Professional Conduct And Ethical Standards PDF

PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS PREOFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICS Plato (427-327 BCE) – he explored ethics through his PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT – the set of attitudes, behaviors, philosophical works, emphasizing ideals such as ju...

PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS PREOFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICS Plato (427-327 BCE) – he explored ethics through his PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT – the set of attitudes, behaviors, philosophical works, emphasizing ideals such as justice and characteristics deemed desirable in members of a and the role of reason in ethical life. profession. It defines the profession and its relationship to its Aristotle (384-322 BCE) – Aristotle's "Nichomachean members and to society. Ethics" introduced the concept of virtue ethics, focusing on achieving moral excellence and the "golden mean" ETHICS – is a branch of philosophy which studies the principles between excess and deficiency. of right or wrong in human conduct. It comes from the Latin word "ethos" means customary, behavior, moral. The two words Latin Medieval Ethics "ethicus" and Greek "ethikos" have the same meaning which is St. Augustine (354-430) – his work integrated Christian customary. doctrine with Platonic thought. focusing on the role of – Broadly and simply mean as the study of how our decisions divine grace in achieving moral goodness. (actions and behaviors) affect other people. -It is also the Aquinas – Aquinas combined Aristotelian ethics with study of people’s rights and duties and of the rules that Christian theology, developing a framework of natural law people apply in making decisions. that emphasizes reason and divine order in moral – The result of the MAKADIYOS, MAKA-TAO, MAKA BAYAN reasoning. and MAKA-KALIKASAN attributes. Modern Ethics MORALS – pertaining to character and behavior from the point Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) – introduced deontological view of right and wrong. ethics, which emphasizes duty and adherence to – The judgment we make relating to societal principles of right universal moral laws, such as the Categorical Imperative. and wrong behavior. John Stuart Mill (1806-1073) – was a proponent of Utilitarianism, which evaluates actions based on their MORALS ETHICS consequences and the principle of maximizing overall – refers to – customary – study of moral conducts happiness. human behavior and principles conduct itself – right and – guide a person’s CATEGORIES OF ETHICAL THEORIES – morals refer to wrong judgment concerning an individual’s conduct the morality of human 1. Normative Theory own principle acts Describe not only what ought to be done, but also why things – application of – rules provided by an should be done that in some instances may appear ethics external source: counterintuitive to what is considered as an ethical decision workplace or principles would be. Such a theory is often called an ethical system in religion because it provides a system that allows people to determine ethical actions that individuals should take. IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS 2. Meta-Ethics Theory 1. Indispensable Knowledge. This theory does not address how a person should behave; 2. Without moral perception, man is only an animal. rather, meta-ethics is related more to the study of the ethical 3. Without morality, man as rational being is a failure theory itself. Here the interest is in evaluating moral and ethical theories and systems. For example, moral relativism HISTORY OF ETHICS is a meta-ethical theory because it interprets discussions Ethics could have come into existence only when human beings around ethics; a question asked within moral relativism is "is started to reflect on the best way to live. The process of reflection ethics culturally relative?" It is further defining as "a discipline tended to arise from such customs, even if in the end it may have that investigates the meaning of ethical systems and whether found them wanting. they are relative or are universal, and are self-constructed or are independent of human creation. Ancient Ethics 3. Applied Ethics Theory Socrates (469-399 BCE) – he emphasized the It describes the application of normative theories to specific importance of seeking virtue and knowledge. His method issues, usually related to work or belonging to an involved questioning and dialogue to arrive moral truths. organization; for example, policies and procedures  of organizations or ethical codes of mafia versus ethical 4. CHASTITY – Respect the dignity of human sexuality by codes of police officers. Applied ethics is defined as "theories practicing chastity in marriage through sexual love that is of ethics concerned with the application of normative ethics romantic, procreative, exclusive and lasting, or if unmarried, to particular ethical issues. An example is knowing and by having no experience of sexual pleasure. practicing Philippine National Police Ethical Standards as a 5. RESPONSIBLE DOMINION OVER MATERIAL THINGS – police officer. should not be dominated by it (detachment) and should share it with his fellowmen bearing in mind that the material world ETHICS LAW is limited (scarce). – moral principles that – system of rules created 6. TRUTHFULNESS – Never telling what is not true (untruth) govern a person’s behavior and enforced by a because it destroys the foundation of social life which is or the conducting of an governing authority to based on mutual trust. activity. regulate behavior and maintain order in society. HUMAN ACT – This is referred to as the human activity of man as man by VALUES – a principle or quality that is intrinsically desirable. which he attains an end he wants to obtain. – These are the priorities that an individual gives to the – Human act does not refer to the animal acts of man. elements in his life and career-based on his ethics, morality, – Animal activities, which are called ACTS OF MAN are not and integrity. classified as human acts. – Human Acts are those acts of rationality of man. THE 6 CORE WORK VALUES – They are the free and conscious acts of a human being 1. INDUSTRIOUSNESS – what a person wants to, looks for, proper to man alone, emanating from deliberately and free keeps busy, and strives to work well. will. 2. SENSE OF RESPONSIBILITY – what a person does is PAUL J. GLENN defines human act as: "An act which dependent on him and he puts his will and intellect to his job proceeds from the deliberate free will of man" (creativity/initiative) and is held accountable for it. HUMAN ACT 3. ORDER (SENSE OF TIME) – prioritizes the use of time, – Are activities of man as animal. values his time, first things first. – These acts are not deliberately done, nor voluntary; they 4. COLLABORATION – fosters teamwork and solidarity for are performed without the free will of the agent. unity. – Example of these is beating of the heart, acts done during 5. DETERMINATION – a person possesses qualities of sleep or dream, sensations by the five sense organs, perseverance, patience and strength to cope with obstacles, seeing, eating, among others. difficulties and trials. SOCIAL NORMS – the perceived informal, mostly unwritten, 6. SERVICE – performing duties or work for another, a person rules that define acceptable and appropriate actions. within a or an institution that brings about benefits and/or results given group or community, thus guiding human behavior. THE 6 CORE MORAL VALUES o Shaking hands when greeting someone o Saying "please" and "thank you" 1. LOVE OF GOD – give God what is due Him and develop the o Apologizing when one makes a mistake moral virtue of religion through adoration, prayer and o Standing up when someone enters the room obedience. o Making eye contact during a conversation 2. RESPECT OF AUTHORITY – treat freedom with a sense of o Listening when someone is speaking self-determination and personal responsibility, and as a o Offering help when someone is struggling social being, exercise intelligently obedience. o Respecting personal space 3. SELFLESS LOVE OF AUTHORITY – respect human life, respect the human body, and learn to give, to give oneself, DEVIANCE – is a sociological concept referring to behaviors that and to love violate social rules and norms. People who have substance use disorders are often described as being socially deviant because they do not meet society's expectations for what is considered ISSUES WITH EARLY POLICING acceptable behavior. Police forces lacked integrity and professionalism Consisted of sheriffs, constables, magistrates, and night o Breaking into a neighbor's house. watchmen o Stealing candy from a local grocery store. Often easily bribed o Domestic violence. Night watchmen often civilians who either volunteered or o Drinking under the influence. were paid very little o Drug trafficking. Form of policing that was in place couldn’t handle the urban o Committing murder. growth. Need for new law enforcement policies and ideas POLICE ETHICS String need for professionalism POLICE – simply mean the public officials with the extraordinary powers of arrest who performs the direct police services of patrol, LONDON METROPOLITAN POLICE criminal investigation, and/or traffic control. Implemented the use of paid, professional, full-time officers Removed citizen watchmen ELEMENTS OF POLICE Known as London "bobbies" or "peelers" 1. Public Officials Patrolled regular beats 2. Extraordinary Power of arrest Wore uniforms 3. Direct police Services Paramilitary in structure and discipline Only hired the best candidates SIR ROBERT PEEL (Father of Law Enforcement) Required to be at least 5’7 – Sir Robert Peel entered the British Cabinet Office for the first Under 35 years of age time as Home Secretary (1822-1827), where he reformed BIBLICAL THOUGHTS BASED ON THESE PRINCIPLES and liberalized the criminal law and created modern police Romans 13:2-4, “Therefore whoever resists the authorities force, leading to a new type of officer known in tribute to him resists what God has appointed, and those who resist will as “bobbies” and “peelers”. incur judgment. For rulers ore not a terror to good conduct, – Sir Robert Peel was a firm believer in preventative policing but to bad. Would you have no fear of the one who is in as opposed to reactive policing authority? The do what is good, and you will receive his – Better to prevent crime than to wait for it to occur approval, for he is God's servant to your good. But if you do – More effective thon cleaning up the after effects of a crime wrong, be afraid, for he does not bear the sword in vain. For Early years he is the servant of God, an avenger who carries out God's – Born in Lancashire on February 5, 1788 wrath on the wrongdoer." – Grew up in a wealthy family – Son of a cotton manufacturer Goes about with Peel’s 3rd Principle – Schooled at Harrow and Oxford Proverbs 21:15, "When justice is done, it brings joy to the Gaining prominence righteous but terror to evildoers.” – Granted Parliamentary seat as soon as he was old enough to take it PRINCIPLES OF POLICING BY SIR ROBERT PEEL – Became very active in government 1) The basic mission for which police exist is to prevent – Appointed as Prime Minister, Home Secretary, Under crime and disorder as an alternative to the repression of Secretary of State for War and Colonies, Chief Secretary to crime and disorder by military force and severity of legal the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Leader of the House of punishment. Commons, Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Leader of the 2) The ability of the police to perform their duties is Conservative Party dependent upon public approval of police existence, While working as Home Secretary actions, and behavior and the ability of the police to secure – Sir Robert Peel had quite the resumé and maintain public respect. – Controlled 9 police departments 3) The police must secure the willing cooperation of the – Thames River Police, Bow Street Patrols public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to – A total of 450 police officers secure and maintain public respect. 4) The degree of the cooperation of the public that can be community and respect. secured diminishes proportionately the necessity for the 3. Unreasonable Force Reduce Community Cooperation use of physical force and the compulsion in achieving A police officer will never employ unnecessary force or police objectives. violence and will use only such force in the discharge of duty 5) The police seek and preserve public favor, not by as is reasonable in all circumstances. catering to public opinion, but by constantly demonstrating absolutely impartial service to the law, in Force should be used only with the greatest restraint only complete independence of policy, and without regard to after discussion, negotiation and persuasion have been the justice or injustice of the substance of individual found to be inappropriate or ineffective. While, the use of laws; by ready offering of individual service and friendship to force is occasionally unavoidable, every police officer will all members of society without regard to their race or social refrain from applying unnecessary infliction of pain or standing, by ready exercise of courtesy and friendly good suffering and will never engage in cruel, degrading or humor, and by ready offering of individual sacrifice in inhuman treatment of any person. protecting and preserving life. 4. Use of Reasonable Force when Persuasion is Not 6) The police should use physical force to the extent Sufficient necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore The police should use reasonable force to the extent order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore order warning is found to be insufficient to achieve police only when the exercise of the persuasion, advise and objectives; and police should use only the minimum degree warning is found to be insufficient to attain police objectives of physical force that is necessary on any particular occasion No violence or unnescessary force shall not be subject to any for achieving police objectives. greater restrain than is necessary for his detention 7) The police at all times should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police 5. IMPARTIAL ENFORCEMENT OF LAWS are the public and the public are the police; the police Police seek and preserve community favor, not by catering are only members of the public who are paid to give full- to community opinion, but by constantly demonstrating time attention to duties that are incumbent on every citizen in absolutely impartial enforcement of laws, without regard to the intent of community welfare. the justice and injustice of the substance of particular laws. 8) The police should always direct their actions toward Impartial enforcement of laws on all individual members of their functions and never appear to usurp the powers of society without regard to their race or social standing. the judiciary by avenging individuals or the state, or 6. THE COMMUNITY ARE THE POLICE authoritatively judging guilt or punishing the guilty. The police at all times should maintain relationship with the 9) The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and community that gives really to the historic tradition that the disorder, not the visible evidence of police action in dealing police are the community are the police. with them. The police are the only members of the community who are PROFESSIONAL POLICE PRINCIPLE paid to give full time attention to maintain peace and order which are incumbent on every citizen in the interest of 1. Prevention of Crime and Disorder community welfare. The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder as an alternative to the repression of 7. POLICE SHOULD NOT USURP JUDICIAL POWER crime and disorder by police force and severity of legal The police should always direct their actions strictly toward punishment their functions and never appear to usurp the power of judiciary by averaging individuals of the state of authoritative 2. Cooperation of the Community judging guilt or punishing the guilt. The police must secure the willing cooperation in the voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and 8. REDUCTION OF CRIME AND DISORDER maintain the respect and support of the community. The test of police efficiency is the reduction of crime and disorder until totally eradicated, not by evidence of police The ability of the police to perform their duty is dependent present and action in dealing with the community. upon the community support of police existence, actions, behavior and the ability of the police to secure and maintain 9. RULE OF ENGAGEMENT IMPARTIALLY OBSERVED I will never act officiously or permit personal feelings, Policemen engaged in anti-crime operation must always prejudices, animosities, or friendship to influence my decision, consider the safety and security who might be caught in the with no compromise for crime and with relentless prosecution of criminals. I will enforce the law courteously and appropriately crossfire of arm encounters. without fear or favor, malice or will, never employing The use of force including firearms, is justifiable only by virtue unnecessary force or violence and never accepting gratuities in of the doctrine of self-defense and defense of a stranger. return. Nobody, including the policeman and other law enforcement authorities is above the law. I recognize the badge of my office as a symbol of public faith and I accept it as a public trust to be held so long as I am The use of force, especially firearms, should be applied only true to the ethics of police service. I will never engage in acts of as a last resort, when all other peaceful and non-violent corruption or bribery, nor will I condone such acts by other police means has been exhausted. officers. I will cooperate with all legally authorized agencies and their representatives in the pursuit of justice. The use of force, especially firearms, should be confined only in the lawless element and the responding PNP unit. This is I know that I alone am responsible for my own standard inherent in the police service in which the profession, the of professional performance and will take every reasonable armaments and safety life of every PNP members are opportunity to enhance and improve my level of knowledge and dedicated to the protection and safety of the people. competence. I will constantly strive to achieve these objectives and ideals, dedicating myself before God to my chosen 10. POLICE DISCRETION profession... law enforcement. A police officers will use responsibility the discretion vested in the position and exercise it within the law. The principle of CANNONS OF POLICE ETHICS reasonableness will guide the officer’s determinations and 1. Primordial Police Responsibility the officer will consider all surrounding circumstances The primary objective of police is the prevention of crime, whether any legal action shall be taken. policeman knew too well that he has committed his life to Consistent and wise use of discretion, based on professional defend and protect the rights of the citizen and uphold the policing competence, will do much to preserve good law at all cost. relationship and retain the confidence of the public. There 2. Limitation of Police Authority can be difficulty in choosing between conflicting courses of Policeman as an upholder of the law must know its limitation action. It is important to remember that a timely word of upon him in enforcing the law, thus: advice rather that arrest-which may be correct in appropriate a. He must be aware of the limitation which the people, circumstances-can be a more effective means of achieving a through law, have place upon him. desired end. b. He must recognize the center of the democratic system of the government which gives no person are group of LAW ENFORCEMENT CODE OF ETHICS persons, absolute power. As a law enforcement officer, my fundamental duty is to c. He must ensure that he does not pervert its true serve mankind; to safeguard life and property; to protect the innocent against deception; weak against oppression or character. intimidation; and the peaceful against violence or disorder; and 3. Knowledge of the Law and other Responsibilities to respect the constitutional rights of all men, to liberty, equality, a. The policeman shall assiduously apply himself to the and justice. principle of the law which he is sworn to applied. I will keep my private life unsullied as an example to all; b. He will make certain of his responsibilities in the particular maintain courageous calm in the face of danger, scorn, or field of enforcement, seeking aid of his superior in matters ridicule; develop self-restraint and be constantly mindful of the technically or in principle are not clear to him. welfare of others. Honest in thought and deed in both my c. He shall make special effort to fully understand his personal and official life, I will be exemplary in obeying the laws relationship with other law enforcement agencies, of the land and regulations of my organization. Whatever I see particularly on matters of jurisdiction, both geographically or hear of a confidential nature or that is confided to me in my official capacity will be kept ever secret unless revelation is and substantively. necessary in the performance of my duty. 4. Use of Proper Means to Obtain Ends a. The policeman shall be mindful of his responsibility to  have strict selection of methods in discharging the duty of b. He shall, at all times, have a clear appreciation of his his office. responsibilities and limitation regarding the detention of b. Violation of law or disregard of public safety and property the accused. on the part of the officer are intrinsically wrong. They are c. He shall conduct himself in such a manner as will self-defeating if they instill in the public mind and a like minimize the possibility of having to use force. disposition. d. He shall cultivate a dedication to the people and the c. The employment f illegal methods, no matter how worthy equitable upholding of the law whether in the handling of the end, is certain to encourage disrespect for the law and the accused or law-abiding citizen. its officers. If the law is to be honored, it must first be 9. Firmness in Refusing Gifts a Favors honored by those who enforce it. a. Policeman representing the government, bears heavy 5. Cooperation with Public Officials responsibility of maintaining, in his conduct, the honor a. The policeman shall cooperate fully with the other public and integrity of all government institution. officials in the performance of authorized duties, b. He shall guard against placing himself in a position in regardless of party affiliation or personal prejudices. which the public can reasonably assume that special b. He shall be meticulous, however, in assuring himself of consideration is being given. property, under the law, of such actions and shall guard c. He shall be firm in refusing gifts, favors or gratitude, large against the use of his office or person whether knowingly or small, which can be the public mind, be interpreted as or in any improper or illegal action. capable of influencing his judgement in the discharge of his duties. 6. Proper Conduct and Behavior a. The policeman shall be mindful of his special 10. Impartial Presentation of Evidence identification by the public as an upholder of law. a. Policeman shall concern equally in the prosecution of the b. Police laxity of conduct or manner in private life, accused of the defense of the innocent. expressing either disrespect for the law or seeking to gain b. He shall ascertain what kind of evidence and shall special prevail, cannot but reflect upon in the policeman present such evidence impartially and without malice. and the police service. c. He shall ignore social, political and all other distinction c. The community and the service require that the among the person involved, strengthening the tradition of policeman leads the life of decent and honorable person, the reliability and integrity of an officer’s word. following the career of policeman gives him no special d. He shall be mindful that in many situations be is the sole pre-requisite. impartially testimony to the facts of the case. 7. Conduct towards the Community 11. Attitude Toward Police Profession a. The policeman shall be mindful of his responsibility to the a. Policemen shall regard the discharge of his duties as a community. public trust and recognize his responsibilities as a public b. He shall deal with individuals of the community in the servant. matter calculated to instill respect for its law. b. He shall strive to make the best possible application of c. He shall conduct his official life in a manner that will science to the selection of the crime and in the field of inspire confidence and trust. human relation. d. He will be neither overbearing nor subservient, as no c. He shall strive for effective leadership and public individual citizen has no obligation to stand in awe of him influence in matters affecting public safety. or fight to command him. d. He shall appreciate the importance and responsibility of e. He will do neither from personal preference or prejudice his office, and hold police work to be an honorable but rather a duty appointed officer of the law discharging profession rendering valuable service to his community. his sworn obligation. e. Through study and experience, a police officer can acquire the high level of knowledge and competence that 8. Conduct in Arresting Law Violator is essential for the efficient and effective performance of a. Policeman shall use his powers of arrest in accordance duty. The acquisition of knowledge is a never-ending with the law and with due regard to the rights of the citizen process of personal and professional development that concerned. should be pursued constantly.  PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT OF THE POLICE behavior of legal actors in understanding how law operates 1. Commitment to Democracy – They shall at all times uphold in practice. It asserts that the law cannot be fully understood the constitution and be loyal to our country, people, and the solely through statutes and legal texts; rather, one must police organization. consider how laws are applied in real-life situations, including 2. Commitment to public Interest – Members will always the influence of judges, lawyers, and social norms. uphold public interest over and above personal interest. LEGAL FORMALISM - a theory of law that emphasizes a 3. Non-partisanship – Shall provide service to every one strict adherence to established legal rules and procedures. It without discrimination regardless of party affiliation in asserts that legal reasoning should be objective and based accordance with existing laws and regulations. solely on the text of the law, rather than influenced by moral, 4. Physical Fitness and Health – They shall strive to be social, or political considerations. Legal formalists believe physically and mentally fit and in good health at all times. that judges should apply the law as it is written, relying on 5. Secrecy Discipline – Members shall guard the clear definitions and precedents, to ensure consistency and confidentiality of classified documents and information predictability in legal outcomes. against unauthorized disclosure. RULE OF LAW - a theory of law that emphasizes a strict 6. Social Awareness – Members and their immediate family adherence to established legal rules and procedures. It shall encourage to actively get involved in the religious, asserts that legal reasoning should be objective and based social, and civic activities to enhance their image. solely on the text of the law, rather than influenced by moral, 7. Non-solicitation of patronage – Members shall not solicit social, or political considerations. Legal formalists believe influence or recommendation directly or indirectly. that judges should apply the law as it is written, relying on 8. Proper Care and Use of Public Property – Be responsible clear definitions and precedents, to ensure consistency and for the security, proper care, and use of public property predictability in legal outcomes. issued to them or deposited under their custody and care. JUDICIAL REVIEW - is the power of courts to examine and 9. Devotion to Duty – Manifest concern for public welfare and invalidate laws, regulations, or government actions that they shall refrain from engaging in any activity which shall be in determine to be unconstitutional or in violation of established conflict with their duties as public servant. legal principles. This process allows the judiciary to uphold 10. Conservation of Natural Resources – For ecological the rule of law and protect individual rights by ensuring that balance and posterity as these are inalienable heritage of the legislative and executive actions conform to the constitution. people. STARE DECISIS - a legal principle that mandates courts to 11. Discipline – Keep themselves with the rules and regulations follow precedents set by previous decisions in similar cases. of the Philippines. This doctrine promotes consistency, stability, and 12. Loyalty – Loyal to the Constitution and to the police service. predictability in the law by ensuring that similar cases are 13. Obedience to Superior – Must be courteous to superior treated alike. When a higher court establishes a ruling, lower officers. courts are generally bound to adhere to that ruling in future 14. Command Responsibility – Superior shall be responsible cases unless there is a compelling reason to deviate. for the effective supervision, control, and direction of their personnel. ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN LAW PRINCIPLE OF ETHICS - refers to the fundamental LEGAL THEORIES standards and values that guide human behavior and LEGAL POSITIVISM - is a theory of law that asserts that the decision-making regarding what is considered right or wrong. validity of a law is not dependent on its moral content but AUTONOMY - is the principle that emphasizes an individual's rather on its sources and social facts. right to make their own choices and govern themselves. It NATURAL LAW - a philosophical theory asserting that there involves respecting and supporting a person's ability to make are universal moral principles inherent in human nature that informed decisions about their own life, body, and affairs. can be discovered through reason. It posits that these BENEFICENCE - the ethical principle that emphasizes the principles form the basis for all human laws and should guide obligation to act in ways that promote the well-being and their creation and interpretation. welfare of others. It involves taking positive steps to help, LEGAL REALISM - is a theory of law that emphasizes the support, and enhance the health and happiness of individuals importance of social context, practical outcomes, and the or communities. In professional contexts, such as healthcare,  beneficence drives practitioners to prioritize patient welfare, principle that individuals should receive what they are due, ensuring that their actions lead to beneficial outcomes. whether in terms of rights, responsibilities, or punishment. NON-MALEFICENCE - the ethical principle that emphasizes FAIRNESS - it refers to the principle of treating individuals the obligation to avoid causing harm to others. It underscores equitably and without bias, ensuring that decisions and the importance of preventing actions that could result in processes are just and impartial. physical, emotional, or psychological injury. WELFARE - generally refers to the health, happiness, and CONFIDENTIALITY - the ethical and legal principle that overall well-being of individuals or groups. It encompasses a involves safeguarding private information from unauthorized range of social services and support systems designed to access or disclosure. It ensures that sensitive information, improve quality of life, particularly for those in need. such as personal, medical, or business data, is shared only ANOMIE - a sociological concept that refers to a state of with those who have a legitimate need to know. normlessness or breakdown of social norms and values within a society. It occurs when individuals feel disconnected BRANCHES OF LAW from the collective conscience, leading to feelings of isolation CRIMINAL LAW - is the body of law that defines offenses and confusion about societal expectations. The term was against the state or society, prescribing punishments for popularized by sociologist Émile Durkheim, who linked it to those who commit such offenses. It encompasses various social changes and crises, suggesting that anomie can lead crimes, ranging from minor offenses like petty theft to serious to social instability and personal distress. crimes like murder, and aims to maintain public order, protect individuals, and deter criminal behavior. CONFORMITY - is the act of matching one's beliefs, CONTRACT LAW - is the area of law that governs the attitudes, or behaviors to group norms or expectations. It creation, interpretation, and enforcement of agreements often arises from the desire for acceptance or to avoid between parties. It establishes the rules for legally binding conflict. Social psychologists study conformity to understand contracts, outlining the rights and obligations of the parties how group dynamics influence individual actions. involved. Key elements of a valid contract typically include SOCIALIZATION - is the lifelong process through which offer, acceptance, consideration (something of value individuals learn and internalize the values, norms, and exchanged), and mutual intent to enter into the agreement. behaviors of their culture and society. It occurs through PROPERTY LAW - the area of law that governs the rights interactions with family, peers, schools, and media, shaping and responsibilities related to the ownership, use, and identity and social skills. transfer of real and personal property. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION - refers to the hierarchical ADMINISTRATIVE LAW - is the body of law that governs the arrangement of individuals or groups within a society based activities of administrative agencies of government. It on various factors, such as wealth, power, prestige, and encompasses the rules, regulations, and procedures created social class. It results in unequal access to resources and by these agencies to implement and enforce statutes opportunities, impacting people's life chances and social enacted by the legislature. Administrative law deals with mobility. Key systems of stratification include class systems, various areas, including rulemaking, adjudication, caste systems, and estate systems. enforcement of regulatory agendas, and the oversight of SOCIAL CONFLICT - Refers to the struggle for power, government actions. resources, or status between groups or individuals in society. It can arise from differences in interests, values, or beliefs JUSTICE, RIGHTS, AND FAIRNESS and is often rooted in social inequality. This concept is central JUSTICE - is a foundational concept that refers to the fair to conflict theory, which examines how societal structures and equitable treatment of individuals within a society. It contribute to ongoing tensions. encompasses the idea of moral righteousness and the SOCIAL CAPITAL – refers to the networks, relationships, principle that individuals should receive what they are due, and norms that facilitate cooperation and collective action whether in terms of rights, responsibilities, or punishment. within a community. It emphasizes the value of social RIGHTS - is a foundational concept that refers to the fair and connections and trust in achieving shared goals and equitable treatment of individuals within a society. It improving individual and community well-being. High social encompasses the idea of moral righteousness and the capital can lead to better social cohesion and resilience. MAGNA CARTA - in its role as a cornerstone for modern democracy and legal principles. It introduced the idea that the  authority of the government is limited by law, establishing the maintain fairness by weighing the benefits of an action concept of due process and individual rights. This document against its potential harm. inspired later constitutional developments, including the PRINCIPLE OF NECESSITY - legal and ethical doctrine that United States Constitution and the Universal Declaration of permits the restriction of rights or liberties only when Human Rights, and has become a symbol of the struggle absolutely necessary to achieve a legitimate aim. It asserts against arbitrary power. that any limitation on individual rights must be essential to address a specific situation and that no less intrusive UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS alternatives are available. - in its role as a cornerstone for modern democracy and legal PRINCIPLE OF LEGALITY - known as "nullum crimen, nulla principles. It introduced the idea that the authority of the poena sine lege," asserts that no one can be punished under government is limited by law, establishing the concept of law unless their actions constituted a crime at the time they due process and individual rights. This document inspired were committed. later constitutional developments, including the United States Constitution and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and has become a symbol of the struggle against arbitrary power. - a landmark document that outlines fundamental human rights to be universally protected. It encompasses a range of rights, including civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights, emphasizing the inherent dignity of all individuals. GENEVA CONVENTION – are a series of international treaties established to protect individuals during armed conflicts, focusing on the treatment of wounded soldiers, prisoners of war, and civilians. Originally formulated in 1864 and updated through several revisions, the conventions set standards for humane treatment and care. They aim to limit the ffectts of war by ensuring that those not participating in hostilities are treated with dignity. CIVIL RIGHTS – are the personal liberties and freedoms that protect individuals from discrimination and ensure equal treatment under the law. These rights encompass various areas, including freedom of speech, the right to vote, the right to privacy, and protection against discrimination based on race, gender, religion, or disability. POLITICAL RIGHTS – are the rights that allow individuals to participate in the political life of their society, including the right to vote, run for public office, and engage in political discourse. These rights are essential for ensuring democracy and accountability within a government. PRINCIPLES IN CRIMINAL LAW PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY - is a legal and ethical doctrine that requires actions taken by authorities to be appropriate and not excessive in relation to their objectives. It is commonly used in constitutional law, international law, and human rights contexts to ensure that restrictions on rights are justified and balanced. This principle helps