CRIM 4 Professional Conduct & Ethics (W2-W5) PDF

Course Module for PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS (CRIM 4) WEEK 2 Philosophical Foundation of Ethics and Values The Origin of Ethics Concept of Ethics Definition of Values Categories of Values The hierarchy of Values...

Course Module for PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS (CRIM 4) WEEK 2 Philosophical Foundation of Ethics and Values The Origin of Ethics Concept of Ethics Definition of Values Categories of Values The hierarchy of Values The Cardinals Virtues Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO): In order to achieve the outcomes of this course, learners will go through this learning plan: ❖ Define and explain the fundamental concepts of ethics, including its origins and development. ❖ Identify and categorize different types of values, understanding their significance in ethical decision-making. ❖ Analyze and evaluate the hierarchy of values, recognizing their relative importance and impact on individual and societal behavior. In our Week 2 module, we will discuss/study the difference between ethics and values. Almost all values are relative but It is important to know or understand that although we may tend to think of a value as something good, all values are morally relative. We must analyze and evaluate the following questions: “How is it good?” or “Good to whom?” We must remember that the “good” can sometimes be just a matter of opinion or taste, or driven by culture, religion, habit, circumstance, environment, etc. These questions will be answered as we study the lesson of this module. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 1 Ethics, Morals, and Values: A Closer Look Have you ever found yourself wondering why someone acted the way they did? Did their behavior seem wrong or unfair? When we consider these questions, the concepts of ethics, morals, and values often come into play. While we may use these terms interchangeably, there are subtle distinctions between them. Ethics are a set of principles that guide our behavior. They are often rooted in societal norms, cultural traditions, or personal beliefs. For example, honesty, respect, and fairness are common ethical principles. Morals are personal beliefs about right and wrong. They are often influenced by our upbringing, religion, or personal experiences. Morals can be more subjective than ethics, as they vary from individual to individual. Values are deeply held beliefs that shape our actions and decisions. They can be related to both ethics and morals, but they are often more general and encompass a broader range of beliefs. For example, freedom, equality, and justice are common values. Understanding the differences between ethics, morals, and values can help you better understand the characters in a novel. By examining their actions and motivations, you can gain insights into their personal beliefs and the societal context in which they live. The Origin of Ethics Etymologically, the word ethics is coined from the Greek word “ethicos”, or that which pertains to “ethos”, the English translation of which is “custom” or “character”. From this etymological meaning, ethics is taken to mean as a philosophical science that deals with the morality of human conduct or human acts. What do we mean by “morality of human acts?” Morality of human acts refers to the goodness or the badness, the rightness or the wrongness of human acts. Ethics is a ​philosophical science​. This means that ethics is one of the many Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 2 disciplines in philosophy. At its simplest, ethics is a system of moral principles. They affect how people make decisions and lead their lives. Ethics is concerned with what is good for individuals and society and is also described as moral philosophy. Ethics covers the following dilemmas: ❖ how to live a good life ❖ our rights and responsibilities ❖ the language of right and wrong ❖ moral decisions - what is good and bad? Our concepts of ethics have been derived from religions, philosophies and cultures. They infuse debates on topics like abortion, human rights and professional conduct. Approaches to ethics Philosophers nowadays tend to divide ethical theories into three areas: metaethics, normative ethics and applied ethics. ❖ Meta-ethics deals with the nature of moral judgment. It looks at the origins and meaning of ethical principles. ❖ Normative ethics is concerned with the content of moral judgements and the criteria for what is right or wrong. ❖ Applied ethics looks at controversial topics like war, animal rights and capital punishment Concept of Ethics As said, Ethics are the principles that guide our actions and decisions. They are the practical application of our moral beliefs. Think of morals as the rules we set for ourselves, and ethics as the way we follow those rules. When we act ethically, we are behaving in a way that aligns with our values and beliefs. There are 2 divisions of ethics namely General Ethics and Special Ethics; 1. General Ethics: The study of fundamental moral principles and concepts. Examines universal ethical questions and theories, such as the nature of goodness, justice, and virtue. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 3 2. Special Ethics: The application of general ethical principles to specific fields or professions. Includes professional ethics, which are sets of moral codes that guide the behavior of individuals in particular professions. Professional Ethics A set of moral principles and standards that govern the behavior of individuals within a specific profession. Provides guidance where laws may be silent or inadequate, ensuring that professionals act ethically and responsibly. Example: Police Ethics A specific subset of professional ethics that outlines the moral principles and standards expected of law enforcement officers. Covers issues such as honesty, integrity, fairness, use of force, and respect for human rights. Think of it this way: Morals are like the rules of a game. They tell us what is right and wrong. Ethics are like the motivation that drives us to follow those rules. For example, a doctor may have a moral obligation to help others. The Hippocratic Oath provides the ethical guidelines that help the doctor fulfill that obligation. In summary, ethics are essential for maintaining trust and professionalism in any field. By understanding and adhering to ethical principles, individuals can contribute to a more just and responsible society. Why Does Ethics Matter? Ethics are essential for building trust, maintaining relationships, and creating a positive impact on the world. When we act ethically, we demonstrate integrity, respect for others, and a commitment to doing the right thing. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 4  Examples of Ethical Behavior: Honesty: Telling the truth, even when it's difficult Respect: Treating others with kindness and consideration Fairness: Being impartial and treating everyone equally Responsibility: Taking ownership of your actions and their consequences By understanding and embracing ethical principles, we can make informed decisions, build strong relationships, and contribute to a more just and equitable society. Understanding Values Undeniably, there is a metaphysical dependence of values in ethics; for values have ethics as one of their essential carriers. True enough, ethics and values support each other. Ethics without values is hollow and shallow, therefore, it is weak. Values without ethics are paralytic. Needless to say, values are values even if they are not put into practice because primarily, not absolutely, values are objective. Values are the foundation of a person's ability to judge between right and wrong. Values include a deep-rooted system of beliefs. They have intrinsic worth but are not universally accepted. This system allows each individual to determine what should and shouldn't be. The definition of Values 1. Values are the object of human desire and striving; it is also the subjective assessment of a particular object if something is good. 2. Values are our beliefs; those beliefs which we hold to be true. Thus, values inspire us to struggle towards our proximate and ultimate ends. 3. Values refer to things, persons, ideas, or goals that are important to life; they enable us to give direction, understand, and evaluate our lives. Thus, it refers to our ideals and the principles by which we live. Furthermore, values are those which we approve, cherish, enjoy and prize. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 5 What Is Important or Valuable? For example, if someone's value system is founded upon honesty, they would probably make a proper judgment between cheating on a college entrance exam (wrong) and studying hard to ace a college entrance exam (right). Conversely, if someone valued achievement and success over honesty, that person may opt to cheat on the exam in order to achieve the desired result. This relates to which value is "worth more" to the individual. These fundamental beliefs are the barometer that goes on to guide a person's decisions. Values don't necessarily need to be "system-wide" in a group of people. Rather, they tend to be a personal, individual foundation that influences a particular person's behavior. Categories of Values A value system is like a personal rulebook that guides our actions and beliefs. It's a set of principles, ideas, and morals that we prioritize and follow. These principles come from our culture, upbringing, and personal experiences. Think of it this way: imagine a set of scales. The things we value most are placed on one side, and the things we value less are placed on the other. The balance of these scales determines how we make decisions and behave. There are six main categories of values: Ethics: These are values related to right and wrong. They help us decide what's good and bad, moral and immoral. Aesthetics: These values are about beauty and what we find pleasing or displeasing. Doctrinal: These values are based on our beliefs, such as our political, religious, or social views. Innate: These values are built-in, like the desire to survive and reproduce. Non-use/Passive: These values are about things we don't use or see, or things we save for the future. Potential/Option: These values are about things that might be valuable in the future, like a plant that could have medicinal properties. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 6  Our value system helps shape our personality, our relationships, and our overall outlook on life. It's a powerful force that influences every aspect of our existence. Hierarchy of Values Max Scheler, a prominent German philosopher of the 20th century, proposed a hierarchical framework for understanding human values. His theory, known as the Hierarchy of Values, suggests that values are not merely subjective preferences but rather objective realities that can be arranged in a specific order based on their intrinsic worth. The Hierarchy Scheler's hierarchy consists of five distinct levels of values, arranged from lowest to highest: 1. Pleasure Values: These are the most basic values related to sensory experiences and bodily pleasures. Examples include comfort, food, and sexual gratification. 2. Vital Values: Related to the well-being and survival of the individual and the species. These values encompass health, strength, and vitality. 3. Spiritual Values: Independent of the body and the environment, these values are grasped through spiritual acts of preferring, loving, and hating. Examples include beauty, justice, and truth. 4. Holy Values: The highest level of values, these are associated with the sacred and the divine. They transcend the individual and the world, and are often connected to religious or spiritual experiences. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 7 Scheler's hierarchy is based on several key principles: Primacy of Spiritual Values: Spiritual values are considered to be the most fundamental and valuable, as they are believed to be independent of the body and the world. Intrinsic Value: Values are seen as having intrinsic worth, rather than being derived from external factors or personal preferences. Hierarchical Order: The hierarchy of values is believed to be objective and universal, reflecting the inherent order of reality. Cardinal Virtues are the fundamental virtues that form the basis of a moral life. They are: ➔ Prudence (exercising the right decisions): The ability to make wise decisions and act with reason. ➔ Temperance (resistance to temptations): The ability to control desires and act with moderation. ➔ Fortitude (courage to pursue): The ability to endure hardship and persevere in the face of challenges. ➔ Justice (giving what is due): The ability to treat others fairly and give them what they deserve. Fundamental Laws of Human Society are the basic principles that govern how people should interact with each other. These laws are based on the cardinal virtues and include: ❖ Commutative Justice: The principle that people should treat each other fairly in their dealings with each other. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 8  ❖ Distributive Justice: The principle that society should distribute resources fairly among its members. ❖ Legal Justice: The principle that individuals should obey the laws of their society. ➔ Charity is the virtue of giving to others out of kindness and compassion. It is an essential part of a moral life and is closely related to the other cardinal virtues. Virtues are positive character traits that are valued in a society. They are the building blocks of a good life. Societies have shared values that guide the behavior of their members. While individual values may differ slightly, they generally align with the broader societal norms. Summary Ethics and values are interconnected concepts that guide our behavior and decision-making. Ethics are the principles that govern our actions, often rooted in societal norms, cultural traditions, or personal beliefs. Values are deeply held beliefs that shape our actions and decisions, encompassing both ethics and morals. Ethics are the practical application of our moral beliefs, while values are the underlying principles that shape both ethics and morals. Understanding these concepts can help us better understand ourselves and others. Key points to remember: ❖ Ethics are societal guidelines, while morals are personal beliefs. ❖ Values are the underlying principles that shape both ethics and morals. Understanding these concepts can help us better understand ourselves and others. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 9  Course Module for PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS (CRIM 4) WEEK 3 Understanding Morality Defining Morality Ethics Vs. Morality Morality and Human Existence Character Vs. Personality Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO): In order to achieve the outcomes of this course, learners will go through this learning plan: ❖ Comprehend morality as a framework for understanding right and wrong in human interactions. ❖ Understand the process of making ethical decisions based on values and principles. ❖ Understand the subtle distinctions between ethics and morality, particularly in terms of their subjectivity and objectivity. This module week 3 aims to equip students with a comprehensive understanding of morality. Upon completion, learners will be able to define morality and its relationship to human behavior, distinguish between amoral and immoral behavior, identify and analyze moral dilemmas, develop sound moral judgment, understand the relationship between character and personality, apply moral concepts to creative writing, and analyze the significance of morality in human existence. By exploring these key areas, learners will gain valuable insights into the nature of morality and its impact on their own lives and the world around them. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 1 Morality Morality derived from the Latin word "Moralitas," meaning "Manner, character, proper behavior," morality provides a framework for understanding what is right and wrong, good and bad, in our interactions with others and ourselves, It gives us rules for everyday life (Morals = Moral Rules) and it is practical. Morals are formed out of values. They're the actual system of beliefs that emerge out of a person's core values. Meaning morals are our own principles. Morals are specific and context-driven rules that govern a person's behavior. Because this system of beliefs is individually tailored to a person's life experience, it's subject to opinion. Types of Values Biological Values are essential for human survival and physical well-being. These include basic needs like food, shelter, clothing, water, sleep, and sexual fulfillment. They are fundamental to our existence as biological beings. Psychological Values are essential for emotional and social fulfillment. These values relate to our need for connections with others, Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 2 such as relationships, companionship, family, friendships, and love. They contribute to our sense of belonging and happiness. Intellectual Values are essential for intellectual growth and fulfillment. These values relate to our desire for knowledge, understanding, and achievement. They encompass pursuits such as education, learning, career development, and personal success. Moral Values are essential for spiritual fulfillment and ethical living. These values guide our behavior and decisions, helping us to distinguish between right and wrong. They are rooted in our beliefs about what is good and virtuous. These four types of values are interconnected and influence each other. For example, a strong sense of moral values can motivate us to pursue intellectual values in a way that benefits society. Similarly, biological values are essential for fulfilling psychological and moral needs. By understanding these different types of values, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the complexities of human motivation and behavior. Amoral vs. Immoral It's important to distinguish between amoral and immoral behavior. An amoral person lacks a sense of right and wrong. They have not developed the foundational values that guide moral decision-making. In contrast, an immoral person is aware of right and wrong but chooses to act contrary to their moral beliefs. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 3 Moral Dilemmas Morality can often lead to complex situations known as moral dilemmas. These occur when individuals face choices between two or more conflicting moral obligations. For example, a person might be faced with the decision of stealing medicine to save a loved one, even though stealing is generally considered wrong. In such cases, personal values and morals can clash, leading to difficult choices. Sound Moral Judgment Sound moral judgment is the ability to make ethical decisions based on strong values and principles. While values, morals, and ethics are interconnected, they are distinct concepts. Values provide the foundation, morals are the rules derived from those values, and ethics are the practical application of moral principles. Developing a Moral Character When writing a short story, it's essential to develop your characters' moral character. This involves creating a deep-rooted set of values that shape their decisions. Consider their upbringing, experiences, and beliefs to understand where their values come from. By exploring their moral dilemmas and choices, you can create compelling and relatable characters. Ethics Vs. Morality Ethics and morality are often used interchangeably, but there are subtle distinctions between them. While both concepts relate to the difference between "good" and "bad" or "right" and "wrong," they are not identical. Morality typically refers to personal beliefs about right and wrong. It is often influenced by upbringing, religion, and personal experiences. Morality can be more subjective than ethics, as it varies from individual to Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 4 individual. For example, one person may believe that adultery is morally wrong, while another may not. Ethics are the standards of "good" and "bad" distinguished by a certain community or social setting. They are often rooted in societal norms, cultural traditions, or professional codes of conduct. Ethics can be more objective than morals, as they are based on shared beliefs and expectations within a particular group. For instance, a medical professional must adhere to a specific ethical code, which may include principles like confidentiality and patient autonomy. While the distinction between ethics and morality can be useful, it can also be challenging. In popular discourse, the terms "moral" and "immoral" are often used interchangeably, regardless of whether the issue is being discussed in a personal or community-based context. The Connotations of Ethics and Morality The terms "ethics" and "morality" have different connotations in various fields. Morality is often associated with Christian values and moral theology. Ethics are commonly used in conjunction with business, medicine, or law, where they serve as personal codes of conduct for professionals. These connotations have helped guide the distinctions between the two terms. Modern Usage Today, ethicists often use the terms "ethics" and "morality" interchangeably. If they do want to differentiate between the two, they must clearly define their terms. Ultimately, the distinction between ethics and morality is often subtle and can be difficult to draw. The Foundation of Human Society Morality is the foundation of every human society. It provides the standards of behavior that guide our interactions with others. Without civic morality, communities perish; without personal morality, their survival has Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 5 no value. Every culture acknowledges the importance of morality as a standard of behavior. When the moral foundation of a nation is threatened, society itself is threatened. Morals are the basis for the definitions of ethics (rules based upon morally good or bad behavior) and norms (appropriate behavior). Morals are the set of characteristics that each person possesses. They influence how we behave and our motivations. The Significance of Morality in Human Existence Morality plays a crucial role in human existence for several reasons: ❖ Social Cohesion: Morality helps to maintain social order and harmony by providing shared guidelines for behavior. It promotes cooperation, trust, and respect among individuals. ❖ Personal Well-being: Adhering to moral principles can contribute to personal well-being and fulfillment. It can foster a sense of purpose, meaning, and satisfaction in life. ❖ Ethical Decision-Making: Morality provides a framework for making ethical decisions. It helps us to weigh the consequences of our actions and choose the most morally sound course. ❖ Human Dignity: Morality affirms the inherent dignity of all human beings. It recognizes the value of each individual and promotes respect for their rights and freedoms. The Influence of Morality on Human Behavior Morality has a profound influence on human behavior. It shapes our choices, our relationships, and our overall character. Some key ways in which morality affects our behavior include: ➔ Motivation: Moral principles can motivate us to act in certain ways. For example, a sense of duty or compassion may drive us to help others in need. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 6  ➔ Decision-Making: Morality helps us to evaluate different options and choose the one that is most morally sound. It can also help us to resist temptations and avoid harmful behaviors. ➔ Relationships: Morality plays a crucial role in our relationships with others. It guides our interactions, promotes trust and respect, and helps us to build strong social bonds. ➔ Character Development: Morality contributes to our character development by shaping our values, beliefs, and habits. It can help us to become more compassionate, just, and virtuous individuals. Moral Theories and Frameworks There are various moral theories and frameworks that attempt to explain the nature of morality and provide guidance for ethical decision-making. Some of the most influential theories include: Utilitarianism: This theory holds that the morally right action is the one that produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Deontology: This theory emphasizes duty and obligation. It suggests that certain actions are inherently right or wrong, regardless of their consequences. Virtue Ethics: This theory focuses on character development and the cultivation of virtues such as honesty, courage, and compassion. Character Vs. Personality Character and personality are often used interchangeably, but they represent distinct concepts. While both contribute to our individual identity, they differ in their nature and formation. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 7  Character is an objective aspect of a person, rooted within their inherent traits. It's a relatively stable system of qualities that defines who a person is at their core. Character is molded by a combination of genetic factors and environmental influences, but once formed, it tends to be a permanent feature. It's the foundation upon which personality is built. Personality, on the other hand, is subjective and can change over time. It's the unique combination of characteristics that each person possesses. Personality influences how we behave, our motivations, and our interactions with others. While our character provides a stable framework, our personality allows for flexibility and adaptation to different situations. To illustrate the distinction, consider a person with a strong character trait of honesty. This person might consistently tell the truth, regardless of the consequences. However, their personality might influence how they express their honesty. For example, one person might be blunt and direct, while another might be more tactful and diplomatic. In essence, character is the foundation, and personality is the expression. Character provides the underlying structure, while personality determines how that structure is manifested in the world. Understanding these distinctions can help us better appreciate the complexity of human identity and behavior. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 8 Summary Morality is a fundamental aspect of human existence, providing a framework for understanding right and wrong. It is rooted in personal values and beliefs, shaping our decisions and interactions. Morals are the specific rules that govern our behavior, derived from our core values. They are unique to each individual and subject to personal opinion. It's crucial to distinguish between amoral and immoral behavior. Amoral individuals lack a sense of right and wrong, while immoral individuals understand these concepts but choose to act contrary to their beliefs. Ethics and morality are often used interchangeably, but they have distinct meanings. Morality is more personal and subjective, while ethics are often rooted in societal norms and professional codes. Understanding these distinctions is essential for navigating the complexities of human behavior and decision-making. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 9  Course Module for PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS (CRIM 4) WEEK 4 Understanding Human Acts Types of Acts Elements of Human acts Social Norms Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO): In order to achieve the outcomes of this course, learners will go through this learning plan: ❖ Distinguish between actions that are deliberate, free, and voluntary and those that are involuntary and occur without conscious thought. ❖ Recognize and explain the key components that constitute a human act, such as deliberation, freedom, and voluntariness. ❖ Define social norms and their role in shaping human behavior. Week 4 lesson aims to equip students with a comprehensive understanding of human acts. Upon completion, students will be able to differentiate between human acts and acts of man, identify the elements of human acts, understand the concept of social norms, and apply their knowledge to real-world examples. By exploring these key areas, students will gain valuable insights into the nature of human behavior and the factors that influence our actions. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 1 Types of Acts Acts of Man are actions that are not deliberate, free, or voluntary. They are involuntary and often occur without conscious thought. Examples of acts of man include: ➔ Digestion: The natural process of breaking down food in the body. ➔ Heartbeats: The involuntary contraction of the heart muscle. ➔ Sensation: The perception of stimuli through the senses. In essence, human acts are actions that we have control over, while acts of man are actions that occur beyond our conscious control. Human Acts are actions that are deliberate, free, and voluntary. This means that they are performed with conscious intention and are not compelled by external forces. Examples of human acts include: ➔ Walking: A conscious decision to move one's legs. ➔ Talking: A deliberate choice to express thoughts and ideas. ➔ Eating: A voluntary act of consuming food. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 2 Elements of Human Acts Human acts are deliberate, free, and voluntary actions that are performed with conscious intention. They are distinguished from acts of man, which are involuntary and occur without conscious thought. The key elements of human acts are: 1. Knowledge: The agent must have knowledge of what they are doing. They must understand the nature of their action, its consequences, and the moral implications involved. 2. Freedom: The agent must have the freedom to choose to act or not to act. This means that they are not coerced or compelled by external forces. 3. Voluntariness: The agent must act willingly, with their own free will. This means that the action must be a deliberate choice, not a reflexive or involuntary response. These three elements are essential for an action to be considered a true human act. If any one of these elements is missing, the action may be classified as an act of man instead. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 3 Classifications of Human Acts Human acts can be classified into two main classifications: 1. Elicited Acts: These are acts that are performed solely by the will and do not involve external bodily movements. They are purely internal acts. Types: ➔ Wish: The initial desire or inclination to do something. ➔ Intention: The determination to carry out a wish or desire. ➔ Consent: The approval or acceptance of a course of action. ➔ Election: The choice of one option over another. ➔ Use: The actual execution or performance of an act. ➔ Fruition/Realization: The completion or fulfillment of an act. 2. Commanded Acts: These are acts that are performed either by the mind or the body under the command of the will. They can be further divided into: ➔ Internal Acts: Acts that are performed solely by the mind, such as thinking, imagining, or deliberating. ➔ External Acts: Acts that involve physical movement, such as speaking, walking, or working. ➔ Mixed Acts: Acts that involve both internal and external elements, such as speaking while thinking or walking while planning. In summary, elicited acts are purely internal acts of the will, while commanded acts involve both internal and external elements. Understanding these classifications helps us to better understand the nature of human actions and the role of the will in guiding our behavior. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 4  Modifiers of human acts are factors that can influence the moral worth of our actions. These modifiers can either increase or decrease the culpability (blameworthiness) associated with an act. Here are the five primary types of modifiers: Ignorance Ignorance refers to the absence of knowledge that one ought to possess. There are three primary types of ignorance: Invincible Ignorance: This type of ignorance is impossible to overcome, even with reasonable effort. For example, a person might be unaware of a law that has recently been passed. Vincible Ignorance: This type of ignorance is possible to overcome through reasonable effort. For example, a person might fail to research a topic before making a decision. Affected Ignorance: This type of ignorance is deliberately sought out or maintained. It can increase culpability for a sin, as it demonstrates a disregard for moral law. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 5  Passion Passions are tendencies towards desirable objects or away from harmful things. They can be positive emotions (e.g., love, desire, delight, hope, bravery) or negative emotions (e.g., horror, sadness, hatred, despair, fear, anger). Passions can influence our actions and affect our moral culpability. For example, a person acting under the influence of anger might be less culpable for their actions than someone acting with malice. Fear Fear is a disturbance of the mind caused by the perception of danger or harm. Fear can influence our actions and affect our moral culpability. For example, a person acting out of fear might be less culpable for their actions than someone acting out of malice. Violence Violence is physical force exerted on a person by another free agent. Violence can affect our moral culpability, as it can diminish our ability to make free and informed choices. For example, a person acting under duress might be less culpable for their actions than someone acting freely. Habits Habits are lasting readiness and facility born of frequently repeated acts. Habits can influence our actions and affect our moral culpability. For example, a person who has a habit of lying might be more culpable for their actions than someone who does not have such a habit. It is important to note that these modifiers can interact with each other in complex ways. For example, a person acting under the influence of passion might also be affected by ignorance or fear. Understanding these modifiers can help us to better understand the factors that influence our moral choices and the consequences of our actions. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 6  Social norms are the unwritten rules that guide our behavior within a specific group or community. They are the unspoken expectations and beliefs that shape how we interact with others and navigate social situations. Key Characteristics of Social Norms Informal and unwritten: Social norms are typically not explicitly stated or codified into laws. They are often learned through observation, imitation, and socialization. Perceived expectations: Social norms are based on our perceptions of what is acceptable or appropriate behavior within a given group. They may vary across different cultures, communities, and social contexts. Shared beliefs: Social norms are shared beliefs about how people should behave. They are often reinforced by social sanctions (punishments) for non-adherence and social benefits (rewards) for adherence. Types of Social Norms There are four main types of social norms: folkways, mores, taboos, and laws (Crossman, 2021). Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 7  ◆ Folkways are the most informal type of social norm. They are customs or traditions that are widely accepted within a society but do not have serious consequences if violated. Examples of folkways include saying "please" and "thank you," shaking hands when meeting someone, and waiting in line. ◆ Mores are more formal than folkways and carry greater social significance. They are norms that are deeply ingrained in a society's values and beliefs and are often considered essential for maintaining moral order. Violations of mores can lead to social disapproval or ostracism. Examples of mores include prohibitions against theft, murder, and adultery. ◆ Taboos are the most severe type of social norm. They are behaviors that are strictly forbidden and often considered morally reprehensible or even unthinkable. Violations of taboos can result in extreme social consequences, such as expulsion from the community or even violence. Examples of taboos include incest, cannibalism, and blasphemy. ◆ Laws are formal rules that are enforced by government authorities. They are designed to maintain social order and protect the rights of individuals. Violations of laws can result in legal penalties, such as fines, imprisonment, or other forms of punishment. These four types of social norms interact with each other in complex ways to shape our behavior and interactions. While laws are the most formal and enforceable type of norm, folkways, mores, and taboos also play a significant role in shaping our values and beliefs. Understanding these different types of social norms can help us better understand the factors that influence our behavior and the ways in which we interact with others. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 8 Formation and Maintenance of Social Norms Social norms are often learned from a young age, often in infancy. They are shaped by our interactions with family, friends, peers, and other members of our community. Social norms are maintained through a system of rewards and punishments. Adherence to social norms is often rewarded with social acceptance, approval, and positive reinforcement. Non-adherence may result in social exclusion, disapproval, or other negative consequences. Impact of Social Norms Social norms have a profound impact on our behavior and our relationships with others. They influence our choices, our attitudes, and our overall sense of belonging. By understanding the nature and influence of social norms, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the complex ways in which social factors shape our lives. Summary This lesson has provided a comprehensive overview of human acts, exploring their nature, elements, classifications, and the factors that can influence their moral worth. Key Takeaways Human acts are deliberate, free, and voluntary actions performed with conscious intention. Acts of man are involuntary actions that occur without conscious thought. Human acts can be classified into elicited acts and commanded acts. Modifiers of human acts, such as ignorance, passion, fear, violence, and habits, can influence the moral worth of our actions. Social norms are the unwritten rules that guide our behavior within a specific group or community. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 9  Course Module for PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS (CRIM 4) WEEK 5 Professionalism Professionalism in the Public Service Five Dimensions to Professionalism Professional Oath Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO): In order to achieve the outcomes of this course, learners will go through this learning plan: ❖ Define professionalism and its importance in the public service. ❖ Identify the five key dimensions of professionalism and explain the significance of each dimension in promoting effective governance and public service delivery. ❖ Apply the principles of professionalism to their own academic and professional pursuits. This lesson aims to equip students with a comprehensive understanding of professionalism in the public service. Upon completion, students will be able to define professionalism and its importance, identify the five key dimensions of professionalism, explain the significance of each dimension, analyze the challenges and opportunities associated with promoting professionalism, and apply the principles of professionalism to their own academic and professional pursuits. By exploring these key areas, students will gain valuable insights into the essential qualities and behaviors that contribute to a successful and ethical career in the public service. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 1 Professionalism in the Public Service Professionalism in the public service is essential for effective governance and the delivery of quality services to citizens. Public servants are entrusted with significant responsibilities and are expected to uphold the highest standards of conduct. This lesson explores the key dimensions of professionalism in the public service, its importance, and the challenges and opportunities associated with it. Professionalism in the public service encompasses several essential dimensions: ❖ Integrity and Ethics: Public servants must adhere to the highest ethical standards and act with honesty, integrity, and impartiality in all their dealings. They must avoid conflicts of interest and uphold the public trust. ❖ Competence and Expertise: Public servants should possess the necessary knowledge, skills, and experience to perform their duties effectively. They should continuously strive to improve their professional capabilities through training and development. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 2  ❖ Accountability: Public servants are accountable to the public and must be transparent in their actions and decisions. They should be willing to be held accountable for their performance and be open to scrutiny and oversight. ❖ Service Orientation: Public servants should be dedicated to serving the public interest and should prioritize the needs and concerns of citizens. They should be responsive to the public's demands and strive to provide high-quality services. ❖ Impartiality: Public servants must be impartial in their decision-making and avoid bias or favoritism. They should treat all individuals fairly and equitably, regardless of their personal or political affiliations. ❖ Efficiency and Effectiveness: Public servants should be efficient and effective in their work, utilizing resources wisely and achieving desired outcomes. They should strive to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of public services. ❖ Continuous Learning: Public servants should be committed to lifelong learning and professional development. They should seek opportunities to enhance their skills and knowledge, and stay up-to-date with the latest developments in their field. Professionalism in the public service is essential for several reasons: ❖ Public Trust: Public trust in government depends on the professionalism and integrity of public servants. When citizens trust that public officials are acting in their best interests, they are more likely to support government initiatives and participate in civic life. ❖ Effective Governance: Professional public servants are better equipped to deliver effective governance and serve the public interest. They are more likely to make informed decisions, implement policies effectively, and respond to the needs of citizens. ❖ Accountability: Professionalism promotes accountability and transparency in government. When public servants adhere to high ethical standards Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 3  and are held accountable for their actions, it helps to prevent corruption and ensure that public resources are used responsibly. ❖ Public Service Delivery: Professionalism is essential for the delivery of high-quality public services. When public servants are competent, efficient, and committed to serving the public interest, they are more likely to provide effective and responsive services to citizens. Challenges and Opportunities Promoting professionalism in the public service can be challenging, but it is also essential for the effective functioning of government. Some of the challenges that may arise include: Political pressures can sometimes undermine the principles of professionalism and accountability in the public service. Corruption can erode public trust and undermine the effectiveness of government. Inadequate resources can hinder the ability of public servants to perform their duties effectively and professionally. However, there are also significant opportunities for promoting professionalism in the public service. These include: Leadership: Strong leadership from top officials can set the tone for professionalism and ethical conduct throughout the public service. Training and Development: Investing in training and development programs can help public servants to acquire the necessary skills and knowledge to perform their duties effectively. Performance Management: Implementing effective performance management systems can help to ensure that public servants are held accountable for their performance and rewarded for their achievements. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 4  Ethical Codes: Developing and implementing clear ethical codes can provide guidance for public servants and help to promote ethical behavior. The Five Dimensions of Professionalism Professionalism is a multifaceted concept that encompasses various elements that contribute to a successful and ethical career. While there may be different interpretations and perspectives on what constitutes professionalism, a common framework involves five key dimensions: 1. Specialized Knowledge The depth of understanding and expertise in one's field of work. Professionals need a solid foundation of knowledge to perform their duties effectively and make informed decisions. A doctor needs extensive knowledge of medical science, a lawyer needs a deep understanding of legal principles, and a teacher needs a strong grasp of educational theory and pedagogy. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 5 2. Skills The abilities and techniques required to perform one's job effectively. Technical skills (e.g., proficiency in software, data analysis, or laboratory techniques) and interpersonal skills (e.g., communication, teamwork, and problem-solving). Possessing the necessary skills is crucial for achieving high-quality work and contributing to the success of an organization. 3. Standards The criteria used to measure the quality of work, including both internal and external standards. Adhering to standards ensures consistency, accuracy, and professionalism in work output. Industry standards, ethical codes, and quality control measures. 4. Spirit A shared sense of purpose, commitment, and collaboration among professionals. A positive and supportive work environment fosters a sense of community and encourages professionals to strive for excellence. A shared vision, a culture of teamwork, and a commitment to ethical conduct. 5. Supportive Environment A workplace that provides the necessary resources, support, and opportunities for professionals to utilize their knowledge, skills, and standards. A supportive environment can enhance job satisfaction, productivity, and overall professional development. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 6  Adequate training, mentorship programs, and access to necessary tools and equipment. These five dimensions of professionalism are interrelated and mutually reinforcing. By cultivating specialized knowledge, developing essential skills, adhering to relevant standards, fostering a positive spirit, and working in a supportive environment, professionals can enhance their careers and contribute meaningfully to their organizations and society. Professional Oath A specific kind of promise, setting them apart from assertory oaths sworn to the truth of a statement. In the Philippines, various professions have their own unique professional oaths, reflecting the specific ethical principles and standards expected of their members. Professional Regulation Commission Oath Panunumpa Ng Propesyonal Ako, si _____(PANGALAN)_____________ ng _________________________ (Pook na Sinilangan, Bayan/Lungsod, Probinsya) ay taimtim na nanunumpa na itataguyod ko at ipagtatanggol ang Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas, na ako ay tunay na mananalig at tatalima rito; na susundin ko ang mga batas, mga utos na legal, at mga atas na ipinahayag ng mga sadyang itinakdang may kapangyarihan ng Republika ng Pilipinas; at kusa kong babalikatin ang pananagutang ito, na walang ano mang pasubali o hangaring umiwas. Taimtim pa rin akong manunumpa na sa lahat ng panahon at pook na kinaroroonan ay mahigpit akong manghahawakan sa mga etikal at tuntuning propesyonal ng mga __(PROPESYON)__ sa Pilipinas, at marapat kong gagampanan ng buong husay sa abot ng aking makakaya ang mga tungkulin at pananagutang iniatang sa isang itinakdang ________________________. (Propesyon) Kasihan Nawa ako ng Diyos. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 7 Summary This lesson has provided a comprehensive overview of professionalism in the public service, delving deeply into its key dimensions, significance, challenges, and opportunities that arise within this critical field. By understanding and embracing the principles of professionalism, public servants not only enhance their individual performance but also contribute meaningfully to the broader goals of effective governance, public trust, and the delivery of high-quality services to the community. The importance of professionalism cannot be overstated, as it serves as the foundation for fostering a culture of integrity and ethical behavior within public institutions. Public servants are often seen as the face of government, and their actions can greatly influence public perception and trust. Key takeaways from this lesson include the necessity of maintaining high standards of integrity and ethics, which are essential for building credibility and ensuring that the public feels confident in their government. Moreover, the lesson emphasizes the role of competence and expertise in public service. Public servants must continually develop their skills and knowledge to meet the evolving needs of society effectively. This commitment to professional development not only enhances individual capabilities but also ensures that the public service is equipped to face contemporary challenges. Philippine College of Criminology. All rights reserved. 8