Biology Notes PDF

Bio Notes Made by Layla Mumper Unit 1 and 2  I. What is Biology? A. Biology- study of life, of all living things 1. Many branches: Biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, evolutionary theory, microbiology, botany, zoology, et. Organisms The six characteristics common to...

Bio Notes Made by Layla Mumper Unit 1 and 2  I. What is Biology? A. Biology- study of life, of all living things 1. Many branches: Biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, evolutionary theory, microbiology, botany, zoology, et. Organisms The six characteristics common to living organisms: -Living things are made of cells. -Living things obtain and use energy -Living things grow and develop. -Living things reproduce. -Living things respond and adapt to their environment. -Living things eliminate waste. Lab equipment: Glassware: - Erlenmeyer Flask - Griffin Beaker - Graduated Cylinder - Graduated Pipet Homeostasis: Importance of Homeostasis: To maintain internal environment of organisms especially higher vertebrates in a steady and balanced state. To establish optimum condition of organisms Know how to convert from one metric unit to another Kangaroos Hop Down Under During Cold Mornings KILO HECTO DECA UNIT DECI CENTI MILLI K (k) H (h) D (da) U (m,l,g) D (d) C (c) M(m) X 1000 X 100 X 10 Meter: X 1/10 X 1/100 X 1/1000 Distance Liter: Liquid Volume Gram; Weight Theory VS Law: What’s The Difference? Law: A widely accepted idea about a phenomenon that does not change Example: Law of Conservation of Mass Theory: And explanatory idea that is broad in scope and supported by a many different experiments. Example: Cell Theory. As technology advances theories can change. Hypothesis: A proposed explanation for a set of observations that is testable and falsifiable. Scientific Method: Careful Observations Hypothesis is a proposed explanation, must be testable and falsifiable Experiment: Test a hypothesis, gather data (Controlled experiments test one variable) Results: data results, uses universal metric system to report data Independent variable is what the scientist changes in the experiment, is graphed on the X axis. Dependent variable is what is measured in the experiment, is graphed on the Y axis. Experimental group VS Control Group To see how the independent variable has affected the experimental group, compare the results of the experimental group to the results of the control group. Example: Testing the effectiveness of a medicine -One group gets the medicine (experimental group) - One group does not get the medicine (Control Group) Chemistry: Atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons Be able to identify atomic number from element info ad calculate mass Atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Atomic mass is the number of protons plus neutrons Isotope: atoms of the same element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons. Types of Chemical Bonds: Covalent Bonds: Chemical Joining of two or more elements by sharing valence electrons. Ionic Bonds: transfer of electrons creating positive ions (lost electron) and negative ions (gained electron) Hydrogen bond: weak bonds between polar molecules. Water molecule: is a polar molecule because of hydrogen slightly positive while oxygen is slightly negative. Adhesion: Water attracted to side of tube Cohesion: water molecules attract to each other Solution - A Solution is a mixture of two or more substances that is homogeneous at the molecular level. - Homogeneous means the particles are evenly distributed. When salt is dissolved in water: Water is the solvent and salt is the solute. Unit 3 and 4 Carbon is the main element of Organic molecules Polymer Monomer Carbohydrate Monosaccharide-Main sugar monomer is glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) Short term energy Lipid (ex: fat) Fatty Acid- Long Term energy Nucleic Acid (ex: DNA) Nucleotide- Genetic Material Protein Amino Acid- Example of Protein: Enzymes: end in ase Know the functional groups of amino acids are amino group: NH2 and Carboxyl group:COOH Biuret Test for Protein Lygol’s for Complex Carbohydrates Benedict’s Test for Simple Sugar: Glucose Lipid (Fat) Test by Sudan III Passive transport does not need ATP, higher concentration to lower concentration concentration (Down Gradient) Facilitated diffusion is passive transport but requires carrier protein Oxygen can diffuse across membrane Example of facilitated diffusion: Glucose across membrane using carrier protein Active transport uses ATP, protein pumps from lower concentration to higher concentration (Against gradient) Active Transport: Sodium Potassium Pump And Ca++ pump in muscles Once Ca++ ions are inside the muscle cell they allow muscle contraction Role of Calcium in Muscle contraction Calcium ion (Ca++) concentration is low and tropomyosin covers the myosin-binding sites on actin Ca++ binds to troponin, which shifts and moves tropomyosin, exposing myosin-binding sites on actin. Active Transport take Pyruvate across Mitochondrial membrane Endocytosis and Exocytosis: Active transport of bulk movement of material in and out of cell Unit 5 and 6 The Cell Theory 1. All organisms are made of one or more cells 2. The cell is the basic unit of all living things 3. All cells come from preexisting cells Robert Hooke: 1st microscope, observed cork cavities and named the cells in 1665 Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek: Refined microscope and observed pond water organisms Know how to identify a prokaryotic cell vs eukaryotic cell Cells Nucleus Nucleoid Cell-Membrane Organelles Circular DNA Ribosomes Linear DNA Prokaryotes are bacteria, do not have membrane bound nucleus. Like all cells they have a cell membrane and cytoplasm, like plant cells they have a cell wall. Eukaryotes are animals, plants, fungi, protist: have a membrane bound nucleus and other organelles with specific functions Cytoplasm: gel like substance that surrounds organelles Mitochondria: Cellular respiration, breaks down food Cell Membrane: environmental boundary regulates material in and out of cell Lysosome: Contains enzymes that digest old organelles, food particles, and unwanted materials Cell Wall: Support and Protection Ribosomes: Make proteins Chloroplast: photosynthesis Nucleus has phospholipid bilayer, stores deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Plant VS. Animal Cells Know these differences in plant versus animal cells: Plant: have chloroplast and cell wall. Animal: have centrioles Photosynthesis: 6CO₂+6H₂O+ Light energy—> C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂ Reactants Products Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast Two steps of photosynthesis: light reactions and calvin cycle Performed by autotrophs: organisms that make their own food Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, most ATP produced during electron transport chain. C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂–>6H₂O+6CO₂+36ATP Reactants: Products: carbon dioxide, ATP and water glucose and Oxygen Know the name of each step and how much ATP from each step Difference between Autotrophs & Heterotrophs Autotrophs: They make their own food Heterotrophs: They consume food made by Autotrophs THE PRODUCTS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS ARE THE REACTANTS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION Anaerobic Respiration: occurs when no oxygen is available 2 types: lactic acid is produced in the muscle or yeast produce alcohol\ Aerobic Respiration: Occurs when oxygen is available.