Chronic neurological disorders lecture notes PDF

PTH 1310 Unit 2: Chronic Neurological Disorders 1. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. Phathogenesis Autoimmune destruc...

PTH 1310 Unit 2: Chronic Neurological Disorders 1. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. Phathogenesis Autoimmune destruction of myline in the CNS Permanent damage Manifestations early: Pre disposing factors Blurred vision Hx of Epstein Barr virus infection (mono) -Leg weakness Female Cigarettes/vaping Geogrphycal location (Canada) cause of Facial sensory loss the cold (vitamin d lacking) Parenthesis Lhermitte sign (electric shock almost) Management Interferons meds (interfere with the antibodies preventing them from destroying damaging the CNS) Triggers for attacks: _ Stress Infection Vaccines Increase body temp Hypercalcemia  Progressive Brain atrophy 2. HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE Shrinkage Ethology Genetic Manifestations Mood swings Chorea (uncontrolable movements) Dementia Pathology: loss of GABA - producing neutrons Manage: Inhibitor neuros transmitter Drug: tetrabenazine (Boests dopamine levels) Gives you motor control 3. PARKINSON’S DISEASE Pathology Dopamine Regulates voluntary movement Manifestations: early > > Anosmia → cast can't smell Progression: bradylinesia ↳ slow movement Diagnose is clinical Bradykinesia t Resting tremor and l or rigidity (stiff). Etology/ 10% genetic Manage: 90% from other p/f O diet ion in fruit and veggies Drug: levodopa ↳ pesticide herbicide exposure ↳ low physical activity ↳ history of concussions Complications: Dementia develops inmost Pd clients after n 10 years #2 cause after Alzheimer's disease  Pathology: 4. ALS Glutamate toxicity Too much is made Poisons voluntary motor neurors Very fast progression Ethology 10% genetic 90% of other Smoking Industria chemicals Military service I stress on the body Extreme physical activity History of concussions Cause of death respiratory failure Electrocution Hard on motor neurons Management. Drug riluzole. 5. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS Pathology: autoimmune destruction of cholanergic receptors Manifestations Worsens w/ activity skeletal muscle weakness E Improves wl rest First: face Then: arm t trunk Risk: Abnormal thymus Other autoimmune comorbidities Females more Manage: _ Pyridostigmine CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 1. (A) How does the pathophysiology of MS increase the risk of urinary retention, and which complications can arise if this issue is not addressed? Suggest some ways that the nurse could address this issue. No good nerve signals so the signals can't get to the bladder Can cause UTIs Catheter increase water (B) How does the pathophysiology of MS make stress management an important part of care, and which strategies can a nurse recommend to help reduce stress? Test autoimmune disease Stress will trigger an attack Meditation Music Journaling Resting 2. How does the pathophysiology of HD increase the risk of malnutrition, and which strategies can the nurse implement to address it? Because of involuntary movements makes it harder to eat and swallow Can recommend nutritional boost 3. How does the pathophysiology of PD contribute to an increased risk of falls, and which preventative measure should nurses prioritize in these clients? They are very slow and stiff which can cause them to trip easier Walking aids, shoes or grip socks 4. (A) How does the pathophysiology of ALS increase the risk of pressure ulcers, and which intervention would help to prevent them? Because of lack of voluntary movements pressure from sitting and lying builds up because patient can't communicate to move Reposition Air mattresses Pressure reducing devices (B) How does the pathophysiology of ALS increase the risk of pneumonia, and how could the nurse help to reduce this potential risk? Bacteria settles in the chest which can lead to premonia. And because the diapmam is affected it makes it hoarder to cough and get fluids out of the lungs 5. Why does the pathophysiology of MG warrant a soft food diet recommendation for these clients, and which complications does it help prevent? Due to the muscles in your face are affected makes it harder to chew and soft food diets help with not choking Prevents malnutrition aspirating on food