Biology - First Semester Review PDF

Biology - First Semester Review Begin by Reviewing Key Vocabulary from each Unit (Vocabulary can be found at the beginning of each section in the book. For some units key terms are listed in CANVAS.) UNIT 1 - Intro to Biology - The Study of Life (Chapter 1) What i...

Biology - First Semester Review Begin by Reviewing Key Vocabulary from each Unit (Vocabulary can be found at the beginning of each section in the book. For some units key terms are listed in CANVAS.) UNIT 1 - Intro to Biology - The Study of Life (Chapter 1) What is Biology? The scientific study of life What are the benefits of studying Biology? Scientists have gathered important information that helps cure and prevent disease, grow food, and link the world electronically. What are the characteristics of living things? It is made of one or more cells, displays organization, grows and develops, reproduces, responds to stimuli, requires energy, maintains homeostasis, adapts to environment, based on a universal genetic code, obtains and uses materials and energy, and maintains a stable internal environment. Why do we do science? The goal of science is to provide natural and testable explanations for events in the natural world. Science also aims to use explanations supported by data to understand patterns in nature, and to make useful predictions about natural events. What are its limitations? The limits are it being only of the natural world. It can’t be supernatural, or something that can’t be tested or measured. Examples would be Dreams, Godard Alternate Dimensions. This does not mean they don’t exist. SCIENCE CAN NEITHER PROVE NOR DISPROVE THE EXISTENCE OF GOD. Anecdotal Evidence (One person's personal experience) vs Controlled Group Experiment (Larger group=better) Buyer beware (Who is funding the study? Large tobacco company? Does it sound too good to be true? “Never look a gift horse in the mouth” Listen to people in authority. Knowledge/Education/Are they trustworthy? Beware of ALWAYS or NEVER statements or OVER generalizations. What are the characteristics of good science? Good Scientists share scientific attitudes, or habits of mind, that lead them to exploration and discovery. Curiosity, skepticism, open-mindedness and creativity help scientists and engineers ask new questions and define new questions. What is a controlled Experiment It contains changeable factors including, temperature, light, time, and an availability of nutrients. Ideally a hypothesis should be tested by an experiment in which only one variable is changed, all other variables should be kept unchanged or controlled. What is an independent variable?  The variable deliberately changed What is a dependent variable? The variable that is observed and that changes in response to the independent variable is called the dependent variable. What’s a control group? A control group is exposed to the same conditions as the experimental group except for changes in the independent variable. What is the scientific method? Scientific methodology involves observing and asking questions, forming hypotheses conducting controlled experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. ** Know how to graph data properly.** Title Label Axis (Include Units) What type of Graph to use Intervals must fit on Paper Intervals must be Evenly Spaced Independent and Dependent Variables on the Correct Axis To review see Graphing Packet UNIT 2 - Principles of Ecology (Chapter 3) What are Biotic Factors? A biotic factor is any living part of the environment with which an organism might interact. What are Abiotic Factors? An abiotic factor is any nonliving part of the environment such as sunlight, heat, precipitation, humidity, wind or water currents and soil types. How is latitude related to the major climate zones? Due to heat distribution it creates three main climate zones: tropical, temperate and polar What are the major abiotic factors that determine the type of biomes? Tropical Rain Forest warm and wet year-around tHon, nutrient poor soils subject to erosion. Tropical Dry Forests warm year round, alternating wet and dry seasons rich soils subject to erosion Tropical Grassland/Savanna/Shrubland Warm; seasonal rainfall; compact soils;frequent fires set by lightning Desert Low precipitation; variable temperatures, soils rich in minerals but lack in organic material. Temperate Grassland  Warm to hot summers, cold winters moderate seasonal precipitation, fertile soils, occasional fires Temperate Woodland Warm and dry summers, moist winters, thin nutrient-poor soils, periodic fires Temperate Forest Cold to moderate winters, warm summers, year round precipitation, fertile soils Northwestern Coniferous Forest Mild Temperatures abundant precipitation cool dry summers, rocky acidic soils Boreal Forest/Tundra Long cold winters short mild summers moderate precipitation high humidity acidic nutrient poor soils Tundra Strong Winds low amounts of precipitation short and soggy winters long cold dark winters thin soils. How do aquatic ecosystems differ from one another? Rivers, streams, creeks and brooks often originate from underground water resources in mountains or hills. Much of the life in lakes and ponds depends on a combination of plankton and attached algae and plants. Water typically flows out of lands and ponds through rivers or streams. A wetland is an ecosystem in which water either covers the soil or is present at or beneath the surface for at least part of the year. Water may flow through freshwater wetlands or stay in place, Estuaries serve as spawning and nursery grounds for many ecologically and commercially important fish and shellfish. What are the zones of the marine ecosystems? The intertidal zones, the coastal ocean, the open ocean, the photic zone, the continental shelf, the aphotic zone, the Benthic zone. **Be able to put Levels of Organization in the Correct order and describe them.** UNIT 3 - Energy in a Community (Chapter 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, & 6.2) Explain how energy flows through an Ecosystem? Energy flows through an ecosystem by Producers, Primary Consumer, Secondary Consumer, Tertiary Consumer Be able to read and label food chains, food webs, and Ecological pyramid models? Give examples and describe different types of symbiotic relationships. A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped is called commensalism. A relationship between two species in which both species benefit is called mutualism. A relationship in which one organism lives inside or on another organism and harms it is called parasitism. **Be able to use vocabulary terms to explain steps of a food chain.”** UNIT 4 - Chemistry in Biology (Chapter 2) What are atoms? The basic unit of matter What is the structure of an Atom? Atoms consist of an extremely small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons What are covalent, ionic, and hydrogen (van der Waals) bonds? Covalent Bonds are the moving of electrons that travel about the nuclei of both atoms rocking a covalent bond. An ionic bond is formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one to another. van der Waals force is the slight attraction that develops between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules What are the parts of a chemical reaction? The reactants yield and the products How are energy changes related to chemical reactions? Chemical reactions that release energy often occur on their own, or spontaneously. Chemical reactions that absorb energy require a source of energy. What are enzymes? Enzymes are biological catalysts, and most enzymes are proteins. The role of enzymes is to speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells. Why does the structure of water make it a good solvent? What are solutions (solute/solvent?) Solutes are substances that is dissolved in a solution Solvents are dissolving substances in a solution. What are acids and bases? Acids are compounds that release H+ ions into a solution. They also have pH values below 7 Bases are compounds that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution. They also have values above 7 Why are we carbon based life forms? Carbon can bond with many elements-including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen-to form compounds with many different chemical properties. Living organisms depend upon these compounds. What are the four major families of organic molecules (macromolecules)? Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids What are the functions and characteristics of each type of macromolecule? Proteins are macromolecules that contain Nitrogen as well as Carbon Hydrogen and oxygen. Nucleic Acids store and transmit hereditary or genetic information. Lipids can be used to store energy, and they form important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.  Organisms use carbohydrates to store and release energy as well as the structural support for protection. **Given any element in the first 3 rows of the periodic table, be prepared to draw its atomic structure..” UNIT 5 - CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (Chapter 8) What are the principles of Cell Theory? All living things are made of cells Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things New cells are produced from existing cells What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotic cells do not enclose their genetic material within a nucleus In eukaryotic cells, the nucleus separates the genetic material from the rest of the cell and supports the cell2 How does a cell’s plasma membrane function? The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves and also protects What are the roles of proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol in the plasma membrane? Cholesterol: a steroid lipid that keeps the membrane fluid and flexible. Proteins: responsible for cell adhesion, cell signaling, and material transport Carbohydrates: which forms the glycocalyx on the outside of the cell and aids in cell adhesion and recognition. What are the structures of a typical eukaryotic cell and what are their functions? The nucleus contains nearly all of the cells DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules Chloroplasts capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into Chemical energy stored in food during photosynthesis Mitochondria convert the chemical energy stored in food molecules into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use Endoplasmic reticulum is the internal membrane system found in eukaryotic cells,where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled. The Golgi apparatus modifies sorts and packages proteins, and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or release from the cell What are the similarities and differences between plant and animal cells? Animal cells each have a centrosome and lysosomes, whereas plant cells do not What is diffusion? The process by which particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration What are hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions? Hypertonic is a solution that has a higher level of concentration of solute Isotonic is a solution that has the same concentration of a solute  Hypertonic is the solution that has a lower concentration of solute What is osmosis? Diffusion of water over a selectively permeable membrane ***Be able to Draw and Label common cell structures and describe their function.*** UNIT 6 - MITOSIS (Chapter 11) Why are cells relatively small? Because the larger a cell becomes, the less efficient it is in moving nutrients and waste materials across its cell membrane. In addition as a cell grows it places increasing demands on their own DNA What are the primary stages of the cell cycle? Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis What are the stages of interphase? G1 Phase(Cell Growth) S Phase (DNA replication) G2 phase (preparation for mitosis) Cell division/M Phase ○ Mitosis ○ Cytokinesis What is the process of cytokinesis? Cytokinesis completes the process of cell division by dividing one cell into two What is the role of cyclin proteins in controlling the cell cycle? Cyclins regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells Cyclins rise and fall in a pattern How does cancer relate to the cell cycle? Cancer cells do not respond to the signals that regulate the growth of most cells As a result the cell cycle is disrupted and cells grow and divide uncontrollably What is the role of apoptosis? Apoptosis is programmed cell death Once apoptosis is triggered a cell undergoes a series of controlled steps leading to its self destruction First the cell and its chromatin shrink, and then parts of the cell membranes break off