BIO 141 Unit 2 Theory Exam Summary PDF

BIO 141 UNIT 2 THEORY EXAM CONTENT SUMMARY SKELETAL SYSTEM & ARTICULATIONS This is a summary of what you need to know for the Unit 2 Theory Exam. More specific questions to support these objectives are in each of the Weekly Lesson Activities. *Note: Each Unit-leve...

BIO 141 UNIT 2 THEORY EXAM CONTENT SUMMARY SKELETAL SYSTEM & ARTICULATIONS This is a summary of what you need to know for the Unit 2 Theory Exam. More specific questions to support these objectives are in each of the Weekly Lesson Activities. *Note: Each Unit-level outcome is aligned with its corresponding Course Outcome, indicated by (CO_ ) Introduction to the Skeletal System & Osseous Tissue List the major components of the skeletal system. (CO9) Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and joints Describe the major functions of the skeletal system. (CO9) Structural support for the body, provides attachments points, protects internal organs Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeletons and list the major bones contained within each. (CO9) Axial is along the midline of the body (skull, spine, ribcage) Appendicular is the bones in the limbs (Arms, hands, shoulders, legs) Classify bones of the skeleton based on their shape. (CO9) Long bones (Femur, and Humerus) Short bones (carpals and tarsals) Flat bones (skull bones and shoulder blades) Irregular bones (facial bones and vertebra of the spine) Sesamoid Bones ( kneecap) Describe the macroscopic structural components of a long bone and explain their functions. (CO9) Describe the macroscopic structure of flat bones. (CO9) Two thin layers of compact bone with a middle layer of spongy bone. Like a sandwich Define common bone marking terms. (CO9) Iliac crest (ridge on the pelvis, olecranon process (bony projection on elbow, Glenoid ( shallow depression), Condyle ( raised area on the bone) List and describe the cellular and extracellular components of bone tissue. (CO9)osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts Describe the microscopic structure of compact bone and spongy bone. (CO9)Compact bone is dense while spongy bone is less dense. Explain the roles that specific bone cells play in the formation of bone tissue. (CO9)Osteoblasts build new bones by producing bone matrix. Compare and contrast intramembranous and endochondral bone formation. (CO9)Both work with the bone matrix. Endochondral forms with cartilage. Intramembranous forms with connective tissue.  Explain the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts during bone growth, repair, and remodeling. (CO9)Osteoblastsform new bones and add growth to existing bone tissue. Osteoclasts dissolve old and damaged bone tissue so it can be replaced with new, healthier cells created by osteoblasts. Compare and contrast interstitial and appositional growth. (CO9)Interstitial growth refers to the expansion of a tissue from within by the division of existing cells, causing it to grow in length, while appositional growth involves the addition of new material to the outer surface of a tissue, resulting in an increase in width or diameter; essentially, interstitial growth occurs "inside" the tissue, while appositional growth happens "on the surface.". Describe the process of fracture repair (C09) Inflammation(initial response), formation(holds bone together), remodeling(regular bone will replace formation). Explain the roles of parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, and calcitonin in plasma calcium regulation. (CO10)Parathyroid hormone (PTH) primarily increases plasma calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption, enhancing renal calcium reabsorption, and indirectly promoting intestinal calcium absorption through the activation of calcitriol (active vitamin D), while calcitonin acts to decrease plasma calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption and promoting calcium excretion in the kidneys, effectively counteracting the effects of PTH Axial & Appendicular Skeletons Describe individual bones and their locations within the body. (CO15)Frontal bone: Forms the forehead, located at the front of the skull. ​ ​ Parietal bones: Two bones forming the sides and top of the skull. ​ ​ Occipital bone: Located at the back of the skull, forming the base.  ​ ​ Temporal bones: Situated on the sides of the skull, near the ears. ​ ​ Sphenoid bone: A complex bone deep within the skull, forming part of the eye sockets. ​ ​ Maxilla: Upper jaw bone ​ ​ Mandible: Lower jaw bone ​ ​ Spine (Vertebral Column): ​ Cervical Vertebrae (7): Neck region, supporting the head ​ ​ Thoracic Vertebrae (12): Mid-back, connecting to the ribs ​ ​ Lumbar Vertebrae (5): Lower back, bearing most weight ​ ​ Sacrum: Fused vertebrae at the base of the spine ​ ​ Coccyx (Tailbone): Small bone at the very end of the spine ​ ​ Rib Cage: ​ Ribs (12 pairs): Curved bones surrounding the chest cavity, connecting to the sternum and thoracic vertebrae ​ ​ Sternum (Breastbone): Flat bone in the center of the chest ​ ​ Shoulder Girdle: ​ Clavicle (Collarbone): Connects the breastbone to the shoulder blade ​ ​ Scapula (Shoulder blade): Flat bone on the back of the shoulder ​ ​ Upper Arm: ​ Humerus: Long bone in the upper arm ​ ​ Forearm: ​ Radius: Forearm bone on the thumb side ​ ​ Ulna: Forearm bone on the pinky finger side ​ ​ Pelvis: ​ Ilium: Upper part of the hip bone  ​ ​ Ischium: Lower part of the hip bone ​ ​ Pubis: Front part of the hip bone ​ ​ Lower Leg: ​ Femur (Thigh bone): Longest bone in the body, located in the upper leg ​ ​ Patella (Kneecap): Small bone in front of the knee joint ​ ​ Tibia (Shinbone): Main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg ​ ​ Fibula: Smaller bone alongside the tibia ​ ​ Foot: ​ Tarsals: Bones in the ankle ​ ​ Metatarsals: Bones in the midfoot ​ ​ Phalanges: Toe bones Describe major bone markings on individual bones. (CO15)Projections ​ Condyle: A large prominence that supports cartilage ​ Crest: A raised edge of a bone ​ Epicondyle: A prominence above a condyle ​ Head: A rounded extension that forms part of a joint Articulations ​ Facet: A smooth, flat surface that forms a joint with another flat bone ​ ​ Epiphysis: The articulating segment at the ends of long bones ​ Holes ​ Fissure: An open slit that usually contains nerves and blood vessels  ​ Foramen: A hole that contains nerves and blood vessels ​ Groove: A furrow that contains blood vessels and nerves Compare and contrast a fetal skull with an adult skull. (CO9)A fetal skull is significantly different from an adult skull, primarily due to the presence of "fontanelles" (soft spots) where skull bones haven't fully fused, allowing for flexibility during birth and rapid brain growth in early development, while an adult skull has mostly fused sutures, creating a more rigid structure with a larger facial component relative to the cranial vault compared to a fetus. Compare and contrast the adult male and female skeletons. (CO9)The most significant difference between an adult male and female skeleton is the shape and size of the pelvis, with a female pelvis being wider and shallower to accommodate childbirth, while a male pelvis is narrower and deeper Given a factor or situation, predict the changes that could occur in the skeletal system and the consequences of those changes. (CO9)If a person experiences prolonged periods of inactivity due to bed rest or immobilization, their skeletal system could undergo significant changes like bone density loss, leading to increased risk of fractures due to the lack of weight-bearing stress on the bones, impacting mobility and overall physical function; this is often referred to as "disuse osteoporosis.". Articulations Describe the anatomical classification of joints based on structure and provide examples of each. (CO11)Based on structure, joints are classified into three main types: fibrous joints (immovable), cartilaginous joints (slightly movable), and synovial joints (freely movable), with examples including the sutures in the skull (fibrous), the pubic symphysis (cartilaginous), and the shoulder joint (synovial). Describe the functional classification of joints based on amount of movement permitted and provide examples of each. (CO11)Based on the amount of movement allowed, joints are functionally classified as synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), and diarthroses (freely movable) Describe the major structural components of a typical synovial joint. (CO11)A typical synovial joint consists of the following major structural components: articular cartilage covering the articulating surfaces of the bones, a joint capsule (or articular capsule) that encloses the joint cavity, synovial membrane lining the inside of the capsule which produces synovial fluid, and ligaments that provide stability to the joint by connecting the bones together For each of the six structural types of synovial joints, describe its anatomic features, identify locations in the body, and predict the kinds of movement each joint allows. (CO11)The six structural types of synovial joints are: plane (gliding), hinge, pivot, condyloid (ellipsoidal), saddle, and ball-and-socket joints. Define movements that occur at synovial joints. (CO12)Synovial joints allow bones to slide past each other or to rotate around each other. This produces movements called abduction (away), adduction (towards), extension (open), flexion (close), and rotation. There are six types of synovial joints.