Photosynthesis Reviewer Midterms PDF

PHOTOSYNTHESIS  HATCH AND SLACK PATHWAY (C4) -Narrow and efficient in hot weather. CHEMICAL EQUATION: + -Maize, sugarcane +...

PHOTOSYNTHESIS  HATCH AND SLACK PATHWAY (C4) -Narrow and efficient in hot weather. CHEMICAL EQUATION: + -Maize, sugarcane + +  CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM + → +. (CAM) -Thich, store water and may have waxy  The process in which green plants coat to minimize water loss. Open manufacture food using carbon dioxide, stomata water, and chlorophyll in the presence -Aloe vera, Pineapple of sunlight to make glucose and oxygen  Uses sunlight that absorbs energy RESPIRATION  XYLEM water up the plant (moves water CHEMICAL EQUATION: + from roots to the rest of the plant) ≫ + +  PHLOEM food around the plant (uses + → + tubes from leaves to the rest of the  Involves using sugar produced during plant) photosynthesis plus ovygen to produce  PHLOEM VESSELS in charge for energy for plant growth and other transport and distribution of organic process nutrients (glucose/energy)  Takes place in chloroplast  NUCLEUS it holds the cell’s DNA that  AEROBIC RESPIRATION: gives instructions for making proteins -Aerobic respiration occurs with oxygen and other important molecule and releases more energy but more  CHLOROPLAST where photosynthesis slowly happens. Captures sunlight and turn -Supplies energy needed for growth and into food for plant. This is where maintenance of plants chlorophyll is stored -Provides skeletons for synthesis  CHLOROPHYLL absorbs light -Amino acids for proteins  STOMATA pore found in epidemys of -Nucleotides for nucleic acid leaves, stems and other organs. It also  ANAROBIC RESPIRATION contols the gas exchange between -occurs without oxygen and releases internal air spaces. Realising of oxygen less energy but more quickly.  GLUCOSE are made in from carbon dioxide and water 3 STAGES  ATP (SPECIAL MOLECULE) breakdown of  GLYCOLYSIS takes place in cytoplasm glucose and oxygen (use for activity of and does not require oxygen and plants). Storage of energy as it provides considered anaerobic. Glucose is energy to plants converted into pyruvate  REACTANTS= Water and Carbon Dioxide -NADH is the co-enzyme and has ability  CO2 FIXATION THREE PATHWAYS to transfer electrons useful for making  CALVIN BENSON CYCLE (C3) more ATP -electron carrier -Broad, flat has more complex vain.  THYLAKOID a membrane bound -Taken CO2 during day (cooler, wetter structure in chloroplast where light areas) open stomata dependent reactions of photosynthesis -Wheat, rice, soybean, spinach, etc.  occur that contains chlorophyll are  2 GROUPS: arranged in stacks called grand  OXYGEN final electron acceptor  MACRONUTRIENTS need in larger quantities (nitrogen, phosphorus,  ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND potassium, calcium, magnesium, and CHEMIOSMOSIS sulfur.) They are essential for growth and development. -Located in inner mitochondrial -Require oxygen for aerobic step  MICRONUTRIENTS needed in smaller -Electrons from NADH and FADH2 pump amounts but are still crucial for plant protons into the intermembrane space, health ( iron, manganese, zinc, copper, creating more ATP molybdenum, boron, and chlorine.) They help with processes like enzyme  TRANSLOCATION is the movement of function and photosynthesis. substances from one part of plant to the next  ABSORTION: Nutrients up by roots from  2 TRANSPORT TISSUE: soil through root. Nutrients can be  Xylem upward and no end walls (one influenced by soil PH, moisture level direction only) and other ions  Phloem upward and downward and has cell wall made of glucose  3 DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:  TRANSPIRATON evaporation of water  NITROGEN DEFICIENCY is the yellowing from leaves of plant via stomata of older leaves  STOMATA small opening on plant leaf  PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCY is stunted that allows oxygen and carbon dioxide growth (didn’t reach height/size) dark in and out green, or purplish leaves  TRANSLOCATION AND PARTITIONING  POTASSIUM DEFICIENCY leaf edges may scorch and turn yellow  TRANSLOCATION refers to the movement of substances, like protons  FERTILIZATION supply necessary or electrons, across membranes to help nutrients from soil generate energy, especially ATP. It occurs at special tissue called phloem  GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT process  PARTITIONING – In respiration, needs for physical increase in size partitioning means dividing or separating different substances in a cell  GROWTH increase of size or mass of a to help with energy production. plant  MINERAL NUTRITION -PRIMARY GROWTH stems and roots allowing to grow taller and deeper  -SECONDARY GROWTH thickening of -TIGMONASTRY response to touch/ stems and roots/ woody plants physical stimulation  MEASUREMENT can be measured the EXAMPLE: Mimosa pudica (makahiya) height, leaf area, etc.  MECHANISM MOVEMENT  FACTORS INFLUENCING GROWTH -GROWTH MOVEMENT some parts of -ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS light, plant grow faster than others causing temperature, water, and soil nutrients bendings -HORMONES plays crucial role in -TURGOR PRESSURE can cause rapid regulating growth process movement (leaf folding/flower closing)  GROWTH increasing size, mass, while development encompasses the  CROP ADAPTATION refers to changes complete life cycle and progression and strategies that crops undergo to thorugh dif. Stages survive and thrive in dif. environment condition  PEST AND DISEASE RESISTANCE crops  PLANT MOVEMENT are bred for resistance to pest and disease  2 TYPES OF PLANT MOVEMENT:  MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES adjustment to growth patterns (height)  TROPICAL MOVEMENT: Directional  PHENOLOGICAL CHANGES timing movement adjustment such as early flowering -PHOTOTROPISM growth toward like (sunflower) turns to maximize light  IMPORTANCE: exposure -GRAVITROPISM growth response to -FOOD SECURITY ensures crop yields gravity under varying conditions -ROOT grow downward (POSITIVE) -SUSTAINABILITY ensures resources because roots grow toward gravity. This efficiency and reduces environmentsl helps them anchor the plant and access impact water and nutrients in the soil. -RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE -STEMS upward (NEGATIVE) maintains agriculture productivity because stems grow away from gravity. despite changing weather patterns This allows them to reach for sunlight, which is essential for photosynthesis. -THIGMOTROPISM response to touch. Climbing plants like veins, wrap around support and makahiya  NASTIC MOVEMENT :non-directional movement -NYCRINASTY day-night cycle (some flowers close at night and open in day)