Unit 4 Early Republic Study Guide PDF

The Early Republic The United States Grows as a New Nation Say, can you see by the dawn's early light What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly,...

The Early Republic The United States Grows as a New Nation Say, can you see by the dawn's early light What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly, yeah, streaming? And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. 1  Early Republic First Administrations The Early Republic With the Constitution ratified in 1788, the young Republic of the United States faced an uncertain future. Yet, within the next 60 years, we would go from a small nation of farmers into an emerging world power of big industry and inventions. Millions would immigrate to the United States in search of the American dream. As the Republic spread westward, the nation would undergo revolutions in industry, politics, culture, economics, and social reforms. The First Administrations In the end, the first Presidential administrations of the United States turned the Constitution into a strong working Republic. George Washington 1st President of the United States - Unanimous Electoral Vote. Vice President was John Adams. Washington’s Precedents Presidential Cabinet (Advisors), Neutrality, Loose Construction of the Constitution Presidential Cabinet (Presidential advisors): Secretary of State - Thomas Jefferson Secretary of War - Henry Knox Secretary of Treasury - Alexander Hamilton Attorney General - Edmund Randolph Neutrality - The US decided not to get involved in European wars. Alexander Hamilton After the Revolutionary War, the 13 states were heavily in debt, and were on the verge of financial collapse. As Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton had our new Federal government to assume the debt from all the states. Bank of the United States To make money above federal taxes, Hamilton wanted the government to create a national bank. He used Article 1, section 8 - the necessary and proper clause. This clause could be used to create a federal bank outside of the original intent of the Constitution. This is known as Loose Construction of the Constitution. The Whiskey Rebellion Pennsylvania farmers protested a legal tax passed by Congress and seized public roads. Washington swiftly broke the rebellion by riding in with US soldiers. Unlike the government’s failure during Daniel Shay’s Rebellion under the Articles of Confederation, the new Constitutional government proved that it could successfully handle crisis. 2 Washington’s Farewell After two terms, eight years, Washington decided to retire. In his farewell address, Washington instructed Americans to avoid entanglements with Europe (neutrality), and to maintain a sense of national unity by working across political parties. Never had one man walked away from so much power being so freely offered. Washington walked away from it twice. He died at 67 years old on December 14, 1799 - only 17 days before the 1800’s began. John Adams 2nd President of the United States He inherited problems with England and France from President Washington’s Administration. Problems with Jefferson Jefferson was elected Vice President. Though great friends during the Continental Congress, Adams (the Federalist) and Jefferson (the Anti-Federalist) now became political enemies. XYZ Affair By the late 1790’s, the French had seized nearly 300 American ships in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Adams sent envoys to meet with the French foreign minister Charles Talleyrand, who demanded a $240,000 bribe in exchange for negotiating a treaty. Adams was furious and had the French letters published in American newspapers. “The answer is no! No, not a sixpence! Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!” – John Adams Alien and Sedition Acts John Adams had Congress pass the Alien and Sedition Acts. These were anti-foreigner laws which limited foreigners’ protections under the 1st, 4th, and 5th Amendments. These laws were later declared Unconstitutional. Thomas Jefferson 3rd President. In 1800, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied in the Electoral college. The House of Representatives voted 36 times to break the tie. Finally, Jefferson was declared the winner. Marbury v. Madison This was the first Supreme Court case where the Judicial Branch declared a Congressional law Unconstitutional. This established the precedent of Judicial Review. The Federal City French architect Pierre L’Enfant designed Washington City in the federal land called the District of Columbia. War with the Barbary Pirates The Barbary Pirates extorted tributes from trade ships on the Mediterranean Sea. Jefferson refused to pay, and sent the US marines to hunt down the North African pirates and won at the battle of Tripoli. 3 Louisiana Purchase Napoleon of France sold the Louisiana territory (Western Mississippi Valley) to the US for $15 million. It doubled the size of the United States. Lewis and Clark The Louisiana Territory was so vast, Jefferson had to send explorers out to map it and legitimize our claim. The most famous journey was the Lewis and Clark Expedition. From 1804-1806, they traveled 8000 miles, exploring the continent all the way to the Pacific Ocean. They were guided by Sacagawea throughout the Pacific Northwest. Results of the Lewis and Clark Expedition They made contact with distant Native American tribes. They legitimized America’s claim of both the Louisiana & Oregon territories. They brought back artifacts, maps, drawings, plants, and animals. They never found the (non-existent) Northwest Passage. Jeffersonian Democracy Jefferson’s Administration strengthened the new Democratic-Republican political party and reinforced the government’s responsibility to uphold the rights and liberties of American citizens, including the rights of citizens to criticize the government. He also supported poor farmers over the wealthy. He additionally legitimized America’s two-party political system. Jefferson’s Embargo Jefferson’s second term faced many problems. One involved a trade war with Europe. In response to British attacks on American ships, Jefferson signed the Embargo Act of 1807. The embargo of European goods failed and tariffs hurt the economy. Jefferson decided not to seek a 3rd term. § Tariffs: a tax on foreign goods imported into the United States. § Embargo: a ban (refusal to buy) on trade goods from a foreign country. Alexander Hamilton § War Hero § Signer of the Constitution § Secretary of Treasury § Leader of the Federalist Party The Duel After Jefferson’s election, Alexander Hamilton had retired from public life. In New York, Hamilton got into a political scandal with his hated rival, Aaron Burr. He had publicly denounced Burr, and his criticisms were printed in the newspapers. Aaron Burr challenged Alexander Hamilton to a duel of honor. On July 11, 1804 the two men fought their duel with single-shot pistols. Aaron Burr killed Alexander Hamilton. James Madison 4th President of the United States Madison was referred to as the father of the Constitution. He was President during the War of 1812. 4 The First Administrations The first Presidents, through their actions, boldness, and precedents turned the Constitution from a piece of paper into a working government. The United States would grow into a transcontinental nation, endure its own civil war, win two worlds wars, lead humanity to explore space, and created the world’s greatest economy while cultivating innovations in art and science. “Posterity! You will never know how much it cost the present Generation (the patriots) to preserve your Freedom! I hope you will make good use of it. If you do not, I shall repent in Heaven, that I ever took half the Pains to preserve it.” - John Adams Jefferson and Adams Adams and Jefferson had a very rocky relationship. While both were founding fathers, their political differences had ruined their friendship. However, during their retirements, they began writing each other, resurrecting their friendship. The two patriots died on the same day within hours of each other. They died reconciled and dear friends; though each did try to outlive the other. Jefferson did die first, though Adams didn’t know it. Adam’s last words were, “Jefferson survives.” They both died on July 4, 1826 – the fifty-year anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. 5  War of 1812 Harbinger of War The great Shawnee Chief Tecumseh created the Red Stick Confederation in order to resist American settlement in the frontier. The Shawnee were being supported by British forces from Canada. “When your time comes to die, be not like those whose hearts are filled with fear of death. Sing your death song, and die like a hero going home.” - Chief Tecumseh Battle of Tippecanoe 1811- The US army under General William Henry Harrison attacked Tecumseh’s confederation. Harrison defeated the Shawnee at the Tippecanoe river in the Indiana Territory. Tecumseh was absent at the battle. His brother, called the Prophet, was defeated by Harrison. When Tecumseh returned, he laid a curse upon Harrison and the future Presidents of the United States. Causes of the War of 1812 England was attacking American ships and impressing US sailors into the British navy. England encouraged Indian attacks on American settlers. American War Hawks wanted to capture Canada. America Declares War June 18, 1812 – President James Madison asked Congress to declare War on Great Britain. Sea Battles US ships won several naval victories. America had built 40 new warships, including 7 frigates. American privateers (pirates) attacked British shipping. The True Blooded Yankee captured 27 English ships. USS Constitution The most famous American warship was the USS Constitution. On August 19, 1812 the USS Constitution ran across the British warship the HMS Guerriere. Both ships closed within 25 yards in a broadsides battle. The ship was nicknamed Old Ironsides because cannonballs would bounce off her heavy oak planks. Old Ironsides fought and won all 33 naval battles and is currently an active warship to this day. Early Battles Americans and British armies battled across the US/Canadian border. 1812 – The British and their Shawnee allies won early battles including the Siege of Detroit, and advanced onto American soil. American invasions were repelled from Canada. 1813 - General Harrison led a series of counter-attacks to regain American territory. Siege of Detroit In 1812, British forces under General Brock and Shawnee warriors under Chief Tecumseh used deception to bluff American General Hull into surrendering Fort Detroit; even though the US soldiers greatly outnumbered their enemies. 6 Battle of Put-in Bay Control over the border came down to which side would control the Great Lakes. Admiral Oliver Hazard Perry’s squadron defeated the British in the Battle of Put-in-Bay. Upon winning the battle, Perry sent a message to Congress, "We have met the enemy and they are ours.” Furthermore: 1/4 of his men were African American. "The color of a man's skin is no more indication of his worth than the cut and trim of his coat.” – Admiral Perry War against the Indians October 5, 1813 – During the Battle of Thames River, in Canada, American soldiers and militia under the command of General Harrison defeated the Shawnee Red Stick Confederation and British forces. Tecumseh was killed during the fight. Battle of Horseshoe Bend – The Creek Indians were attacking Georgia from Spanish Florida. US forces under Andrew Jackson invaded Florida and defeated the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. Afterwards, however, the US forces refused to leave. A few years later, Spain surrendered Florida to the United States. 1814 - The Crisis Year In 1814, the British sent an army to conquer Baltimore and deliver a crippling blow to the United States. Along the way, the British attacked Washington DC. 4,500 British troops invaded the capital and set the city ablaze. First Lady, Dolly Madison, risked her life to save important documents, art, furniture, and other memorabilia of America’s revolutionary heritage from the White House before the British burned it to the ground. Fort McHenry The British army and navy advanced on the city of Baltimore. Protecting Baltimore was the small star-fort, Fort McHenry. In defiance, the commander of the fort, Major Armistead, raised a 40 foot flag that could be seen for two miles. The British bombardment lasted 25 hours. The Americans repelled the attack. After firing 1600 bombs and 800 rockets, the British gave up the invasion and returned to England. Francis Scott Key Aboard a British warship, a lawyer named Francis Scott Key watched the battle. Moved by the American victory, he wrote a poem - the Star Spangled Banner. Peace of Ghent December 24, 1814 - the treaty between England and the United States was signed. The Peace of Ghent ended the fighting and returned all captured territories. However, the British had sent one last invasion fleet to attack the United States, and there was no way to recall it. Battle of New Orleans January 1815 - 10,000 British soldiers landed in Louisiana. American General Andrew Jackson was charged with defending New Orleans. He gathered a force of soldiers, militia, Indians, prisoners, and pirates. 5700 British Marines attacked Jackson’s 4700 defenders. After a bloody attack, the British forces were repelled, and the United States was saved once again. 7  Industrial Revolution & Immigration Industrial Revolution By the mid 1700’s, factories, machines, and steamed-powered engines were being utilized to produce trade goods faster and cheaper than could be made by hand. This complete and rapid change in industry and technology became known as the first Industrial Revolution. James Watt created the steam engine. Samuel Slater brought industrial technology to the US from England and opened the first American textile mill. Factories and mills utilized machines, steam engines, mass production, assembly lines, and interchangeable parts. Factories has to be built close to rivers. Growth of US Cities Northeastern US cities began to swell with the building of several factories and with the influx of a massive labor force. By the 1830’s, there were 131 industrial cities in the North. Lowell Factory Girls The town of Lowell, Massachusetts had the most successful textile mils in the US. The reason for this was that three-quarters of the workers were female and could out-preform the men. These 8000 women between the ages of 18-35 became known as the Lowell factory girls. The American Melting Pot Millions of Immigrants entered the United States pursuing the American dream of freedom, opportunity, and equality. For this, France gave us the Statue of Liberty. 1830's: over 50,000 immigrants per year came to the United States. 1850's: over 400,000 immigrants per year came to the United States. “Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door.” - Statue of Liberty Ellis Island Over 17 million immigrants entered the US through Ellis Island in New York. 40% of Americans today can trace their ancestry through this port of entry. Prejudice in the North Widespread prejudice in the North towards all ethnic groups led to a self-imposed segregation within the cities and the rise of both ethnic-based neighborhoods and street gangs. Nativists Some Americans, called nativists, opposed America’s open door immigration. They formed the Know-Nothing Party 8 Problems with the Industrial Revolution long hours of dangerous work prejudice against immigrants and people of color led to urban violence immigrants & other poor Americans worked long hours for just enough money to survive hazardous working environments with no accident compensation pollution and disease crowded living conditions child labor Transportation Revolution The Industrial Revolution created radical innovations in transportation such as steamboats, and steam-powered trains. 9  Social and Urban Reforms American Society on the Move With the beginning of the industrial revolution, far-reaching economic and social changes swept across the American landscape. Business, industry, and immigration transformed northern cities and the countryside. The American people struggled to keep up. Labor Unions By the 1850’s, workers and laborers called for improvements in working conditions. In order to force business and factory owners to comply, they organized into labor unions. Unions got workers better pay, safer working conditions, weekends, overtime pay, and collective bargaining. Public Education Horace Mann established a system of free and public education and got children out of the factories. Brother and Sister Movements By the mid-1800’s, two social-political movements, formed sided by side – abolition (ending slavery) and women’s suffrage (the right to vote). People and leaders from both movements worked together to create a growing awareness for their causes. Leaders used schools and churches to raise awareness for both movements. Sojourner Truth Sojourner Truth was a runaway slave who became a leader in both the women’s suffrage and abolition movements. “If the first woman God ever made [Eve] was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these women together ought to be able to turn it back, and get it right side up again! And now they is asking to do it. The men better let them.” - Sojourner Truth Women’s Equality Empowered by their success in the mills and factories, women began demanding suffrage in the 1800’s. Meeting in churches and schools, these suffragettes like Lucy Stone organized rallies for equal rights. Seneca Falls 1848 – At the Seneca Falls convention, Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. Anthony led a rally for women’s suffrage. At the convention, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, based on the Declaration of Independence. Susan B. Anthony Susan B. Anthony became one of the greatest advocates for women’s suffrage, abolition, rights of labor, and equal pay. She died before woman’s suffrage was passed. He last words were, “Failure is impossible.” 10 The Struggle for Women’s Suffrage Many women were insulted, arrested and even beaten for protesting. Wyoming became the first U.S. territory (pre-state) to allow women to vote. Suffragettes still fought and struggled for over 100 years, until the 19th amendment was passed in 1920. “I ask for no favors... All I ask our brethren is that they will take their feet from our necks and permit us to stand upright on the ground which God designed us to occupy.” Abolition Movement Abolition - the movement to abolish (end) slavery in the United States. African American leaders used schools & churches to raise awareness. Abolition went hand-in-hand with the Women’s Suffrage movement. Culture on the Move Americans established new traditions in art, music, and literature that were divorced from European culture. The writings of Washington Irving and James Fennimore Cooper (Last of the Mohicans) illustrated an emerging and unique American nation. Transcendentalism Transcendentalism - a philosophy that stressed the importance of individualism and the belief that people could rise above material things. Henry David Thoreau and many other transcendentalists urged people not to obey laws they considered to be unjust. This form of peaceful protest became known as civil disobedience. James Monroe 5th President of the United States. Known also for the Era of Good Feelings. He issued the Monroe Doctrine, which reinforced America’s neutrality with Europe. Told Europe to stay out of Latin American countries. Era of Good Feelings The Era of Good Feelings began with the 1817 election of James Monroe. This was a period of enlightenment and growth in the United States. strong government, patriotism, and a growing American economy Bipartisan bitterness declined as the Democrats took control of American politics American pride nationalism was on the rise American Dream – freedom, land, opportunity, equality (the American melting pot) 11  Constitutional Politics - Two Visions for America America’s first two political parties – the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans (Anti-Federalists) held two different visions of American Government. Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson Federalists Democratic-Republicans The People “The people are turbulent and changing, they “The will of the majority... is the only sure seldom judge or determine right.” guardian of the rights of man.” - Hamilton 1787 - Jefferson 1790 Government 1. Strong federal (national) government and a 1. Weak national government with strong state President acting for the national interest. rights. 2. Voting and holding elected office limited to 2. No property requirements for voting and those who hold property. holding elected office. 3. Interpret the Constitution flexibly through a 3. Interpret the Constitution rigidly through a Tight Loose Construction. Construction. 4. Order, stability, and unity have priority over 4. Individual rights of citizens have top priority. individual rights. Political Parties 5. The nation should be governed by the educated 5. The nation should be governed by the common and the wealthy elite. people. Economy 6. Economy based off of industry and trade. 6. Economy based off of small farm agriculture. 7. Tax certain American-made products like 7. Tax heavily business and large landowners. whiskey to broaden the tax burden to all citizens. Security and Foreign Policy 8. Strong permanent army and navy to defend 8. Reliance on state militias for defense. A fear of homeland and free trade overseas. the military becoming too powerful. 9. Internal security (censure) laws are needed to 9. Internal security (censure) laws interfere with prevent criticism of the government. freedom of speech and freedom of the press. 10. Friendly towards Great Britain but neutral in 10. Friendly towards revolutionary France, but all European wars. neutral in all European wars. 12  Sojourner Truth That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud-puddles, or gives me any best place! And ain't I a woman? Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me! And ain't I a woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man - when I could get it - and bear the lash as well! And ain't I a woman? I have borne thirteen children, and seen most all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother's grief, none but Jesus heard me! And ain't I a woman? Then they talk about this thing in the head; what's this they call it? [member of audience whispers, "intellect"] That's it, honey. What's that got to do with women's rights or negroes' rights? If my cup won't hold but a pint, and yours holds a quart, wouldn't you be mean not to let me have my little half measure full? Then that little man in black there, he says women can't have as much rights as men, 'cause Christ wasn't a woman! Where did your Christ come from? Where did your Christ come from? From God and a woman! Man had nothing to do with Him. If the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these women together ought to be able to turn it back, and get it right side up again! And now they is asking to do it, the men better let them. Presidents of the Early Republic Presidents Years in Office Political Party George Washington 1789 - 1797 None John Adams 1797 - 1801 Federalist Thomas Jefferson 1801 - 1809 Democratic - Republican James Madison 1809 - 1817 Democratic - Republican James Monroe 1817 - 1825 Democratic - Republican John Quincy Adams 1825 - 1829 Democratic – Republican Andrew Jackson 1829 - 1837 Democrat Martin Van Buren 1837 - 1841 Democrat William Henry Harrison 1841 Whig John Tyler 1841 - 1845 Whig James Polk 1845 - 1849 Democrat Zachary Taylor 1849 - 1850 Whig Ulysses S. Grant 1869 - 1877 Republican The Star-Spangled Banner By Francis Scott Key O say can you see, by the dawn's early light, What so proudly we hail'd at the twilight's last gleaming, Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight O'er the ramparts we watch'd were so gallantly streaming? And the rocket's red glare, the bomb bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there, O say does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave? 13  Battle of New Orleans In 1814 we took a little trip Along with Colonel Jackson down the mighty Mississip' We took a little bacon and we took a little beans And we caught the bloody British in the town of New Orleans We fired our guns and the British kept a-comin' There wasn't as many as there was a while ago We fired once more and they began to runnin' On down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico We looked down a river and we see'd the British come And there must have been a hundred of 'em beatin' on the drum They stepped so high and they made their bugles ring We stood behind our cotton bales and didn't say a thing We fired our guns and the British kept a-comin' There wasn't as many as there was a while ago We fired once more and they began to runnin' On down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico Old Hickory said, "We could take 'em by surprise If we didn't fire our muskets 'til we looked 'em in the eye" We held our fire 'til we see'd their faces well Then we opened up our squirrel guns and gave 'em Well, we fired our guns and the British kept a-comin' There wasn't as many as there was a while ago We fired once more and they began to runnin' On down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico Yeah, they ran through the briers and they ran through the brambles And they ran through the bushes where a rabbit couldn't go They ran so fast that the hounds couldn't catch 'em On down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico We fired our cannon 'til the barrel melted down So we grabbed an alligator and we fought another round We filled his head with cannonballs 'n' powdered his behind And when we touched the powder off, the gator lost his mind We fired our guns and the British kept a-comin' There wasn't as many as there was a while ago We fired once more and they began to runnin' On down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico Yeah, they ran through the briers and they ran through the brambles And they ran through the bushes where a rabbit couldn't go They ran so fast that the hounds couldn't catch 'em On down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico 14  Early Republic Study Guide Know the following people and why they are important: Thomas Jefferson Meriwether Lewis William Clark Alexander Hamilton Sacagawea Sojourner Truth Susan B. Anthony Henry David Thoreau Aaron Burr James Monroe William Henry Harrison James Fennimore Cooper James Watt George Washington Dolly Madison Tecumseh Francis Scott Key John Adams Oliver Hazard Perry Elizabeth Stanton James Madison Horace Mann Pierre L’Enfant Samuel Slater Review Questions: What 3 precedents were established by Washington’s administration? Why was the Whiskey Rebellion important? Who created the Bank of the United States? What 2 things did Washington say in his Farewell Address? What did the Alien and Sedition Acts do? What was the XYZ affair and who was President. What major ideas did the Federalists believe in? What major ideas did the Democratic-Republicans believe in? What 2 things did Jeffersonian Democracy support? Which Supreme Court case established the power of judicial review? Under President Jefferson, who did the US Marines hunt down from 1801-1805? What was the Louisiana Purchase? From which country did we purchase Louisiana? Which President purchased Louisiana? What were the results of the Lewis and Clark expedition? Why did the Embargo Act fail? Who shot Hamilton in a famous duel? What were the 3 causes of the War of 1812? Who led the Shawnee Red Stick Confederation? What was Old Ironsides? Who captured Spanish Florida? What happened at the Battle of Baltimore? What was the Star-Spangled Banner? What was the Peace of Ghent? Which battle of the war of 1812 was fought after the peace treaty had been signed? What was the industrial revolution? Who invented the steam engine? Who first created factories and mills? What did America learn from the Lowell Factory Girls? How many immigrants came to the United States during the 1850’s? How many immigrants came through Ellis Island in New York? Which section (part) of the country was part of the industrial revolution? What was Henry Clay’s America System? What did labor unions do? Who were the Nativists upset with? Who was the man that established America’s common schools? Why were common schools started? What were the main ideals of the American Dream? What was the symbol of the American Dream? What was important about the Last of the Mohicans and who wrote the novel? 15 What novel did Herman Melville write? What document was written at the Seneca Falls Convention? Women’s Suffrage led to which amendment? Which was the first territory (state) to allow women’s suffrage. What were the Brother and Sister reform movements? What were the beliefs of transcendentalism? What was civil disobedience? What was the Monroe Doctrine? What was the Era of Good Feelings, and who was the President? Quotes: “The answer is no! No, not a sixpence! Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!” “When your time comes to die, be not like those whose hearts are filled with fear of death. Sing your death song, and die like a hero going home.” “We have met the enemy and they are ours.” “And the rockets’ red glare and the bombs bursting in air.” “Failure is impossible.” “If the first woman God ever made [Eve] was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these women together ought to be able to turn it back, and get it right side up again! And now they is asking to do it. The men better let them.” 16