Biology Chapter Overview: Cells & Molecules
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Questions and Answers

What role do lipids play in cells?

  • Support the immune system
  • Facilitate metabolic reactions
  • Encode genetic information
  • Store energy in bonds (correct)

Which statement correctly describes cohesion?

  • Molecules stick to different types of molecules
  • Molecules repel each other due to charge
  • Molecules stick to the surface of containers
  • Same type of molecules stick together (correct)

What is the independent variable in the experiment involving vinegar and plants?

  • Amount of sunlight
  • Type of soil
  • Height of plants
  • Vinegar (correct)

What is the primary function of nucleic acids?

<p>Store genetic information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the property of polarity in water molecules?

<p>Molecules have + and - ends (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of living things refers to the ability to maintain a stable internal environment?

<p>Homeostasis/Regulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the vinegar and plants experiment, what type of data is collected?

<p>Quantitative (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the given chemical equation, what are the reactants?

<p>C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecule is an enzyme?

<p>Protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an autotroph?

<p>Grass (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of proteins in living organisms?

<p>Build structures and help bodily functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct labeling for a pH of 7?

<p>Neutral (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the control group in the salt and water freezing experiment?

<p>Tray without salt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are enzymes compared to a 'lock and key'?

<p>They have a specific shape to work with certain substrates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of living things is demonstrated by reacting to stimuli?

<p>React to stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organic molecule provides energy and builds cell walls in living organisms?

<p>Carbohydrates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of antibiotics affect both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?

<p>Broad spectrum antibiotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the energy flow within an ecosystem do decomposers primarily operate?

<p>Providing nutrients to plants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which ATP is generated?

<p>Electron transport chains in mitochondria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of solution causes a cell to shrink?

<p>Hypertonic solution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes active transport compared to passive transport?

<p>Active transport requires energy and moves against the concentration gradient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of endocytosis and exocytosis in a cell?

<p>Transporting large amounts of molecules in and out of the cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily differentiates Na+/K+ pumps from facilitated diffusion?

<p>Na+/K+ pumps require energy while facilitated diffusion does not (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does osmosis occur between two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane, one being hypotonic and the other hypertonic?

<p>Water moves from the hypotonic to the hypertonic side (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements are essential to life?

<p>Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of water is primarily due to its hydrogen bonds?

<p>High surface tension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the function of enzymes in chemical reactions?

<p>Enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

<p>Eukaryotes have a defined nucleus, prokaryotes do not (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport does not require energy?

<p>Facilitated diffusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy molecule used by cells?

<p>ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about photosynthesis is accurate?

<p>It produces glucose from sunlight energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the trophic levels in a food web used to represent?

<p>The energy transformation within ecosystems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

<p>Cell wall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference in the organelles found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

<p>Eukaryotic cells have multiple organelles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelles are primarily involved in energy production?

<p>Mitochondria and chloroplasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for bacteria to be heterotrophs?

<p>They consume organic matter for nutrients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do antibiotics primarily kill bacterial cells?

<p>By targeting the cell wall or ribosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT attributed to lysosomes in a cell?

<p>Storage of genetic material (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are bacteria important for the nitrogen cycle?

<p>They fix nitrogen for plant use (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes broad-spectrum antibiotics from narrow-spectrum antibiotics?

<p>Broad spectrum acts on a wide range of bacteria. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a hypertonic solution is introduced to a cell?

<p>Water will leave the cell to balance solute concentrations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is a solution considered isotonic?

<p>When solute to water ratio is equal on both sides of the membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a keystone species?

<p>A species that significantly affects the structure of its ecosystem. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do decomposers play in nutrient cycles?

<p>They recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do energy pyramids illustrate ecological relationships?

<p>They depict the flow of energy through trophic levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes a limiting factor in an ecosystem's carrying capacity?

<p>A resource like water or nutrients that restricts population size. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary role do nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and water play for living organisms?

<p>They form essential molecules that build living organisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the water cycle contribute to nutrient recycling in a biome?

<p>By enabling the movement of nutrients through various reservoirs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Scientific Method Components

Steps used to investigate the natural world, including observations, hypotheses, experiments, analysis, and conclusions.

Organic Molecules

Large molecules found in cells built by carbon and that include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

Two types of cells: Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; Eukaryotes have both.

Cell Membrane Selectivity

Cell membranes control what enters and exits the cell based on size and charge due to their phospholipid bilayer structure.

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Photosynthesis Equation

Plants use energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

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Cellular Respiration

Process that breaks down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP, using oxygen.

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Trophic Levels

Different feeding positions in a food web, representing the way energy flows.

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Enzyme Function

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms by lowering activation energy without being used up.

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Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured or observed in an experiment.

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Independent Variable

The variable that is changed or manipulated in an experiment.

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Control Group

The group in an experiment that is not exposed to the independent variable.

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Cells

The basic units of structure and function in all living things.

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Proteins

Large molecules that perform essential functions in living organisms, including building structures, helping with bodily functions, enzymes, and antibodies.

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Carbohydrates

Organic molecules that provide energy and build cell walls.

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Growth & Development

The process by which living organisms increase in size and complexity throughout their life cycle.

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Homeostasis

The ability of living organisms to maintain a stable internal environment.

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Lipids' function

Lipids build cell membranes, store energy, and are fats, oils, and waxes.

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Nucleic acid role

Nucleic acids store genetic instructions for making proteins.

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Water polarity

Water molecules have positive and negative ends.

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Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same type.

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Adhesion

Attraction between molecules of different types.

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Chemical Equation Reactants

The substances that react in a chemical equation.

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Enzyme type

Enzymes are proteins.

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Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Cells

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have both. Prokaryotes are simpler, while eukaryotes have a complex internal organization.

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Plant vs. Animal Cells

Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole, while animal cells have centrioles. These differences reflect their different functions and environments.

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Organelle Purpose

Organelles are specialized structures within cells that perform specific functions. They help cells efficiently carry out their roles.

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Energy-Producing Organelles

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are responsible for generating energy in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria break down glucose, while chloroplasts use sunlight for photosynthesis.

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Protein-Producing Organelles

Ribosomes, the nucleus, the Golgi apparatus, and the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) work together to create proteins. Ribosomes build, the nucleus holds instructions, the Golgi packages, and the rER transports.

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Storage Organelles

Vacuoles, lysosomes, and the nucleus store various substances. Vacuoles hold water and other materials, lysosomes break down waste, and the nucleus contains genetic information.

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Cleanup Organelles

Lysosomes, the cell membrane, and vesicles break down waste and control what enters and exits the cell. Lysosomes digest cellular debris, the membrane acts as a barrier, and vesicles transport materials.

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Antibiotic Action

Antibiotics target bacterial cells by attacking their cell wall, interfering with DNA replication, or inhibiting protein synthesis.

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Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic

An antibiotic effective against a wide range of bacteria, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

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Narrow-Spectrum Antibiotic

An antibiotic effective against a limited range of bacteria, typically targeting either Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria.

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Cellular Respiration Equation

The chemical equation representing the process of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to release energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6H₂O + 6CO₂ + ATP

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ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate, a molecule that provides energy for cellular processes. It is regenerated from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and phosphate (P) through the electron transport chain in mitochondria.

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Decomposers' Role in Carbon Cycle

Decomposers play a crucial role in the carbon cycle by breaking down dead organisms and waste, releasing nutrients back into the environment for plants to use.

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Semi-Permeable Membrane

A type of membrane that allows certain molecules to pass through while restricting others based on their size, charge, and chemical properties.

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Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell, causing water to move out of the cell and the cell to shrink.

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Isotonic Solution

A solution with equal concentration of solutes on both sides of a membrane, resulting in no net movement of water.

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Producer

Organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis, such as plants.

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Consumer

Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms.

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Decomposers

Organisms that break down dead organisms and waste, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem.

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Food Web Trophic Levels

The different feeding positions in a food web, representing the flow of energy from producers to consumers.

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Nutrient Cycles

The continuous movement of essential nutrients through biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem.

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Keystone Species

A species that has a disproportionately large impact on its ecosystem, often affecting other species within the same trophic level.

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Study Notes

Scientific Method

  • Living things share characteristics
  • Identify components of a scientific experiment
  • Essential elements for life are identified & discussed
  • Valence electrons and bonding are explained
  • Water's properties (hydrogen bonding, polarity, pH scale) are described

Organic Molecules

  • Four main organic molecules (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids) are identified.
  • The structure-function relationship of organic molecules within living organisms is described.
  • Carbon's importance for life and chemical properties are explained.
  • Enzymes, their importance, reusability, and denaturation are discussed.

Cells (Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote)

  • Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes are compared in terms of size, structures, and examples.
  • How antibiotics kill bacteria cells explained.
  • Organelles in plant and animal cells and their functions are discussed.

Cell Membrane & Transport

  • Cell membranes are selectively permeable (semi-permeable).
  • Concentration gradients and how molecules flow are described.
  • Hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions are compared.
  • Passive and active transport mechanisms are compared.

Energy, Photosynthesis, & Respiration

  • Energy molecules (ATP, ADP, glucose) are defined.
  • Photosynthesis and aerobic respiration equations are written.
  • Photosynthesis' light energy capture & glucose creation are described.
  • Aerobic and anaerobic respiration (fermentation) differences are described.
  • Mitochondria's role in converting glucose to ATP (or lactic acid or ethyl alcohol) is explained.

Intro to Ecology

  • Trophic levels in food webs or food chains are defined.
  • The impact of limiting factors on populations is explained.
  • Autotrophs, heterotrophs, scavengers, predators, and decomposers are defined.

Scientific Method (Experiment Example)

  • Hypothesis: If vinegar is added to the soil, the plants will grow taller.
  • Dependent Variable: Height of plants
  • Independent Variable: Vinegar
  • Data: Quantitative (height measurements)
  • Constants: Same plant type, pot size, sunlight, water, & temperature.
  • Control Group: Plants grown without vinegar.

Scientific method (Saltwater Experiment)

  • Hypothesis: If salt is added to water, it will freeze more slowly.
  • Dependent Variable: Time for ice to form
  • Independent Variable: Saltwater
  • Data: Qualitative (Ice or not)
  • Constants: Same freezer, same amount of liquid, distilled water in both trays.

Characteristics of Living Things

  • Living things share eight characteristics (Cells, growth & development, reproduction, homeostasis/regulation, react to stimuli, evolution & mutations, energy, and DNA).

Organic Molecules and Water

  • Organic molecules' importance in the organisms are detailed.
  • Examples relate to each of the four types of organic molecules (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids) are listed.
  • Water characteristics that help cells remain hydrated include polarity, cohesion, and adhesion.

Chemistry

  • List elements from smallest to largest structure.

Cells: Organelles

  • Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells' differences in organelles (e.g., nucleus) are listed.
  • Plant and animal cells' differences in organelles (e.g., cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole, centrioles) are compared and contrasted.

Energy

  • Energy flow and biotic/abiotic factors are connected.
  • Photosynthesis and cellular respiration equations are given.
  • ATP's function and creation are described.
  • Decomposers' importance in the carbon cycle is explained.
  • Semi-permeable membranes & osmosis effects on cells are detailed.
  • Passive/active transport processes are defined.

Ecology

  • Nutrient cycles (water, carbon, and nitrogen) are described.
  • Limiting factors and populations are connected.
  • Keystone species and their impacts are explained.
  • Carrying capacity, and how to calculate it, are detailed.

Periodic Table

  • Different types of chemical bonds are listed.
  • Valence electrons of selected elements (oxygen, nitrogen, magnesium) are given.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in biology including the scientific method, organic molecules, and cell structures. It explores the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the significance of organic molecules, and how cell membranes function. Test your knowledge on these foundational topics in biology!

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