Semester 1 Review Guide PDF

Chapter 1 ​ What is Science? An organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. ​ What is the scientific method? Observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, organize, conclusion. ​ What are the 8 features of all living things? Eat, repro...

Chapter 1 ​ What is Science? An organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. ​ What is the scientific method? Observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, organize, conclusion. ​ What are the 8 features of all living things? Eat, reproduce, grow and develop, evolve, have DNA, made of cells, respond to a stimulus, and maintain homeostasis. Chapter 2 ​ What are protons positively charged particles, neutrons: A neutrally charged particle, and electrons: Negatively charged particle ​ What are the three types of chemical bonds? Ionic/strongest bond, covalent/shares electrons, and Hydrogen/weak attraction What do they do ask Schluter. What is the difference between ions and isotopes? An isotope has a different number of neutrons in the atom and the Ion has a different number of protons and electrons in the atom. What is adhesion and cohesion? Adhesion is the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another And cohesion is the attraction of molecules to other molecules of the same kind ​ What is the pH of acids and bases? Acid is 6- and the base is 8 and higher, 7 is polar ​ What are the 4 organic macromolecules? Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. ​ 5 signs of a chemical reaction? Odor, temperature change, precipitate formation, production of gas bubbles, and color change. ​ What is an enzyme? What is a catalyst? A catalyst is something that speeds up the rate of reaction, an Enzyme is a biological substance that lowers the activation energy for a reaction to occur. Chapters 3-4 ​ Briefly describe each of the 9 biomes. Tundra=cold all year around and no precipitation, Tyga=cold all year and moderate precipitation, temperate forest is Wisconsin and Has warm Summers and cold winters, deciduous trees, hibernating or migrating animals, tropical rainforest=warm all year and lots of precipitation, grassland, desert=hot during the day and no precipitation, temperate grassland=Warm Summers and cold winters, grassy plans, animals are grazers or burrowers, temperate woodland=Hot summers and warm winters, little rain, low growing shrubs, animals browse, tropical dry forest=Warm all year, wet season and dry season, animals estivate during the dry season., tropical grassland= Warm all year, heavy rain followed by drought, grasses and shrubs, elephants and giraffes. Coniferous Forest=Cool temperatures with moderate rain, Pine trees, moves, Mountain lions, links, and Elk. ​ What is the greenhouse effect and what are the 3 greenhouse gases? The greenhouse affect is When greenhouse gases build up in the atmosphere trapping heat and  warming the planet's surface. the three greenhouse gases are Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor. CMW ​ Define wetlands, rivers=Natural stream of freshwater, Transport nutrients and organisms=Freshwater ecosystem where water covers the soil, nutrient rich. and estuaries. Freshwater Mets saltwater ​ Define producer= things that produces their own food, consumer=Organisms that must consume their energy from other organisms., herbivore=Animals that eat plants ex: deer, carnivore=Feeds on other animals, for example, wolf or shark, omnivore=, Feeds on both plants and other animals. detritivore= feeds on detritus particles, for example earthworms, decomposer=Feed on decaying organic matter example bacteria or fungi. and scavenger=Feed on dead carcasses ​ Difference between photosynthesis and chemosynthesis? One happens from the sun and the other one happens from using chemical energy to make organic carbohydrates. ​ What is a food web? What is a food chain? A food web is a graphical display of all the food chains in the ecosystem. a food chain is a series of steps we're organizers transfer energy by eating or being eaten. ​ What are the three ecological pyramids and what are their differences? The biomass pyramid shows the amount of living tissue, the pyramid of numbers shows the number of individual organisms in each trophic level, and the energy period which shows the amount of energy that travels in the ecosystem. ​ List the 4 biogeochemical cycles. Water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, phosphorus cycle. Chapters 5-6 ​ What is a niche= organism's role in an ecosystem? What is the difference between interspecific and intraspecific competition?inter is different, intra is same species. ​ What does the competitive exclusion principle state? ​ What is interdependence? ​ Why are keystone species significant? ​ What are the 3 symbiotic relationships? ​ List the 2 types of succession. What is the climax community and what are pioneer species? Chapter 8 ​ Who is Robert Hooke=he coined the term cell by observing cork under a microscope. ​ List the 3 principles of cell theory. The most basic unit of life carries out basic functions, new cells come from preexisting cells. ​ Difference between prokaryotes and ​ eukaryotes=Multicelled organism, cells have nucleuses ​ Define nucleus, ​ cell membrane=Lipid bilayer that regulates what enters and exits the cell, ​ mitochondria=Create energy from food for the cell, ​ lysosome,  ​ centriole=Near the nucleus and AIDS in cell division, ​ ribosome=Uses instructions from DNA to create protein, ​ endoplasmic reticulum=Assembles proteins and lipids, ​ Golgi=, ​ vacuole=, ​ chloroplast=Captures energy from sunlight and converts it into food and carries out photosynthesis, ​ cell wall=Only in plant cells, protects and provide structure for the cell, contains cellulose. ​ What is passive transport=Substances move in and out of the cell without using cell energy? ​ What is diffusion=Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration it is a type of passive transport. ​ What is active transport=Substances move in and out of the cell while using the cell's energy. What is endocytosis, exocytosis the process where substance is forced out of the cell, and phagocytosis? ​ What are isotonic=Salute concentration is equal outside and inside the cell, ​ hypertonic solution= ​ and hypotonic=Salute concentration is low, Waters enters the cell ​ And how do cells respond to each solution? Chapters 9-10 ​ What are the 3 components required for photosynthesis to occur? Carbon dioxide, water and sunlight. ​ Difference between ATP=adenosine triphosphate, energy molecule and ADP it’s an ATP but dead? ​ What is chlorophyll? Why do leaves in WI change colors in the fall? chlorophyll is the main pigment in plants. The leaves changed color in Wisconsin due to the chlorophyll breaking down. ​ Define thylakoid, stroma, granum, NADP+, and NADPH. ​ What is a photosystem? What is chemiosmosis? Photosynthesis is made by the sun and chemo osmosis is made from carbohydrates. ​ What are the three steps of the Calvin Cycle? ​ How is CAM photosynthesis different? How is C4 photosynthesis different? CAM photosynthesis takes in more CO2 at night and C4 photosynthesis makes more ATP. ​ Where does glycolysis= take place in the what are its products=pruvic acid ​ Where does the Krebs cycle take place and what are its products? it is in the mitochondria and produces FADH2 ​ Where does the Electron Transport Chain take place and what does it produce? chloroplast where it pumps hydrogen ions into the thylakoid. ​ What does oxygen do in cellular respiration? glucose + oxygen -> carbon-dioxide + water + energy3 steps that involve breaking down glucose to produce ATP ​ ​  ​ How is cyanide a deadly poison? it blocks oxygen from getting on the etc chain. ​ What are the two types of fermentation=achol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation? ​ What are the products for each? Alcohol fermentation makes ethanal and lactic acid produces energy. Chapter 11 ​ Why are cells small? ​ Why do cells need to divide? ​ What are the four stages of mitosis? ​ What are cyclins? ​ What are the 3 types of stem cells and what is the difference between the 3? ​ What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis? ​ When does crossing over occur? ​ What is the haploid number for humans?