Human Body System Part 1 PDF

‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬ ‫)سبحانك ال علم لنا اال ما علمتنا انك انت العليم الحكيم(‬ ‫صدق هللا العظيم‬ ‫البقرة االية(‪)32‬‬  Human anatomy D.r Omer Mahmoud Abubaker lecture NO:2 Human Anatomy and Body Systems Part 1  ‫االعجاز الرباني ف...

‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬ ‫)سبحانك ال علم لنا اال ما علمتنا انك انت العليم الحكيم(‬ ‫صدق هللا العظيم‬ ‫البقرة االية(‪)32‬‬  Human anatomy D.r Omer Mahmoud Abubaker lecture NO:2 Human Anatomy and Body Systems Part 1  ‫االعجاز الرباني في الجسد االنساني‬ ‫كل واحد منّا إذا تأ ّمل في تركيب بدنه والتناسق بين أعضاء جسده وكيف أن هللا تعالي اختارأن‬ ‫يناسبه يكون كل عضو في موقعه الذي هو فيه وشاء ج ّل وعال أن يضعه في مكانه الذي‬ ‫ويؤدي وظيفته المناط بها فإن المؤمن حين يتدبر ذلك ويستشعر‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫قوله تعالي‬ ‫يزداد إيمانه بخالقه الذي أوجده علي هذه الهيئة البديعة وخلقه بهذه الصورة الفريدة وتظهر له ‬ ‫عظمة الخالق وقدرته علي كل ما يشاء ويريد فتضئ قلب المؤمن تلك اآليات الباهرات‬ ‫وتسطع له أنوار اليقين وتمنحي من قلبه غمرات الشك والريب وتنقشع عنه ظلمات الجهل‪.‬‬  Levels of Organization Remember, the human body is organized in several levels, from the simplest to the most complex... Cells – the basic unit of life. Tissues – clusters of cells performing a similar function. Organs – made of tissues that perform one specific function. Organ Systems – groups of organs that perform a specific purpose in the human body. The purpose of the 11 organ systems is for the human body to maintain homeostasis. Cell types:. *muscle tissue : most abundant tissue controls internal movement digestion, blood through veins and arteries, external movement of body. *epithelial tissue : covering for body & organs linings of organs & vessels. *connective tissue : holds organs in place ligaments, tendons, some keep organs in place. *nervous tissue : receives messages from body’s internal and external messages analyze data & direct response.  The 11 Human Body Systems The 11 human body systems are as follows: 1-- nervous system 7 -- integumentary system 2-- respiratory system 8 -- digestive system 3-- excretory system 9-- skeletal system 4-- muscular system 10 -- circulatory system 5-- endocrine system 11-- reproductive system 6-- lymphatic (immune) system  (I)The anatomy of Circulatory System Purpose: to deliver oxygenated blood to the various cells and organ systems in the body , so they can undergo cellular respiration. Cell type : cardiac Muscle of heart – smooth muscle for vessels Major Organs and Their Functions :. *Heart : the major muscle of the circulatory system , pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs, where it gets oxygenated blood , returned to the heart, and then pumped out through the aorta to the rest of the body. *valve : regulate the flow of blood between the chambers. *the heart and circulatory system make up your cardiovascular system. *heart works as a pump that pushes blood to the organs ,tissues ,and cells. * blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to every cell and removes the carbon dioxide and waste products. * Blood is carries from heart to the rest of the body through a complex network of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. * Blood is returned to the heart through veins and venules. *the one way circulatory system Carries blood to all part of body. This process is called ( systemic circulation). * arteries carry oxygen rich blood away from heart, and vines carry oxygen poor blood back to the heart. * in pulmonary circulation though , the roles are switched. It is the pulmonary artery that brings oxygen poor blood into lungs and the pulmonary vein that brings oxygen rich blood back to the heart.  Heart anatomy *The heart weights between (200_450 grams) and is a little larger than the size of fist. * the heart is located between the lungs in the middle of the chest. Behind and slightly to the left of the breastbone ( sternum) *a double layered membrane called the pericardium, surround the heart like a sac. * the heart has 4 chambers:. the upper chambers are called the left and right atria. the lower chambers are called the left and right ventricles. *in the wall there is septum separates the left and right atria, and the left and right ventricles.  The heart valves:. Four types od valves regulate blood flow through the heart:. (1) The tricuspid valve : regulates blood flow between the right atrium and the right ventricle. (2) the pulmonary valve : control the blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries which carry blood to the lung. (3) The mitral valve lets oxygen rich blood from the lungs ,pass from the left atrium into the left ventricle. (4) The aortic valve opens the way for oxygen rich blood to pass from the left ventricle into the aorta, which is largest artery in the body , where it is delivered to the rest of the body.  The coronary arteries *The aorta : ( the main blood supplier to the body) branches of into two main coronary arteries the right coronary artery. the left coronary artery. *These coronary arteries branch off into smaller arteries which supply oxygen rich blood to the entire heart muscle. *The right coronary artery supplies the blood mainly to the right side of the heart, the right side of the heart is smaller because it pumps blood only to the lungs. *The left coronary artery, which branches into the left anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery, supplies the left side of the heart is larger and more muscular because it pumps blood to the rest of the body.  Vascular system( the blood vessels) *Arteries , veins , capillaries comprise the vascular system. *Arteries and veins runs parallel throughout the body with web like network of capillaries connecting them. *Arteries use vessel size controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, to move blood by pressure. *Veins use one way valves controlled by muscle contractions.  Organ system Interactions * With lungs – exchange O2 & CO2. *With digestive system - pick up nutrients for transport throughout the body. *With excretory – blood is filtered to remove toxins and some water. * Nervous system – heart-beat regulation & blood pressure.  The Nervous System *Purpose: to coordinate the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environment. *Cell type – Nerve. Major Organs and Their Functions:. *Brain : control center of the body, where all processes are relayed through. consists of cerebrum (controls though and senses) and cerebellum (controls motor functions). *Spinal Cord :sends instructions from the brain to the rest of the body and vice versa. *Nerves : conduct impulses to muscle cells throughout the body. Cells of the nervous system: (1)Neuron : structural classes: * multipolar. * Unipolar. * Bipolar. (2) Glial cells: A- Myelin producers: Oligodendrocytes (CNS) Schwan cells (PNS) B- Astrocytes C- Microglia –involved in response to injury or disease.  Nerves – neurons clustered into bundles of fibres (axons) * 3 types: 1. Sensory – carry impulses from sense organs to brain and spinal cord. 2. Motor – from brain or spinal to other organs. 3. Interneuron – connects sensory and motor neurons. Synapse – point at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell.  Human Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) – the control center. A. Brain , 100 billion cells neurons comprise of : 1. Cerebrum – largest part, responsible for learning, intelligence, and judgment. 2. Cerebellum – coordinates and balances actions of muscles. (Posture, movement, and balance.) 3. Brainstem – regulates blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and swallowing. (Thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.) B. Spinal cord (A) Anatomical division:. brain (I)central nervous system spinal cord cranial nerve(to and from brain) (II) Peripheral nervous spinal verves (to and from spinel cord) (B)Functional divisions:. *Somatic nervous system: voluntary controls skeletal muscle. *Autonomic nervous system: involuntary controls smooth muscle. *Role of the nervous system: To monitor the internal and external environment of the body. To process this information to direct behaviours and body processes.  Organ system Interactions *Nervous system is interactive with all other systems in the body – you name it it’s involved.  The anatomy Respiratory System *Purpose: to provide the body with a fresh supply of oxygen for cellular respiration and remove the waste product carbon dioxide. *Cell type: Epithelial *Major Organs and Their Functions *Nose – internal entry and exit point for air. *Pharynx – serves as a passage way for both air and food at the back of the throat. *Larynx – your “voice box”, as air passes over your vocal chords, you speak *Trachea – the “windpipe”, or what connects your pharynx to your lungs -- a piece of skin, called the epiglottis, covers the trachea when you swallow, preventing food from entering *Bronchi – the two large passageways that lead from the trachea to your lungs (one for each lung) -- The bronchi are further subdivided into bronchioles, -- Eventually, the further subdivisions lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli. -- Alveoli are in clusters, like grapes. -- Capillaries surrounding each alveolus is where the exchange of gases with the blood occurs. *Lungs – contain the alveoli, bronchi and connective tissue The diaphragm is the muscle that causes you to breath. -- Hiccups are involuntary contractions of the diaphragm. Component of Respiratory system WHY ARE ALVEOLI SO IMPORTANT? *Alveoli are the air sacs of the lungs. *They have thin walls made of simple cells and are surrounded by blood capillaries. *Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli. – Oxygen gas is in higher concentration in the alveoli than in the blood and so it diffuses into the blood through a layer of cells. – Carbon dioxide is in higher concentration in the blood than the alveoli and so it diffuses into the alveoli through a layer of cells. * The surface of alveoli are covered in a thin lipoprotein layer and it prevents them from collapsing during exhalation. *Functions of the respiratory system:. (1) Provides extensive gas exchange surface area between air and circulating blood. (2) Moves air to and from exchange surface of lungs. (3) Protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment. (4) Produces sound. (5) Participates in olfactory sense.  Organ system Interactions *The respiratory system directly interacts with the circulatory system. * Indirectly interacts with the immune system (lining of the nasal and bronchiole cavities/tubes). *Nervous system (smell & taste) – regulation of breathing.  The Digestive System *Purpose: to convert food particles into simpler micro molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by the body. *Cell Type: epithelial and muscle *Major Organs and their Functions: (1)Mouth – to chew and grind up food -- Saliva also begins the chemical breakdown --Tooth :. Organ set in the jaws and used to cut and crush food. --Tongue :. Sensory organ of taste, allowing us to speak ,swallow and suck in coordinated way (2)Esophagus – pipe connecting mouth to stomach (3)Stomach – secretes an extraordinarily strong acid (pH = 2) that leads to breakdown of food -- once the food is broken down in the stomach and mixed with digestive juices, it is called chyme (4)Duodenum :.beginning of the small intestine. (5) Small intestine:. part of the digestive tract between the stomach and the large intestine. (6) Large intestine : --Ascending colon :part of large intestine which the digested food travels upward. --transverse colon: part of the large intestine in which the digested food travels transversally. --descending colon: part of the large intestine in which the digested food travels downward. (7) Sigmoid: last part of the descending colon. (8)Rectum: last part of the large intestine between sigmoid and anus (9) Anus end of the large intestine through which the human body expels sold waste.  Accessory gland of the digestive tract. 1. Pancreas: gland connected to the digestive tract which produces digestive enzymes. 2. Liver:. Digestive gland that produces bile. 3. Gallbladder:. Small sac, that contains the bile. Liver Gallbladder Pancreas  Organ system Interactions *Circulatory system – move nutrients to other parts of body. *Nervous system – regulation of peristaltic activity. *Endocrine system – hormones that regulate apatite and digestive enzyme release. *Excretory – removal of solid waste. will Continue in body system part two thanks