Copy of Semester 1 Final TEACHER (ACE Review) 2024 PDF

Semester 1 Final COMPLETED (ACE Review) | This is what ya gotta think about it USH.1.1 - Read key documents from the Founding Era and analyze major ideas about government, individual rights, and the general welfare embedded in these documents. Why did revolutionary leaders like Thomas Jefferson...

Semester 1 Final COMPLETED (ACE Review) | This is what ya gotta think about it USH.1.1 - Read key documents from the Founding Era and analyze major ideas about government, individual rights, and the general welfare embedded in these documents. Why did revolutionary leaders like Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, etc. believe it necessary to declare independence from Great Britain Unfair taxation, lack of representation, the fact that a small island nation (Great Britain) with limited resources was exercising control over the large resource rich colonies in a way that was not in the colonise best interests. According to the Declaration of Independence, where does a government get its authority from? All authority/power originates with the people who agree to let the government to exercise control over them for their own benefit. What are natural rights? Rights that everyone is born with. They are not granted by the government and cannot be taken away by a government. Does the federal government have the right to seize the legal private property of its citizens without payment? No. The power of the government is limited by the U.S. Constitution. Does the federal government have unlimited power over the states or their citizens? No. The power of the government is limited by the U.S. Constitution. What was the French & Indian War and why did it result in: A war between the French and British for control of North America and other areas of the world. It results in: ○ Higher taxes Because the cost of the war needed to be paid back to the British government (they were broke). ○ the Quebec Act? Made former French citizens of Canada equals with colonists- this caused social problems. ○ the Proclamation of 1763? After the F&I War the British could not afford to protect colonists if they moved west of the Appalachian mountains What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? What powers did they give and keep from the states? Strength: lots of freedom for the states, could declare war, could enter into treaties, could raise army Weakness: could not directly tax citizens or states, could request money from states, could not coin money. USH.1.2 - Identify and tell the significance of controversies pertaining to slavery, abolitionism, and social reform movements. What was the Missouri Compromise? Law passed in 1820 to address the growing tensions over slavery in the United States, admitted Missouri and Maine, prohibited spread of slavery north of the southern border of Missouri What was the Compromise of 1850? A series of five laws passed in September 1850 to address the issue of slavery and territorial expansion. The compromise was intended to preserve the Union and prevent war. Admitted CA as free state, Texas borders are expanded, no slave trade in DC, Fugitive Slave Act, Popular Soverignty in the Mexican Cession. What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act? A law that repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and established the principle of popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories. Repealed Missouri Compromise, popular sovereignty in all states of the west. What was Bleeding Kansas? A period of violent conflict in the Kansas Territory from 1854 to 1861 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups. Popular sovereignty of K-N Act leads to violence, John Brown, shows growing tension between N & S prior to Civil War. Who was John Brown and what was the Raid on Harpers Ferry? ○ John Brown was an abolitionist - a man of action -- a man who would not be deterred from his mission of abolishing slavery. On October 16, 1859, he led 21 men on a raid of the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. How did each of the above events contribute to the Civil War? ○ The Mo. Comp., Comp. of 1850, and the K-N Act were intended to handle the spread of slavery into the western territories. ○ Bleeding Kansas and Harpers Ferry each showed that the N & S were finding it difficult to find a peaceful resolution on the issue of slavery. Why was slavery important to the north and south? Did their economies BOTH entirely depend on slavery? Both relied on slavery economically. But the S was way more reliant on slavery. The north had other economic drivers and was not solely dependent on the peculiar institution. What was the abolition movement? The fight to end slavery, more common in the N. What was the Nullification Crisis and how did president Andrew Jackson deal with it? A tariff passed by N politicians adversely impacted the economy of South Carolina. SC threatened to nullify the tariff; Jackson threatened the use of military force to make SC comply with the tariff.  What was the Trail of Tears? Occurs when Cherokee natives from the American South East were forced off their land by the Indian Removal Act. Why was the Election of 1800 known as the “Revolution of 1800”? Which parties were involved? Represented the first major transition of power away from the Federalists to another party, the Democratic Republicans. USH.2.1 - Explain the causes and consequences of the Industrial Revolution. What factors contributed to the growth of industry in the U.S.? Vast resources, immigration, railroads, technological improvements, growing consumerism Who were the robber barons? Why did they often form monopolies and practice vertical and horizontal integration? Wealthy industrialists who used aggressive business practices such as the formation of monopolies, vertical and horizontal integration to seize control of huge sectors of the American economy and use their power to set prices, increase their profits, limit competition, etc. Why did labor unions form in the late 1800s? What kinds of reforms were they seeking? They formed to improve lives and working conditions for laborers, better hours, better wages, better protections, etc. USH.2.2 - Analyze the factors associated with the development of the West and how these factors affected the lives of those who settled there, including Buffalo Soldiers, the Irish, and the Chinese. What was the Homestead Act? What were its effects? The Homestead Act of 1862 was a law that allowed citizens and intended citizens to claim 160 acres of public land in exchange for living on it, improving it, and paying a small registration fee. It radically increased the speed of settlement and the spread of farming in the west. What was the Transcontinental Railroad and how did it change the U.S. economically, socially, and politically? A 1,911-mile railroad that connected the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States that created jobs for immigrants, made the settlement of the west faster and cheaper, improved trade throughout the U.S. and improved the economy. What was “Manifest Destiny” and how did it impact westward expansion? Manifest Destiny was the 19th century belief that the United States was destined (has a god given right) to expand across North America and spread democracy and capitalism. It caused rapid development of the west.  What was life like for western settlers? Difficult. Land was abundant but infrastructure was lacking. Communities became entirely reliant on the railroads which led to economic issues. How did Irish and Chinese immigration contribute to the development of the west? Irish and Chinese immigrants promoted economic development by providing an immigrant workforce to build the transcontinental railroad, then the cities of the west. USH.2.3 - Articulare the causes and consequences of Indian wars in the West, and explain how the lives of Native Americans changed with the development of the West. What was the Indian Removal Act (1830)? How did it affect the Cherokee people and their land? A law that authorized the President to negotiate treaties with Native American tribes to relocate them from their homelands in existing states and territories to unsettled lands in the west. It permitted the legal removal of the Cherokee from their farms across the South East to make way for new settlers. What was the relationship between the Native Americans and the buffalo on the great plains? The buffalo was the social, economic, and religious cornerstone of plains Indian culture. What were the Indiana Wars and what was their outcome? Can you name several battles/massacres? A series of prolonged conflicts between Native American tribes and European settlers (primarily the United States) over land and resources in North America, spanning from the early colonial period until the late 19th century, marked by numerous battles and ultimately resulting in the forced relocation of many indigenous populations to reservations; notable events include the Battle of Little Bighorn and the Wounded Knee Massacre. How and why did the federal government encourage Native Americans to move onto reservations? Typically by the use of treaty and military force. Moving native Americans off of their land freed up land for colonization by European sellers. USH.2.5 - Analyze the development of “separate but equal” policies culminating in the Plessy v. Ferguson case. Explain the historical significance of the denial of African American rights in the South and the effects of these policies in future years. What was the 13th Amendment? Ended slavery What was the 14th Amendment? Granted citizenship to former slaves and guaranteed them equal protection under the laws of the U.S. What was the 15th Amendment? Granted former slaves the right to vote.  What were Jim Crow laws? A system of laws and social practices that enforced racial segregation and discrimination in the United States from the 1880s to the 1960s. mandated segregation in public places, such as schools, parks, and transportation, and prohibited interracial marriage. They also allowed officials to punish people for associating with members of another race. Jim Crow laws were part of a broader culture that legitimized anti-Black racism. What was the meaning of the phrase “separate but equal” as established by the Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)? Upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws, establishing the "separate but equal" doctrine - especially in public facilities. It was rooted in the idea that the Fourteenth Amendment was intended to enforce political equality, not abolish social inequality. What was the KKK? How did it seek to put its agenda into action? The Ku Klux Klan was a white supremacist terrorist group that emerged during Reconstruction. It used terror tactics, violence, and political action to promote its agenda. USH.3.1 - Explain the debates surrounding America’s entrance into global imperialism. What nations were annexed by the U.S. during its age of imperialism? Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines, the Hawaiian Islands (became a state) What was the Monroe Doctrine (1820)? How was it used to justify American imperialism? The Monroe Doctrine is a foreign policy position of the United States that opposes European colonization and interference in the Western Hemisphere. What was the goal(s) of American imperialism? To secure economic markets and resources resources, to establish military bases, and earn international respect What nations were - though not annexed into territories or states were impacted by U.S. imperialism? Most of Latin America and the Islands of the Caribbean; all of the European nations with colonies and/or possessions/influence in Latin America and the Caribbean. Why did some american’s support the Anti-Imperialist League? The Anti-Imperialist League was a political organization that opposed the United States' annexation of the Philippines and other American expansionism in the late 1800s and early 1900s. It believed that forced expansion, militarization, and the creation of an overseas empire violated the principle that just governments come from the consent of the governed. USH.3.2 - Explain the origins, goals, achievements, and limitations of the Progressive Movement in addressing political, economic, and social reform. What were the goals of the progressive movement? To correct the problems caused by the industrial revolution. What specific changes did the social reformers of the progressive era want to make to society, business, and government? Progressives fought for shorter working hours, protections for children in the workplace, better healthcare, better schools, etc. How did initiative, referendum, recall, and the 17th amendment help to reform state and federal government? Initiative: a process that enables citizens to bypass their state legislature by placing proposed laws and, in some states, constitutional amendments on the ballot. Referendum: a process that allows voters to approve or repeal an act of the legislature. Recall: a process that allows voters to attempt to remove an elected official from office at any time. 17th Amendment: Direct election of U.S. Senators to increase public control of democratic process How did congressional legislation like the Clayton Antitrust Act affect corporations that sought to form monopolies? It limited their ability to horizontally integrate and to dominate economic markets by providing the government with the tools necessary to break them up into smaller corporations. USH.3.4 - Explain the importance of social and cultural movements within the Progressive Era including significant individuals/groups such as Booker T. Washington, Ida B. Wells, W.E.B. DuBois, NAACP, muckrakers, and Upton Sinclair, and including movements such as the Harlem Renaissance, Women’s Suffrage, labor movements, and socialist movement. What was women’s suffrage? The right of women to vote. It is also used to refer to the women's suffrage movement - which was their fight for the right to vote. The goal of the women’s suffrage movement during the Progressive Era was to secure unlimited voting rights for women. Who were the muckrakers and what did they want to achieve? Be specific. A muckraker is a journalist, writer, or photographer who uncovers and exposes corruption, wrongdoing, or scandal in society. The term is often used to describe the journalists and writers of the Progressive Era in the United States. Who were Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois and what did they want to achieve?  Booker T. Washington was an American educator, author, and orator. Between 1890 and 1915, Washington was the primary leader in the African-American community. He founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama; encouraged African Americans to learn trades and become economically self-sufficient before calling for equal rights. W.E.B. Dubois was an American sociologist, historian, author, editor, and activist who was the most important Black protest leader in the United States during the first half of the 20th century. He shared in the creation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. He thought Black Americans should demand access to equal rights. How did labor unions hope to impact the lives of workers? Unions were dedicated to improving working and living conditions for workers in the industrializing U.S.; better hours, higher wages, benefits, safety USH.3.6 - Describe the experiences of migrants from Europe, Asia, and the southern United States as they encountered and interacted with their new communities. Why did African and Mexican Americans head north during and after WWI? (Economic, social, political) U.S. entry into WWI caused a dramatic increase in the size of the U.S. military. To meet the need for soldiers many young men enlisted and many were drafted. As men left the workforce to join the military jobs opened up in northern industrial states increasing the demand for workers of any cultural background - a demand that ultimately drove many Mexican and African Americans to move north to fill the jobs. What challenges and opportunities impacted the lives of immigrants to the U.S. in the late 19th century? (Economic, social, political) Challenges included dealing with nativism in American society, finding safe places to live, lack of job skills relevant in an industrialized society, etc. Opportunities included the high demand for unskilled labor in U.S. factories, growing economic demand driven by consumer culture, etc. USH.3.3 Explain the constitutional significance of the following landmark decisions of the United States Supreme Court: Schenck v. United States (1919), and Abrams v. United States (1919). What was the court's decision in the Schenck case? The "clear and present danger test" refers to a legal standard established by the Supreme Court in the 1919 case "Schenck v. United States," which allows the government to restrict speech when it poses a serious and immediate threat to national security, essentially meaning that speech can be limited if it creates a "clear and present danger" of causing harm What was the court's decision in the Abrams case?  In this case, the Supreme Court set a legal standard allowing the federal government to limit a citizen's right to free speech if that speech was related to espionage (spying or seeking to undermine the safety of the U.S. USH.3.5 - Analyze the reasons why the United States became involved in World War I. What was the policy of the U.S. with regard to international entanglements prior to its involvement in WWI? At first the U.S. adopted a policy of neutrality with regard to WWI because it was trying to maintain its economic connections with European nations. This policy led to non-intervention in the war and reflected the desire of most Americans to follow a policy of isolationism. What was the Zimmerman Telegram? What was its impact on the United States’ position on WWI? The Zimmermann Telegram was a message sent by German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann, proposing a military alliance where Mexico would attack the United States in exchange for regaining lost territory like Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, if the US entered the war on the Allied side. After the publication of the Zimmerman Telegram in U.S. newspapers and the resulting public fury, many members of Congress decided that U.S. entry in WWI was necessary. As such. this intercepted telegram played a key role in pushing the U.S. to join the war against Germany (WWI). How did unrestricted submarine warfare, the Zimmerman TElegram (see above), and the sinking of the Lusitania affect the U.S.? Unrestricted submarine warfare was a German naval tactic used during World War I. Submarines would sink merchant ships without warning. Unrestricted submarine warfare had a significant impact on international relations and was one of the causes of the United States entering World War I. The sinking of the Lusitania - resulting in the death of 128 Americans - like the Zimmerman Telegram and Germany's use of unrestricted submarine warfare caused outrage in the U.S. and were both causes of the United States entering World War I. What was Wilson’s plan for European recovery after WWI? It was known as the “14 Points” and included ideas like the forced globalization of trade, the demilitarization of most nations, and the establishment of a League of Nations to resolve future disputes. What was the Sussex Pledge? A promise made by Germany to the United States in 1916 to limit submarine warfare during World War I. It was intended to keep the U.S. neutral during WWI after the outrage Germany caused by sinking the Lusitania without warning.  Why did WWI start in Europe? Alliances, Militarism, Nationalism Nationalism: The intense patriotic fervor and desire for national self-determination that existed across Europe, particularly in the Balkan region, which played a significant role in triggering WWI. Alliances: Alliances are formal agreements between nations to support each other, especially during war. In WWI, the major alliances were the "Triple Alliance" consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, and the "Triple Entente" made up of Great Britain, France, and Russia; the Triple Entente eventually became known as the Allies, fighting against the Central Powers (mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire) during the war. Militarism: a political ideology where a nation prioritizes building and maintaining a strong military force, often with the intention of using it to aggressively advance national interests, which can lead to increased tensions and potential for conflict with other countries; it is considered a key factor in the lead-up to both World Wars, particularly the arms race between European powers before WWI. What was the War Guilt Clause of the Treaty of Versailles? The Treaty of Versailles ended WWI. It was not signed by the U.S. although it was heavily influenced by President Wilson’s 14 Points. The War Guilt Clause of the treaty required Germany to admit guilt for causing WWI and to assume all responsibility for WWI and make payments to the winners to compensate them for their financial losses. German humiliation and economic ruin resulting from this clause was a major cause of the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party in the years following WWI. How did African Amerricans and women serve in the U.S. Military in WWI? African Americans served with distinction as combat troops in segregated military units under the command of white officers on the Western Front (the line of battle between Germany and France). Women were allowed to join the U.S. military but only in non-combat positions - clerical and nursing positions. What did unrestricted submarine warfare disrupt for the U.S.? “What was freedom of the seas”? Unrestricted submarine warfare disrupted the U.S. economy because it threatened U.S. trade. In the 14 Points Wilson suggested that after WWI trade must be able to move safely over the seas if future wars were to be avoided - this idea was called “freedom of the seas.” The need to secure free trade and economic growth through Freedom of the seas was also a key reason that the U.S. entered WWI. Why didn’t the U.S. want to agree to the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations following WWI? The U.S. feared that by agreeing to the treaty and joining a League of Nations the U.S. would be forced into alliance obligations like those that started WWI.