Unit 3 Cell Cycle and Cancer Test - Study Guide PDF

Name Haleema Hasan Date 10/31/24 Period 4 Study Guide Unit 3 Cell Cycle and Cancer Test +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 1\. How does the ratio of | As a cell grows larger, its | | surface area to volume change | surface area to volume r...

Name Haleema Hasan Date 10/31/24 Period 4 Study Guide Unit 3 Cell Cycle and Cancer Test +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 1\. How does the ratio of | As a cell grows larger, its | | surface area to volume change | surface area to volume ratio | | as a cell grows larger? | decreases. | +===================================+===================================+ | 2\. Why do cells not grow too | It\'s surface area relative to | | large? | its volume decreases making it | | | less efficient as transporating | | | nutrients and waste in and out of | | | the cell. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3\. Describe DNA in prokaryotic | Pro = single circular DNA | | and eukaryotic cells? | chromosome found in the cyoplasm | | | that contains all the cells | | | genetic information | | | | | | Eu = much more DNA then | | | prokaryotic cells and therefore | | | contain multiple chromosomes | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4\. List and describe the 3 | 1\. G1-cell increases in size | | parts of Interphase. | and synthesizes new proteins | | | and organelles | | | | | | 2\. S- DNA is synthesized when | | | the chromosomes are replicated | | | | | | 3\. G2-cell prepares for nuclear | | | and cellular division and does | | | a double check to make sure its | | | ready to divide | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5\. List and describe the 4 | 1\. Prophase-longest stage. The | | parts of mitosis. | chromatin condenses into | | | chromosomes, nuclear envelope | | | begins to disappear, centrioles | | | migrateto the opposite ends of | | | the cell and spindle fibers | | | form. | | | | | | 2\. Metaphase-chromosomes move | | | towards the center with the | | | help of spindle fibers and line | | | up on the imaginary "metaphase | | | plate" | | | | | | 3\. Anaphase- sister chromatids | | | separate at the centromere are | | | all pulled to opposite poles at | | | the end of the cell by spindle | | | fibers. | | | | | | 4\. Telophase-chromatids reach | | | the opposite poles of the cell | | | and unwind into chromatin and | | | spindle fibers disappear. The | | | nuclear envelope, surronding | | | the chromatids, starts to | | | reform. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 6\. Describe cytokinesis in | Plant- plasma membrane pinches | | plants and animals. | together inwards | | | | | | Animal- a cell plate forms at the | | | equator | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 7\. A. What are **somatic** | A.Any cells in the body that are | | cells? | not reproductive cells. | | | | | B. What process forms them? | B. Mitosis | | | | | C. Are they haploid or diploid? | C. diploid | | | | | D. Genetically identical or | D. genetically identical | | diverse? | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 8\. A. What are **gamete** | A. Gamete cells are reproductive | | cells? | cells | | | | | B. What process forms them? | B. Meiosis | | | | | C. Are they haploid or diploid? | C. haploid | | | | | D. Genetically identical or | D. genetically diverse | | diverse? | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 9\. Label the diagram with the | | | correct stage of the cell | | | cycle. | | | | | | A =Prophase B =Telophase C | | | =Metaphase D =Interphase E= | | | Anaphase | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 10\. What are the reasons why | for growth and development of an | | mitosis occurs? | organism, to replace old or | | | damaged cells, and to repair cell | | | tissue | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 11\. If an organism has a | 44 | | haploid whatnumber of 22, then | | | what would be the diploid | | | number? | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 12\. What are the pros and cons | Pros - faster (doesnt need mate) | | of asexual reproduction? | genetically identical to parent | | | and less energy required | | | | | | Cons - lack of genetic diversity | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 13\. What are the pros and cons | Pros - genetic diversity | | of sexual reproduction? | | | | Cons - slower (needs a mate) and | | | more energy required | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 14\. Draw a picture of crossing | Crossing over occurs during | | over. In what phase does it | prophase I of meiosis. | | occur? | | | |  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 15\. How is meiosis I different | Meiosis I creates haploid cells | | from mitosis? | for sexual reproduction, while | | | mitosis creates identical diploid | | | cells used in growth and tissue | | | repair. In meiosis I, homologous | | | chromosomes pair up and undergo | | | crossing over, allowing for | | | genetic variation which doesn\'t | | | happen in mitosis. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 16\. A. What are homologous | A. Chromosomes the same | | chromosomes? | size/length with same centromere | | | positions that carry the same | | B. What are tetrads? | information. One chromosome of | | | each pair is inherited from the | | | mother, while the other is | | | inherited from the father. | | | | | | B. two homologous chromosomes, | | | each made up of two sister | | | chromatids | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 17\. What is independent | metaphase I of meiosis | | assortment and in which phase | | | does it occur? | process during meiosis where | | | chromosomes align randomly at the | | | metaphase plate | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 18\. Look at the pictures below | A = Mitosis | | and explain which type of | | | nuclear division is being shown | Because - The chromosome number | | and explain how you know. | remains the same in daughter | | | cells and the cells are | | | genetically identical. | | | | | | B = Meiosis | | | | | | Because - two rounds of division | | | and the chromosome number is | | | halved in daughter cells which | | | results in four genetically | | | diverse daughter cells. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 19\. What is apoptosis and why | Apoptosis is the process of | | does it occur? | programmed cell death. It can | | | happen to remove damaged cells or | | | cells that are no longer needed. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 20\. Why does cancer occur? | Cells lose the ability to control | | | growth. Cancel cells don\'t | | | respond to the signals that | | | regulate the growth of cells and | | | divide uncontrollablty. This can | | | be because of genetic mutations | | | or environmental factors. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 21\. How is the cell cycle | Cancer cells growth | | different for normal cells and | uncontrollably and go through | | cancerous cells? | shorter cell cycles without | | | checkpoints. They also don't go | | | through apotosis. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 22\. How are healthy cells and | Regular cells go through the cell | | cancerous cells different? | cycle slower, with regular | | | checkpoints while cancer cells | | | don\'t. Regular cells go through | | | apoptosis while cancer cells | | | don't. Cancer cells grow and | | | divide uncontrollably. They may | | | not do their functions properly. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 23\. What are cyclins and what | Cylins are a family of proteins | | is their job? | that regulate the cell cycle. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+