouthparts: Chewing  Booklice are found around old books & in damp, dark rooms.  Large mobile head with long filiform antennae and prominent  Most live out-of-doors and are found compound eyes resting in soil litter, around vegetation or on stones, logs and fences.  They are microscopic to ¼ inch in size  Some booklice feed on stored grains while others are library pests  With either four wings or none at Booklice, Barklice, all Psocids Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology  z Phthiraptera “biting and sucking lice” From the Greek “phthir” meaning lice and “aptera” meaning wingless SUBORDERS:  Mouthparts: Chewing (Suborder MALLOPHAGA Mallophaga), Sucking (Suborder  Important pest of domestic biting lice Anoplura) birds and animals.  Dorsoventrally flattened body  The human body louse has ANOPLURA been responsible for millions sucking lice  Wingless of human deaths through the  Legs, particularly forelegs, designed centuries because it spreads to grasp hair or feathers the organism causing epidemic typhus.  Ectoparasites or external parasites Lice Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology  z PEDICULIDAE PEDICULIDAE PHTIRIDAE Pediculus humanus humanus Pediculus humanus capitis Pthirus pubis Body louse Head louse Crab louse/Pubic louse  z Raphidioptera  Members of this order which  Mouthparts: Chewing comprises about 175 described species are found only in the  Large insects similar to Megaloptera but Northern Hemisphere. distinguished by elongated “neck”  They are diurnal and may be  Bulging compound eyes found on flowers, foliage, or tree  Elongated antennae trunks where they prey on soft- bodied insects. Snakeflies Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology  z Siphonaptera from the Greek words “siphon” meaning a tube or pipe and “aptera” meaning wingless.  Mouthparts: Piercing-Sucking  Pests of domestic animals and  Small and wingless humans.  Flattened body from side to side  These insects sucks blood only  With jumping hind legs as adults & females must have blood meal before they can  With spines on the body which allows reproduce. them to move through the hair of an animal easily. Fleas Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology  z Strepsiptera “twisted-wing”  Fore wings reduced and hind  Larvae form females never wings are well developed leave the body of its host  Males has fan-shaped hind  Live as parasites of bees, wings and club-shaped front wasps, grasshoppers, wings leafhoppers and other members of the order  Antennae are often branched Hemiptera (Flabellate)  Larvae = planidia Twisted-wing parasites/Styloids Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology  Thysanoptera z “fringe wing”  Some feeds on plants,  Mouthparts: rasping - sucking others prey on small  Wings are narrow, strap-like and arthropods or their eggs. deeply fringed.  Those that feed on plants  Elongated body are frequently injurious in  Tiny insects about 1/6 inch long greenhouses or vegetable crops or cotton Thrips Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology z Thrips palmi Frankliniella intonsa Vector of Tomato Spotted Wilt Disease  z Trichoptera  Adults are common around  Mouthpart: Non-functional: streams. Adults do not feed Vestigial and have reduced, non-  Soft-bodied with long antennae functional mouthparts.  Two pairs of hairy wings  Larvae are scavengers, which are folded like tent over herbivores or predators with their body. chewing mouthparts, & their Caddisflies presence or absence can be an indicator of water quality. Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology  z Zoraptera from the Greek “zor” meaning pure and “aptera” meaning wingless  Mouthparts: Chewing  Species are found in rotting logs, sawdust piles, humus,  Minute insects with or without termites’ nests, etc., where wings, with greatly reduced they appear to feed on fungal venation spores and minute  Head with 9-segmented arthropods. moniliform antennae Angel insects Common Name: Key Characteristics Biology Four largest Insect Orders z Coleoptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Diptera  z TAKE HOME ACTIVITY I. Identify the order and type of metamorphosis of each insect (20pts) INSECT ORDER METAMORPHOSIS Bristletails Cockroach Cabbage butterfly Dog fleas grasshopper Hair lice Houseflies Honey bee Lacewings Lady bird beetle  z II.Choose an insect aside from butterfly that exhibits complete metamorphosis and draw its life cycle and label each stages (20pts)