Human Body System Review PDF

HUMAN BODY SYSTEM 1.​ Nervous System 2.​ Integumentary System 3.​ Circulatory System 4.​ Endocrine System 5.​ Respiratory System 6.​ Digestive System 7.​ Reproductive System 8.​ Urinary System 9.​ Muscular System 10.​Skeletal System CLASSIFICATIONS Infrastructure Sys...

HUMAN BODY SYSTEM 1.​ Nervous System 2.​ Integumentary System 3.​ Circulatory System 4.​ Endocrine System 5.​ Respiratory System 6.​ Digestive System 7.​ Reproductive System 8.​ Urinary System 9.​ Muscular System 10.​Skeletal System CLASSIFICATIONS Infrastructure Systems ​ Circulatory: Transports blood, nutrients, and gases throughout the body. [heart, blood vessels, blood] ​ Muscular: Enables movement and provides structure through muscles and tendons. ​ Nervous: Controls body functions and responds to stimuli through the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. ​ Skeletal: Supports and protects the body, stores minerals, and produces blood cells through bones and joints. Regulation Systems ​ Endocrine: Regulates body functions such as growth, metabolism, and mood through hormones released by glands. ​ Lymphatic: Helps protect the body from infection and maintains fluid balance with lymph, lymph nodes, and the spleen (stores and filters blood). ​ Urinary: Removes waste and excess fluids from the body through the kidneys, bladder, and urethra. Energy Systems ​ Respiratory: Takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide through the lungs and airways. ​ Digestive: Breaks down food into nutrients and absorbs them into the body using organs like the stomach, intestines, and liver. Reproductive Systems ​ Reproductive: Produces offspring and allows for sexual reproduction. Includes organs like ovaries, testes, and the uterus. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ​ Mechanical: physically breaking down food into smaller pieces ​ Chemical: breaking down of food into their absorbable molecule DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ORGANS: 1.​ Ingestion - taking in food 2.​ Digestion - changing food into simple components 3.​ Absorption- intaking the digested food into the tissues and cells 4.​ Egestion - ridding the body of solid undigested waste DIGESTIVE PROCESS: Mouth (Ingestion & Digestion) ​ food is broken down ​ start of the gastrointestinal tract (GI) ​ saliva chemically digests food through enzymes called ptyalin or amylase ​ chewed food + saliva = bolus Esophagus (Ingestion & Digestion) ​ where the bolus passes through ​ peristalsis = alternate contractions and relaxation of muscles ​ esophageal sphincter = prevents backflow of the food Stomach (Digestion)  ​ mechanical and chemical digestion happens within the stomach ​ the stomach lining secretes gastric juices (HCI) while the muscle grinds and mixes the content ○​ Acidic = ph level: 2-3 (HCI) ○​ Pepsin = secreted to help digest proteins into amino acid ○​ Chyme = refers to food being broken down into a thin liquid ​ the food stays in the stomach for 3 hours before proceeding to the small intestine Small Intestine (Digestion & Absorption) ​ longest part of the digestive system (20ft / 6m) ​ has three (3) parts: ○​ duodenum ○​ jejenum ○​ ileum ​ it works with three (3) other organs: ○​ Liver = produces bile, which emulsifies fat ○​ Pancreas = secretes digestive enzymes ○​ Gallbladder = stores and concentrates bile ​ Villi = structures in the intestinal wall that absorbs nutrients from food Large Intestine (Absorption) ​ the colon is found at its end ​ contains food which cannot be broken down further, usually fiber ​ absorbs water and excretes the solidified waste, known as feces or stool  ​ bacteria (e.coli) found here releases fatty acids and vitamins Rectum (Egestion) ​ end of the GI tract ​ where the anal sphincter is found ​ contains undigested food known as feces or stool DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS ​ Diarrhea: Frequent, loose, or watery stools, often accompanied by abdominal cramps. It can be caused by infections, food intolerances, or digestive disorders. ​ Constipation: Infrequent or difficult bowel movements, often characterized by hard stools and a sense of incomplete evacuation. Causes include dehydration, low fiber, or certain medications. ​ Gallstones: Solid particles that form in the gallbladder, potentially blocking bile flow. They can cause pain (biliary colic) and lead to complications like gallbladder inflammation (cholecystitis). ​ Peptic Ulcer: Sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or the upper part of the small intestine. Caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and protective mechanisms, often linked to H. pylori infection or long-term NSAID use. ​ Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver, typically caused by viral infections (hepatitis A, B, C), alcohol use, or certain medications. Symptoms can include jaundice, fatigue, and abdominal pain. ​ Appendicitis: Inflammation of the appendix, often leading to sharp lower-right abdominal pain. It can progress to a life-threatening rupture if not treated surgically. ​ Heartburn: A burning sensation in the chest due to stomach acid rising into the esophagus, often linked to acid reflux disease (GERD). It can be triggered by certain foods, obesity, or lying down after meals. ​ Undernutrition: A condition where a person doesn't get enough nutrients, leading to weight loss, weakness, and compromised immune function. Causes include inadequate food intake or absorption issues. ​ Overnutrition: Excessive intake of calories or nutrients, often leading to obesity, metabolic disorders (like diabetes), and related health problems. Common causes include poor dietary habits and sedentary lifestyle. EXCRETORY SYSTEM ​ What happens to the products that were not absorbed by our body? Toxic Products = Eliminated ​ How does the excretory system work in our body? It eliminates cellular wastes through the lungs, skin, kidneys, and digestive system. ​ What are the different processes of waste removal in our body? a.​ to sweat b.​ to exhale c.​ urine and feces ​ What are the different parts of the Excretory System? ​ Kidney ○​ the primary organ ○​ a bean-shaped organ, about the size of your fist ○​ there is a pair of kidneys, but only one is needed to survive ○​ it works 24/7 filtering toxic wastes from the bloodstream, producing urine ​ Ureter ○​ the urine produced by the kidneys drains to the ureter ○​ they are tubules connecting your kidneys to the bladder ​ Bladder ○​ contains the urine until it contracts (signaling the body to release it) ○​ over the years, people were able to control this muscle ​ Urethra ○​ where the urine exits from the body (for both male and female) How does the excretory system maintain homeostasis? 1.​ removal of wastes in the bloodstream 2.​ control of water and salt balance in the bloodstream, together with the endocrine system 3.​ dehydration occurs when the body does not have enough water to perform all bodily functions a.​ little to no urine b.​ dark urine c.​ fatigue/headache ​ Claim 1: Staying hydrated supports the kidneys in filtering waste products. ○​ Evidence: “Your kidneys need water to filter waste from the blood and excrete it in urine.” ○​ Reasoning: When well-hydrated, the kidneys efficiently remove waste, reducing strain and preventing toxic buildup. This contributes to homeostasis by ensuring clean blood circulation throughout the body. ​ Claim 2: Hydration helps prevent kidney stones by reducing urine concentration. ○​ Evidence: “Without adequate water, the minerals and salts in your urine can form crystals, leading to kidney stones.” ○​ Reasoning: Diluted urine decreases mineral crystallization, helping prevent stone formation and maintaining balance and kidney function. ​ Claim 3: Drinking water lowers the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs). ○​ Evidence: “Drinking plenty of water can help prevent urinary tract infections by flushing out bacteria from the urinary tract.” ○​ Reasoning: Regular hydration minimizes bacteria in the urinary tract, promoting a balanced environment and preventing infections, supporting homeostasis by reducing inflammatory disruptions. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM  ​ Oxygen = the molecule the lungs absorb during inhalation ​ Trachea = the largest airwary in the respiratory system ​ Pneumonia = a respiratory disease caused by infectious organisms ​ Alveoli = sac-like structures at the end of each bronchiole, where gas exchange occurs; oxygen from the air we breathe gets absorbed in the blood UPPER TRACT  a.​ During breathing, the epiglottis remains in an upright position to allow air into the trachea. b.​ During swallowing, the epiglottis closes off the trachea to prevent food or liquid from entering the lungs, directing it instead towards the esophagus and stomach. ​ Nose: entrance of air, lined with hairs, micro hairs called cilia, and mucous membrane or snot ​ Pharynx (Throat): also a part of the digestive system, connects nasal cavity to the larynx ​ Epiglottis: a leaf-shaped flap that prevents food from entering the respiratory tract ​ Larynx (Voicebox): responsible for our voice, connects the trachea to the upper respiratory tract LOWER TRACT  ​ Trachea (Windpipe): the largest airway, connects the larynx to the bronchi ​ Lungs: main organ of the respiratory system (*not hollow, but spongy*) ​ Bronchi: right and left; branches further into bronchioles ​ Bronchioles: the smallest airways inside the lungs ​ Alveoli (Air Sacs): the structure where gas exchange takes place Breathing (Mechanical Respiration) Both Respiration the physical process of gas involves oxygen, a chemical process exchanging assists other organs to which occurs at a function properly cellular level HOW DOES BREATHING WORK? Breathing works by taking in oxygen from the air and expelling carbon dioxide from the body. When you inhale, your diaphragm moves down, and your lungs expand, allowing oxygen to enter. When you exhale, the diaphragm moves up, pushing air out of the lungs, removing carbon dioxide. HOW DOES OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE MOVE IN AN OUT OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM? ​ The respiratory system carries out gas exchange: loads oxygen and unloads carbon dioxide from the blood. ​ The cardiovascular system delivers oxygen and nutrients; carries away wastes. ​ Smoking can harm both the respiratory and circulatory systems. In the lungs, smoking causes the airways to become inflamed and narrow, making it harder to breathe. It also damages the tiny air sacs in the lungs, reducing oxygen intake. In the circulatory system, smoking can increase the heart rate and raise blood pressure, putting extra strain on the heart. Overtime, smoking can lead to serious problems like heart disease and lung cancer. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ​ Cardiac muscle cells have the most mitochondria, with 5000 per cell as these cells need more energy. ​ The heart is responsible for pumping enough blood to deliver throughout our entire body. ​ Veins are always red, not blue. The reason it appears blue is because of light interacting with skin and deoxygenated blood being a darker shade of red, reflecting a blue tone. FUNCTIONS 1.​ transports nutrients, gasses, hormones, waste, and other materials in and out of the body 2.​ fights infections 3.​ maintains constant body temperature (thermoregulation) 4.​ maintains fluid balance within the body COMPONENTS a.​ Blood Vessels: channels/pathways; closed system b.​ Heart: pumping organ c.​ Blood: circulating medium BLOOD VESSELS -​ tubes of channels that carry blood throughout the body -​ each type of blood vessel differs in size and structure  ​ Artery: the thickest wall, allowing it to withstand high pressure from the heart, carries blood away from the heart ​ Capillary: the thinnest wall, exchange of substances between the blood and tissues ​ Vein: less muscular and stretchy, so blood moves through it with low pressure, has a special valve that helps blood only go one way, carries blood back towards the heart HEART ​ 4 chambers - 2 atria (upper chambers), 2 ventricles (lower chamber)  ​ located on center of the chest, approximately the size of your fist ​ right side - DEoxygenated, blood needs to go to the lungs ​ left side - oxygenated, ready to be pumped to the rest of the body ​ septum - separates right and left side ​ valves - flaps of tough muscles, prevents backflow HEART RATE -​ or pulse rate, the number of heartbeats per minute (bpm) -​ bpm varies on health/fitness level, fit people have a lower resting heart rate, average is 70-75 bpm PULMONARY CIRCULATION (*right ventricle-left atrium*) SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION (*all throughout*) The body converts deoxygenated blood to oxygenated blood through the circulatory and respiratory systems. Deoxygenated blood, which is low in oxygen, travels from the body into the right side of the heart. The heart pumps this blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. In the lungs, the blood passes through tiny air sacs called alveoli, where it picks up oxygen from the air we breathe and releases carbon dioxide. The now oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart, which pumps it to the rest of the body, delivering oxygen to the organs and tissues. BLOOD -​ a special fluid primarily consisting of blood vessels -​ a common method involves spinning it at high speeds in a centrifuge -​ blood examinations undergo component separation -​ blood is divided into its components, with the heaviest part at the bottom: plasma, white blood cells and platelets, red blood cells ​ Red Blood Cells ○​ carries oxygen, nutrients, and waste ​ White Blood Cells ○​ fights diseases, protects the body from infection ​ Platelets ○​ gathers at the site of injury, helps the clotting process ​ Plasma ○​ straw-colored liquid where the other components float in