Hydrangea Flower Color and Soil pH Investigation

The process by which cells commit suicide, programmed cell death, occurring when a cell has mutations or divides outside of its normal boundaries.

Cells that can divide indefinitely and differentiate into different types of cells. They are the origin of all specialized cell types in an organism.

A type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells from a single parent cell.

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal.

Cells that have specialized functions and cannot divide indefinitely. They are formed from stem cells undergoing differentiation.

A testable question is a specific question that can be answered through experimentation. It must be clear, focused, and measurable to be considered a valid scientific question.

A hypothesis is a testable prediction about the relationship between variables. It should be specific, measurable, and based on prior knowledge or observations.

A control variable is any factor that is kept constant throughout an experiment to ensure that it does not influence the results. It allows for a fair and unbiased comparison between different experimental groups.

The independent variable is the factor that is deliberately changed or manipulated by the experimenter. It is the variable that is being tested.

Tiny structures involved in coordinating cell movement and division, particularly during cell division (mitosis).

The dependent variable is the factor that is measured or observed in an experiment and is expected to change in response to changes in the independent variable.

A network of membranes that synthesize lipids (fats), steroid hormones, and detoxify harmful substances.

The powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the cell's energy currency, through cellular respiration.

To identify and describe the specific parts of an animal cell and their functions.

The cell's control center, containing the genetic material (DNA) and regulating all cell functions.

It is the outer boundary of the cell that controls what enters and leaves the cell. It is selectively permeable, meaning it allows some substances to pass through but not others.

Dense region within the nucleus involved in the production of ribosomes (protein factories).

It is the control center of the cell that contains the genetic material (DNA) and directs all cellular activities.

A complex of DNA and proteins that contains the instructions for building and maintaining an organism.

Lysosomes break down cellular waste and debris, while vacuoles store water and other substances.

The synthesis of proteins, which are essential for the cell's many functions.

The study of how organisms interact with their environment and each other.

Any changes in the composition of the Earth's atmosphere over time.

The gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

A chemical substance that donates hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water, resulting in a solution with a pH less than 7.

A chemical substance that accepts hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water, resulting in a solution with a pH greater than 7.

A chemical reaction must have the same number of each type of atom on both sides of the equation. This ensures that the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products, upholding the Law of Conservation of Mass.

Alkali metals are the most reactive due to their tendency to lose one electron, while halogens are the most reactive nonmetals because they readily gain one electron.

Noble gases are the least reactive because they have full valence electron shells, making them stable and less likely to participate in chemical reactions.

A binary compound composed of two oxygen atoms bonded together, forming a colorless, odorless gas.

A strong mineral acid with the formula H2SO4, composed of two hydrogen atoms, one sulfur atom, and four oxygen atoms.

A strong inorganic base with the formula NaOH, composed of one sodium atom, one oxygen atom, and one hydrogen atom.

The average weather conditions of a region over a long period of time (typically 30 years or more).

The state of the atmosphere at a specific time and location.

The process by which certain gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the sun, warming the Earth.

The increase in the greenhouse effect caused by human activities, leading to global warming.

The ability of a surface to reflect sunlight. Measured as the proportion of incoming light reflected.

Surfaces that reflect a large amount of sunlight, such as snow, ice, and clouds.

Surfaces that absorb a large amount of sunlight, such as oceans, asphalt, and forests.

Changes in the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and ecosystems due to climate change.