Biology Chapter Overview: Cells & Molecules

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Questions and Answers

What role do lipids play in cells?

Support the immune system

Facilitate metabolic reactions

Encode genetic information

Store energy in bonds (correct)

Which statement correctly describes cohesion?

Molecules stick to different types of molecules

Molecules repel each other due to charge

Molecules stick to the surface of containers

Same type of molecules stick together (correct)

What is the independent variable in the experiment involving vinegar and plants?

Amount of sunlight

Type of soil

Height of plants

Vinegar (correct)

What is the primary function of nucleic acids?

Store genetic information Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the property of polarity in water molecules?

Molecules have + and - ends Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of living things refers to the ability to maintain a stable internal environment?

Homeostasis/Regulation Signup and view all the answers

In the vinegar and plants experiment, what type of data is collected?

Quantitative Signup and view all the answers

In the given chemical equation, what are the reactants?

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecule is an enzyme?

Protein Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an autotroph?

Grass Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of proteins in living organisms?

Build structures and help bodily functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct labeling for a pH of 7?

Neutral Signup and view all the answers

What is the control group in the salt and water freezing experiment?

Tray without salt Signup and view all the answers

Why are enzymes compared to a 'lock and key'?

They have a specific shape to work with certain substrates Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of living things is demonstrated by reacting to stimuli?

React to stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which organic molecule provides energy and builds cell walls in living organisms?

Carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

What type of antibiotics affect both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?

Broad spectrum antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the energy flow within an ecosystem do decomposers primarily operate?

Providing nutrients to plants Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which ATP is generated?

Electron transport chains in mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

Which type of solution causes a cell to shrink?

Hypertonic solution Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes active transport compared to passive transport?

Active transport requires energy and moves against the concentration gradient Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of endocytosis and exocytosis in a cell?

Transporting large amounts of molecules in and out of the cell Signup and view all the answers

What primarily differentiates Na+/K+ pumps from facilitated diffusion?

Na+/K+ pumps require energy while facilitated diffusion does not Signup and view all the answers

Why does osmosis occur between two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane, one being hypotonic and the other hypertonic?

Water moves from the hypotonic to the hypertonic side Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements are essential to life?

Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of water is primarily due to its hydrogen bonds?

High surface tension Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the function of enzymes in chemical reactions?

Enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotes have a defined nucleus, prokaryotes do not Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport does not require energy?

Facilitated diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy molecule used by cells?

ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about photosynthesis is accurate?

It produces glucose from sunlight energy Signup and view all the answers

What are the trophic levels in a food web used to represent?

The energy transformation within ecosystems Signup and view all the answers

What structure do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

Cell wall Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference in the organelles found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells have multiple organelles Signup and view all the answers

Which organelles are primarily involved in energy production?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for bacteria to be heterotrophs?

They consume organic matter for nutrients Signup and view all the answers

How do antibiotics primarily kill bacterial cells?

By targeting the cell wall or ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT attributed to lysosomes in a cell?

Storage of genetic material Signup and view all the answers

Why are bacteria important for the nitrogen cycle?

They fix nitrogen for plant use Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes broad-spectrum antibiotics from narrow-spectrum antibiotics?

Broad spectrum acts on a wide range of bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a hypertonic solution is introduced to a cell?

Water will leave the cell to balance solute concentrations. Signup and view all the answers

When is a solution considered isotonic?

When solute to water ratio is equal on both sides of the membrane. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a keystone species?

A species that significantly affects the structure of its ecosystem. Signup and view all the answers

What role do decomposers play in nutrient cycles?

They recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem. Signup and view all the answers

How do energy pyramids illustrate ecological relationships?

They depict the flow of energy through trophic levels. Signup and view all the answers

What describes a limiting factor in an ecosystem's carrying capacity?

A resource like water or nutrients that restricts population size. Signup and view all the answers

What primary role do nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and water play for living organisms?

They form essential molecules that build living organisms. Signup and view all the answers

How does the water cycle contribute to nutrient recycling in a biome?

By enabling the movement of nutrients through various reservoirs. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Scientific Method

Living things share characteristics
Identify components of a scientific experiment
Essential elements for life are identified & discussed
Valence electrons and bonding are explained
Water's properties (hydrogen bonding, polarity, pH scale) are described

Organic Molecules

Four main organic molecules (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids) are identified.
The structure-function relationship of organic molecules within living organisms is described.
Carbon's importance for life and chemical properties are explained.
Enzymes, their importance, reusability, and denaturation are discussed.

Cells (Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote)

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes are compared in terms of size, structures, and examples.
How antibiotics kill bacteria cells explained.
Organelles in plant and animal cells and their functions are discussed.

Cell Membrane & Transport

Cell membranes are selectively permeable (semi-permeable).
Concentration gradients and how molecules flow are described.
Hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions are compared.
Passive and active transport mechanisms are compared.

Energy, Photosynthesis, & Respiration

Energy molecules (ATP, ADP, glucose) are defined.
Photosynthesis and aerobic respiration equations are written.
Photosynthesis' light energy capture & glucose creation are described.
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration (fermentation) differences are described.
Mitochondria's role in converting glucose to ATP (or lactic acid or ethyl alcohol) is explained.

Intro to Ecology

Trophic levels in food webs or food chains are defined.
The impact of limiting factors on populations is explained.
Autotrophs, heterotrophs, scavengers, predators, and decomposers are defined.

Scientific Method (Experiment Example)

Hypothesis: If vinegar is added to the soil, the plants will grow taller.
Dependent Variable: Height of plants
Independent Variable: Vinegar
Data: Quantitative (height measurements)
Constants: Same plant type, pot size, sunlight, water, & temperature.
Control Group: Plants grown without vinegar.

Scientific method (Saltwater Experiment)

Hypothesis: If salt is added to water, it will freeze more slowly.
Dependent Variable: Time for ice to form
Independent Variable: Saltwater
Data: Qualitative (Ice or not)
Constants: Same freezer, same amount of liquid, distilled water in both trays.

Characteristics of Living Things

Living things share eight characteristics (Cells, growth & development, reproduction, homeostasis/regulation, react to stimuli, evolution & mutations, energy, and DNA).

Organic Molecules and Water

Organic molecules' importance in the organisms are detailed.
Examples relate to each of the four types of organic molecules (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids) are listed.
Water characteristics that help cells remain hydrated include polarity, cohesion, and adhesion.

Chemistry

List elements from smallest to largest structure.

Cells: Organelles

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells' differences in organelles (e.g., nucleus) are listed.
Plant and animal cells' differences in organelles (e.g., cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole, centrioles) are compared and contrasted.

Energy

Energy flow and biotic/abiotic factors are connected.
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration equations are given.
ATP's function and creation are described.
Decomposers' importance in the carbon cycle is explained.
Semi-permeable membranes & osmosis effects on cells are detailed.
Passive/active transport processes are defined.

Ecology

Nutrient cycles (water, carbon, and nitrogen) are described.
Limiting factors and populations are connected.
Keystone species and their impacts are explained.
Carrying capacity, and how to calculate it, are detailed.

Periodic Table

Different types of chemical bonds are listed.
Valence electrons of selected elements (oxygen, nitrogen, magnesium) are given.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in biology including the scientific method, organic molecules, and cell structures. It explores the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the significance of organic molecules, and how cell membranes function. Test your knowledge on these foundational topics in biology!