HPED 1040-003 Fall 2024 Exam Study Guide PDF

HPED 1040-003 Final Exam Study Guide - Fall 2024 Worth 70-100 marks Mostly MC questions Some short answer questions Week # To...

HPED 1040-003 Final Exam Study Guide - Fall 2024 Worth 70-100 marks Mostly MC questions Some short answer questions Week # Topic Important Notes (Content from slides; Greenwood et al., 2022; Eubank, 2024; Discussion) 1&2 Course Intro & What is Reflective Writing: Reflective Reflective writing is analytical, subjective, and written in the first person. Writing It involves expressing thoughts, feelings, and responses in a free-flowing manner. Foundations - Helps gain self-knowledge, clarify learning, and challenge assumptions. Who am I? Encourages critical reflection and projecting into the future. What Reflective writing is not: It is not purely descriptive, a summary, or regurgitation of details. Does not involve objective judgments or standard academic essays. Avoids writing based on what one “thinks they should write.” Why Reflective Writing matters: Encourages deep thinking and critical analysis to gain insights into beliefs, motives, and assumptions. Writing formalizes thoughts, clarifies ideas, and reveals themes. Helps develop academic skills, deepen understanding of topics, and track progress. The DEAL Model (Ash & Clayton, 2009): Describe: What happened? What did you learn? Examine: What does the experience mean? Why? Apply: How are the lessons valuable to your learning? ​ Schon Reflection Model: Reflection-in-Action: Reflect during the situation to adapt and gain new perspectives. Reflection-on-Action: Reflect after the situation to analyze outcomes and improve. Focuses on adaptability and post-event learning for growth. Dewey’s Model of Reflective Thought: 1. Awareness that familiar approach is not working 2. Metal work and definition of problem 3. Studying the situation and creating a working hypothesis 4. Reasoning 5. Testing the hypothesis Then forming a new idea or solution of the problem and control of the action ​CH2 Health: not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, but a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being Health literacy:  the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions What is Wellness? It is associated with intentions, choices, and actions leading toward an optimal state of well-being so that instead of surviving, you are thriving It is a dynamic and conscious development of the whole self It is a multidimensional concept where the whole person is intentionally striving for optimal balance and well-being in all areas of their life Canadian 24-hour Movement Guidelines for Adults: Physical Activity: Moderate to vigorous aerobic physical activities such that there is an accumulation of at least 150 minutes per week Muscle strengthening activities using major muscle groups at least twice a week Several hours of light physical activities, including standing Sleep: Getting 7 to 9 hours of good-quality sleep on a regular basis, with consistent bed and wake-up times Sedentary Behavior: Limiting sedentary time to 8 hours or less No more than 3 hours of recreational screen time Breaking up long periods of sitting as often as possible Prevention: The Key to Future Health: Primary: prevention is focused on not getting injured or developing disease. Secondary: prevention is focused on screenings, early detection, and preventing the spread of communicable disease; to reduce symptoms or halt progression. Tertiary: prevention is focused on improving the quality of life for individuals with varying diseases. For example, this could be treatment or rehabilitation efforts aimed at limiting the effects of a disease. 4 Major Factors That Influence Personal Health: Personal behaviour Heredity Environment Access to healthcare services Emotional Wellness: Your ability to understand and deal with your feelings; attending to your thoughts and feelings, monitoring reactions, and identifying obstacles. Financial Wellness: Your ability to manage your economic life by having financial security and financial freedom, in the present and in the future. Social Wellness: Your ability to develop and maintain satisfying and supportive relationships.  Spiritual Wellness: Your ability to possess a sense of beliefs, ethics, morals, and values that give purpose and meaning to your life. Occupational Wellness: Your ability to find a profession that is fulfilling. Physical Wellness: Your ability to care for your body by consistently making healthy lifestyle choices. Intellectual Wellness: Your ability to allow your brain both stimulation and rest for critical thinking, curiosity, and creativity. Environmental Wellness: Your ability to live, maintain, and care for a healthy environment for yourself and others. The Sustainable Development Agenda: In 2015, Canada and 192 United Nation member states adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Focused on 17 sustainable development goals (Eubank, 2024, p.104) 3 goals: ending poverty, protecting the planet, tackling inequalities. 3 Mindfulness & Visioning Your Life- Visioning Your Life Learning Objectives (If you know all of these your set)- To describe personal life visioning and mapping To apply the Johari Window model to create self-awareness To create a person life vision and map To discuss Greenwood’s Chapter 1 Definition of personal life visioning- allows you to link your current and future life events with your life values and priorities Definition of mapping- allows you to set goals and a personal action plan (your map) that incorporates your passion and your self-intentioned changes The Johari Window- a visual representation of what you know about yourself and what others (i.e. people who are significant in your life) know about you. The Johari Window is composed of 4 different perspectives (See slides for model and full definition)- - The Public or Open Self (What others see/know, and what you see/know) - The Blind Self (What others see/know, and what you do not see/know) - The Private or Hidden Self (What others do not see/know, what you know/see) - The Undiscovered Self (What otters do not know/see, what I do not see/know) How to Use the Johari Window to Build Self-Awareness- 1. Choose your peers: Identify people who you trust and who you think know you, or members of your team if you’re completing a team activity. 2. Select your words: Review the list of 56 words (next slide) and circle 5-10 words that you think best describes you. 3. Get your feedback: Ask your chosen peers to complete the same exercise, choosing the 5-10 words they think best describe you. 4. Plot your words: Place words both you and others selected in “Open” pane. Place words that only you selected in the “Hidden” pane. 5. Plot your feedback: Place words your peers selected but that you didn’t in the “Blind” pane. Place the remaining words in the “unknown” pane. Alternatively, you can choose to leave the “Blind” pane empty. 6. Review your Window: Review the words in the four pains of the window. How aligned is your view of who you are with how others see you? How open are you as a person? Definition of Harmonious passion- is the internalization of passion as an activity in which the person has “free will” in determining engagement. That is, the passion for the activity is not overpowering but rather integrated into the person’s life space. Definition of Obsessive passion- defined as leading a person to having an uncontrollable urge to engage in the activity. There is no “free will” but rather the passion itself drives the person to possible conflict and discomfort as decisions are made based on the passion as the “driver” Passion Also Brings Joy & Happiness Questions you can ask in order to design your life vision & map - What are 5 things you most enjoy doing? - What do you do daily to feel fulfilled - What are your 4 most important values - List three priorities based on values and write a goal for each of these priorities - If you never had to work another day, how would you spend your time? - What will you regret not doing, seeing, or achieving? Remember to feel not think Acting on Your Passions- P = Perspective ○ Examine your perspective about what life has been, is now, and what you want it to look like A = Attitude ○ Reflect on your attitude & adopt a positive attitude S = Sensitivity ○ Be sensitive to yourself and others. S = Savor ○ Take time to savor each moment in your life I = Interest ○ Cultivate your interests - get interested in everything O = Opportunity ○ Be aware of opportunities and do not let obstacles get in the way N = Nourish ○ Nourish your passion by reflecting, visualizing, and acting on your passions each day Eubank chapter 2 Definition of mindfulness: being aware and accepting of moment to moment experiences without influence from internal or external factors. Learning Objectives To describe the importance of being mindful To apply mindfulness techniques to our lives To practice self-compassion Self compassion refers to the ability to acknowledge that we humans are not perfect. Self esteem refers to how one perceives their self worth. Assessing quality of life self care wheel and discovery examples - Health - Rest / recreation - Personal and development relationships - Finances  - Environment - Career / school - Passion Ways to practice mindfulness - Showing kindness to oneself and others - Being open minded - Maintaining your perspective - Mindful mac guide - Acknowledge each experience without influence - Pay attention to senses, thoughts, emotions, and instincts regarding experiences - Accept experience without judgement or expectations - Choose who you respond instead of just reacting - Accepting, investigating and releasing emotions - Mindful eating, seeing, breathing, listening - Meditation - Observe thoughts for 15 minutes - Using techniques for anger and anxiety - Practicing mindful breathing - Journaling (positive/negative thoughts and purpose reminders) - The HEAR practice - Halt whatever you are doing and offer full attention - Enjoy a breath as you choose to receive whatever is being communicated to you (wanted or unwanted) - Ask yourself if you really know what they mean and if you don't, ask for clarification - Reflect back to them on what you heard 4 FNMI Children’s https://learn.mru.ca/d2l/le/content/98106/viewContent/1200913/View Mental Learning Objectives Wellness To elevate the voices of Indigenous peoples To challenge the dominance of Western thought and bringing Indigenous Personal Truth thought to the forefront & To remember the truth and consequences of Western colonization Reconciliation To explore the complexities of decolonization, reconciliation, and Activity indigenization Indigeneity - is characterized by having a close relationship with the land, territory, and natural world. Other characteristics include dimensions of time, distinct Indigenous knowledge systems, unique languages, and a vision for a sustainable future Colonization: is the action or process of settling among and establishing control over the Indigenous people of an area First Nation Mental Wellness - A balance between a person’s spiritual, emotional, mental, and physical aspects Intergenerational Trauma experienced by Indigenous has led to: Greater risk of food insecurity - especially in Northern and remote communities Higher rates of suicide Higher drug overdose rates and overdose-related deaths Higher over-representation in the child welfare system Higher over-representation in the Canadian correctional system Higher rates of communicable disease (e.g. COVID-19, HIV, AIDS) Disproportionate numbers of significant chronic disease (e.g. diabetes, cancer) Notes from Greenwood Text: Colonization is the single-most profound determinant of Indigenous peoples’ health and well-being. (p. 16) For Inuit, mental wellness is “an all-inclusive term encompassing mental health, mental illness, suicide prevention, violence reduction, and reduction of substance abuse and addictions”(p. 19) Taken together, optimal health for Indigenous peoples, including mental wellness, is experienced across physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual domains. Wellness ­is defined as living in harmony with family,  community, nature, and environment. (p. 20) Young Indigenous children's mental wellness can be improved by focusing on cultural strengths, such as a strong sense of identity, and nurturing connections with family, community, and cultural practices. In direct services, this means supporting Indigenous knowledge, values, and traditions to help maintain the continuity of communities and Nations. (p. 20) Question: What are the determinants of Indigenous health, as outlined by the Greenwood Textbook? A) Marginalization, Intergenerational trauma, Racism, and Self-determination B) Access to healthcare, Education, Employment, and Nutrition C) Climate change, Urbanization, Globalization, and Technology D) Genetic predisposition, Physical activity, Sleep patterns, and Stress management 5 Emotional Learning objectives Intelligence & To define resilience Resiliency To discuss examples of resilience in culture, the land, ourselves To define emotional intelligence (or quotient) Harvesting To discuss the difference between emotional quotient (EQ) and intelligence quotient (IQ) Resiliency provides the ability to recover quickly from change, hardship, or misfortune EQ has more to do with our capacity to objectively assess our strengths, as well as be open to viewing and challenging our limitations, mistaken assumptions,unacknowledged biases, and shortsighted or self-defeating beliefs IQ (Intelligence Quotient) is a measure of an individual’s intellectual, analytical,logical, and rational abilities. As such, it’s concerned with verbal, spatial, visual, and mathematical skills. Self-perception: Self regard Ability to respect and accept one’s strengths and weaknesses; self-acceptance;resultant level of confidence Self-perception:Self actualization Ability to improve oneself and pursue meaningful objectives; goal oriented Self-perception:Emotional self awareness Ability to be aware of and understand one’s feelings and their impact Self-Expression: Emotional Expression Ability to express one’s feelings verbally and nonverbally Self-Perception: Assertiveness Ability to express feelings, beliefs, and thoughts in a nondestructive way Self-Perception: Independence Ability to be self-directed and free of emotional dependency on others Interpersonal: Interpersonal Relationships Ability to develop and maintain mutually satisfying relationships Interpersonal: Empathy Ability to recognize, understand, and appreciate the feelings of others Interpersonal: Social Responsibility  Ability to contribute to society, one’s social group, and the welfare of others Decision-Making: Problem Solving Ability to solve problems where emotions are involved; using a systematic process Decision-Making: Reality Testing Ability to remain objective by seeing things as they really are Decision-Making: Impulse Control Ability to resist or delay an impulse, drive, or temptation to act Stress Management: Flexibility Ability to adapt one’s feeling, thinking, and behavior to change Stress Management: Stress Tolerance Ability to effectively cope with stressful or difficult situations Stress Management: Optimism Ability to remain hopeful and resilient despite setbacks How to Become Resilient ○ Be acceptance of change ○ Be a continuous learner ○ Practice self-empowerment ○ Have a sense of purpose ○ Value your personal identity ○ Reflect 7 Truth & * Make sure members of your group were there to listen to Tori if you take this one! Reconciliation (Guest speaker Humility - Wolf Tori McMillan) Honesty - Sasquatch Respect - Bison Nutrition & Courage - Bear Health (Slides Wisdom - Beaver 1-15) Truth - Turtle Love - Eagle 7/8 Nutrition & *Note error on Slide 19 - can you figure it out? Health (Slides 16-47) Definitions - Nutrition is the science that studies the interaction between nutrients and the body’s function and health - A nutrient is a substance that the body requires for energy, regulation of body processes, and structure - Essential Nutrients are nutrients that we must get from food because the body cannot manufacture them at all. - Macronutrients are essential nutrients required by the body in relatively large amounts - Micronutrients are essential nutrients required by the body in minute amounts - Metabolism is the biochemical activity that occurs in cells, releasing energy from nutrients or using energy to create other substances such as proteins !!!!!!!!!!!! - Carbohydrates are 4kcal/g - Fats are 9kcal/g - Protein 4kcal/g - Vitamins, Minerals, and Water are all 0kcal/g - (alcohol is 7kcal/g) Proteins - Proteins are essential for the body’s structure, including muscles and bones, and are made up of amino acids. - Adults need 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight daily. - 10-35% of your total kcal should come from protein Fats - Fats, aka lipids, are essential in small amounts as a concentrated energy source. They provide stored energy, insulate the body, and cushion organs. - It’s recommended to consume 20-35% of daily calories from fats - Saturated and trans fatty acids increase low-density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol) - Monounsaturated fatty acids increase levels of high-density lipoproteins (good cholesterol) - Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature and typically come from plant sources, such as olive, canola, safflower, peanut, soybean, corn, and cottonseed oils. - Saturated fats are solid at room temperature and are found in animal products like red meats, milk, cheese, and processed meats. - Hydrogenation is a process that adds hydrogen to unsaturated fats, converting liquid oils into solid fats. This creates a mix of saturated fatty acids and trans forms of unsaturated fatty acids. Carbohydrates - Carbohydrates are essential nutrients that provide energy to body cells, including sugars, starches, and dietary fiber. - They are the primary fuel for the brain, nervous system, and muscles during intense exercise. When carbohydrate intake is insufficient, the body produces them from proteins and fats. - Simple carbohydrates, found naturally in fruits and milk, provide sweetness. Examples include sucrose, fructose, maltose, and lactose. They are also commonly added to soft drinks, fruit drinks, candy, and desserts. - Complex carbohydrates, including starches and dietary fiber, are found in grains (wheat, rice, oats), legumes (beans, peas, lentils), and tubers (potatoes, yams). - Hydrogenation - During digestion, carbohydrates break down into glucose, which triggers insulin release to help cells use glucose for energy. Diabetes mellitus arises when blood glucose levels are poorly regulated. Fibre - Fiber is a nondigestible carbohydrate from plants that aids in fecal elimination and supports health. It may cause intestinal gas but helps prevent type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and some cancers while improving gastrointestinal health. - Dietary fiber includes non-digestible carbohydrates from plants. - Functional fiber consists of isolated or lab-synthesized fibers added to foods. Together, dietary and functional form total fiber. - Soluble Fiber: Dissolves in water, slows digestion, and helps manage blood sugar and cholesterol levels. Sources include oat bran and legumes. - Insoluble Fiber: Does not dissolve in water, increases stool bulk, and aids in preventing constipation and digestive issues. Common sources are wheat bran and psyllium seed.  - Health Canada recommends 38 grams of fiber daily for men aged 19-50 and 30 grams for men 51 and older. For women, the recommendation is 25 grams for those aged 19-50 and 30 grams for women 51 and older. - Canadians currently consume only about half of the recommended amount, and it is advised to focus on food sources of fiber rather than supplements. VITAMINS - Vitamins help chemical reactions take place, but do not provide any energy to the body MINERALS - There are about 17 minerals - Macrominerals are required in over 100 mg/day - Microminerals are required in less than 100 mg/day ALCOHOL - Alcohol provides 7 kcal/g PHYTOCHEMICALS - Phytochemicals are chemicals compounds in plants that have various effects on body function and have a role in combating heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and other degenerative diseases - Superfoods are high in essential nutrients and phytochemicals, while low in calories (e.g. avocados, beans, broccoli, onions, oranges, pomegranates, pumpkin, turkey, wild salmon, dark chocolate, nuts, extra virgin olive oil) CALORIE 1 kilocalorie = 1 000 calories 1 kilocalorie = amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 litre of water one degree Celsius - A person needs approximately 2000 kilocalories per day to meet his or her energy needs - Calorie generally stands for the larger energy unit CALCULATING YOUR CALORIES Portion size x energy content = total energy content in food - Carbohydrates are 4 kcal/g - Fats are 9 kcal/g - Protein 4 kcal/g - Vitamins, Minerals, and Water are all 0 kcal/g EXAMPLE If you have 20 grams of protein in a chicken breast, how many kcal is there from protein? 20 grams* 4 kcal/gram = 80 kcal from protein SOCIALLY - We face overnutrition as a result of supplementation with vitamins, minerals, and other compounds, or just simply consumption of too many calories and not enough physical activity causing weight gain. - Obesity is the #1 public health nutrition problem in Canada in adults - ~ ⅔ of Canadian adults are either overweight or obese (⅓ are obese) - ~ 17% of children and adolescents are obese - Postmenopausal women have a higher risk of osteoporosis, and its occurrence has been attributed to inadequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D in the diet, among other factors - Worldwide: 15% percent of children under age 5 were moderately to severely underweight 8% percent showed moderate to severe wasting (loss of muscle) 26% showed stunted growth - The body takes approximately 2 years to completely recover from pregnancy  INDIGENOUS FOOD SYSTEMS - Deeply connected to the land - Foods are viewed as gifts - Also extend to ceremonies, medicine, language, song, art, family, community, ways of knowing INDIGENOUS FOOD SOVEREIGNTY (IFS) - A revitalization in Indigenous food systems and food practices - Supports local production and relationships with local lands based on reclaiming traditional food practices - It supports a relationship to the land by facilitating a connection to culture, land, and community - Threats to IFS: resource extraction such as mining, pipelines, hydro development Greenwood Textbook Content - Among First Nations populations in Canada found that nearly 50% of First Nations experienced food insecurity (Assembly of First Nations et al., 2019)—a challenge that is generally more severe for Indigenous women than Indigenous men (Smylie, 2014). - High food costs in remote communities and barriers to traditional food retrieval methods have led to significant food insecurity among First Nations, Inuit, and Métis populations, both on and off reserves. 8/9 Social https://learn.mru.ca/d2l/le/content/98106/viewContent/1272976/View Determinants of Learning Objectives: Health To define social determinants of health To describe how various social factors can affect health outcomes and disparities To describe the interconnectivity of social determinants of health To explain the Sustainable Development Goals “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” -WHO(2024) - Disease is measured by objective means - Sickness or illness is measured by subjective means - A state of ‘disease’ allows for formal medical treatment, however a state of illnesses does not have a specific type of support - Example: Depression - Some will see it as a clinical medical condition (view held by majority of modern Western mental health practitioners) - Others will see it as a personal failing or lack of resilience - Others will fall in between the two perspectives - The words that a patient uses to express their experiences with depression will be shaped by their relationships, vocabulary, education, values, and traditions (their culture) Factors that influence health: (Some health determinants can be changed and others are not as simple to change, health determinants can interact with each other) Environmental exposures are preventable Some can be prevented through personal choices Others require societal changes Social determinants of health refers to a specific group of social and economic factors within the broader determinants of health. These relate to an individual’s place in society, such as income, education or employment Some factors that affect our social determinants of health include: Availability of health Race Gender Biological sex  Disability Agricultural practices Government responsiveness E.g. quality schools, availability of resources to meet daily needs, socioeconomic conditions, residential segregation. Physical Determinants of Health Natural environment, such as plants, weather, or climate change Worksites, schools, and recreational settings, transportation Exposure to toxic substances and other physical hazards Physical barriers, especially for people with disabilities Non-physical Dimensions of Health First Nations, Inuit and Metis peoples recognize non-physical dimensions of health. Each person has a physical part and a spiritual part which are together mediated by an individual’s intellect and emotions Socioeconomic Status A composite measure of education, income, and social class. The relationship between income and education is often linear. Social class is the amount of respect one receives from peers, which tends to be connected to occupation....which is connected to education....and so on.... Education One of the central measures of socioeconomic status and a crucial determinant of health, employment, and income. Health & Education - Those with more education have more knowledge of how to be healthy and to engage in better self-care and have more knowledge about services to keep them healthy, and can better navigate those services - Education leads to better jobs, more income, and more control over one’s life - Highly educated people tend to associate with other highly educated people who traditionally have lived healthfully - Example: India’s Caste System - This is a hereditary process of determining occupation and social prestige - Members have historically struggled to obtain employment outside of their caste structure - Dalits are near the bottom of the caste system - Face discrimination - Lack of opportunity - Some examples of Dalit sources of employment: garbage collection, removal of animal carcasses and human waste - Barriers to healthcare services - Higher mortality rates - Higher suicide rates Income, Health & Age - Areas with the highest poverty rates also have the highest percentage of seniors - The same is often true for immigrants, Aboriginals, and disability status - Women and their children who are poor are more likely to be socially isolated and therefore less resilient against some health stressors and thus more vulnerable to a host of ill social and physical effects - Half of senior women that live alone fall below the poverty line Disability - According to the Canadian Survey on Disability (2012), ~3.8 million working-aged Canadians (15-64) self-identified as disabled  - Disability disproportionately affects vulnerable populations - People who have a low income, are out of work, or have low educational qualifications are at an increased risk of disability (And vice versa) - The elderly and women have a higher prevalence of disability - Disability varies by age, biological sex, gender - Invisible disability or hidden disability, are defined as disabilities that are not immediately apparent - Visual or auditory disabilities without noticeable aids - Chronic back pain causing sitting disabilities Poverty & Obesity - Historically and in many cultures, plumpness was a status symbol, sign of health and prosperity, and social status - Today, higher income is associated with healthier active lifestyles, healthy foods - Low-income people are more likely to subsist on low quality, processed foods that lead to overweight and obese results Owning a Car - Vehicle access is perhaps the most important determinant of whether or not a family can access affordable and nutritious food - If a family does not have a car, then that family has diminished access to more options which could be less expensive grocery shopping - Food deserts are areas in which access to nutritious foods is limited BMI - The American Medical Association & Canadian - Guidelines quantify obesity as a “disease” characterized by a Body Mass Index of 30 or above - But obesity could be the result of practical, political, and economic expediency reasons - Obesity is affected by age, sex, ethnicity, geography, nationality, comorbidities, and family history Biological Sex & Gender - Beyond the biological differences, gender roles and behaviour have an influence on how everyone accesses health services and how health systems respond to varying needs - Sex refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that distinguish women and men - Gender is affected by socially and culturally constructed roles, relationships, behaviours, and other traits that society ascribes to females, males, and people of diverse gender identities - Biological men have higher mortality rates for all 15 leading causes of death, and a shorter life expectancy than biological women in most Western countries - Biological men and those who identify as male may be less likely to seek help for health concerns - if they perceive help-seeking as a weakness - Biological women and gender diverse individuals may have disproportionate barriers in access to resources such as food, education, and medical care in the developing world Occupation, Wage, & Gender Roles - Globally, about 3/4 of working-age men participate in the labour force, compared to half of working-age women - Biological women and gender diverse individuals continue to experience significant gaps in terms of poverty, labour market, and wages, as well as participation in private and public decision-making - This does not consider the informal work that many women and gender diverse individuals perform within the household The Juxtaposition of Ideologies - In many cultures, including Indigenous societies, women were revered (i.e., respected) - In early European culture, women were in positions of subordination and domesticity  - Colonialism brought the arrival of patriarchal laws and more Social Support - People who suffer from adverse social and material living conditions also experience high levels of physiological and psychological stress - Support from families, friends, and communities is associated with better health - For example, high levels of trust and group membership were found to be associated with reduced mortality rates Social Capital - Tangible resources (like meeting spaces), intangible resources (the value of people in one’s life), and the relationships between those resources - Social capital is not just expressed as a kind of unspecific emotional support provided by one’s peers and community members, but also as role models for behavior and career choices, connections for career advancement, and spaces for skill development Social Exclusion - 4 dimensions of social exclusion 1. denial of participation in civil affairs 2. denial of social goods 3. exclusion from social production 4. economic exclusion Race vs Ethnicity - Race is a social construct and is not based on biology or genetics. It refers to a group of people who typically share some physical characteristics - Ethnicity refers to a group of people who share a culture - Race refers to how people look, while ethnicity refers to how people live - Race started out with racism! Racism - Slavery was legal in Canada until 1834 - Discrimination against Black people is deeply entrenched and normalized in Canadian institutions, policies, and practices and is often invisible to those who do not feel its effects - This form of discrimination has a long history, uniquely rooted in European colonization in Africa and the legacy of the transatlantic slave trade Canadian Examples - Black & First Nations children are more likely to be removed from homes by child protection services - First Nations children are overrepresented at all stages in youth intervention with inaccessible first-line social services - Although on arrival in Canada immigrants have a better health status than the average Canadian, after 10 years in the country they are in poorer health (e.g. mental illness) and have a higher prevalence of chronic health conditions More Examples - Life expectancy for Indigenous women is 76.2 years vs 81.0 for non-Indigenous women - Intergenerational trauma to Indigenous people has resulted in alcohol and substance abuse as a coping mechanism - Suicide rates remain consistently higher for the Indigenous population than the general Canadian population Commercial Determinants Of Health (CDH)  Three interrelated factors have changed global business and consumption landscapes while boosting the power of large companies: rising demand, increasing market coverage, and the continued internationalization of trade and investment Corporate influence is exerted through four channels: -1.Marketing: which enhances the desirability and acceptability of unhealthy commodities -2. Extensive supply chains: which amplify company influence around the globe -3.Lobbying: which can impede policy barriers such as plain packaging and minimum drinking ages -4.Corporate social responsibility strategies: which can deflect attention and whitewash tarnished reputations - Health outcomes are determined by the influence of corporate activities on the social environment in which people live and work: namely the availability, cultural desirability, and prices of unhealthy products - The environment shapes the so-called lifeworlds, lifestyles, and choices of individual consumers - ultimately determining health outcomes Greenwood Chapter 15 Social determinants of health for First Nations were divided into 3 levels of determinants Distal: residential schools, self-determinations & racism Intermediate: social services, justice & cultural approaches Proximal: lifestyle & physical environments -Social determinants of health affect child neglect among First Nations. There is an overwhelming amount of Indigenous children in youth protection services and such. -Considering all these levels of social determinants of health will facilitate the implementation of measures to support children and families that respond to the needs and cultures of First Nations -An approach that would avoid frameworks inherited from colonialism would be for First Nations to have the self-determination to make their own decisions about the system and services to establish, as well as the mode of governance that best suits them without having to convince governmental authorities of the validity of their decisions -Canada’s government Act Respecting Indigenous Families has provided an avenue for First Nations to obtain more autonomy. It provides a framework for increased governance and broadens First Nations powers and ability to act with consideration for their social determinants of health. Sustainable Developments Goals -The SDGs are a set of 17 specific development goals for the world’s future through to 2030 and beyond 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation 10. Reduce income inequality within and among countries 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts by regulating emissions and promoting developments in renewable energy 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partner-ship for sustainable development 9 Positionality & Positionality & Intersectionality Intersectionality Learning Objectives: - To define positionality - To understand how our backgrounds, experiences, and identities influence our learning, beliefs, values and experiences - To connect positionality with personal wellness - To connect positionality with community wellness Greenwood Chapter 4: Gradual Civilization Act, 1857 Indian Act, 1876 ○ The goal was assimilation ○ Residential School System ○ Forced sterilization - What has this chapter taught us about oppression? Intersectionality: the complex, cumulative way in which the effects of multiple forms of discrimination (such as racism, sexism, and classism) combine, overlap or intersect especially in the experiences of marginalized individuals or groups. - coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw ➔ Lens to view oppression and power ➔ Issues seen in isolation of one another uphold systems of privilege ➔ Discrimination is multiple when more than one form is occuring Privilege & Power: - An unearned benefit, advantage, favour, or right that a person receives by nature of their identity - Privilege = Power - Exists at all levels and turns into oppression for some if they do not have the designated characteristics to benefit from the privilege - Privilege: The rights, benefits, and opportunities that are awarded to an individual(s) that creates advantages relative to other individuals - and is typically granted to individuals who belong to majority groups - Power: the authority to direct influence - Wheel of Power and Privilege Positionality: The ways that differences in social position and power shape identities and access in society ➔ Identity is shaped by socially constructed positions ➔ Identity influences your outlook on the world ➔ Understanding positionality helps challenge biases ➔ Can and will change over time ➔ Conveys where your coming from and is made up of our various intersecting social identities. Positionality Map - How does your position influence your values, beliefs, and choices? Deconstructing Oppression: 1. Speak up- especially if you witness unfair or biased treatment 2. Share your resources- introduce someone outside of your network to your co-workers and colleauges 3. Amplification- amplify the voices of the marginalized 4. Show tangible support - such as money and time Three ways to mitigate bias: 1. Educate - recognize your biases 2. Expose - Try taking the first-person perspective of a member of a group that you do not identify with. Engage in real-life, positive interactions with people from varied backgrounds 3. Approach - Acknowledge that differences exist between people and embrace them. Avoid statements such as “I don't see colour” or other colour-blind messaging  Bias can create oppression and inequities Which of the answers below is not a way to mitigate bias? a) Educate b) Engagement c) Expose d) Approach 10 The Science of Learning objectives: To define health, wellness, community health, and public health Public Health To define the social-ecological model and wellness model and Practice of To describe the healthy people agenda Community To differentiate between the medical model, community health model, and public health model Health To explain the science of public health and the practice of community health To identify community and public health professional skills and occupations _Western medical ​ Public health model- focuses on the science of protecting and improving the health of large, diverse populations, like entire counties, or even provinces; it is an organized effort of society or the government to keep people healthy and prevent injury, illness or premature death Community health model- Community health is a subset of public health with similar goals; community health is specific to the community level Western medical model- focuses on health deficits, diagnosis and treatment of disease symptoms using dietary and lifestyle changes, medication, or surgical intervention Holistic medical model- focuses on treating the person as a whole rather then just their symptoms Definitions of Population health: health status of a group of people, they may or may not identify themselves as a community International and global health: a systematic comparison of the factors that affect the health of all human population Health promotion: the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve health Health education: the discipline of applied social behavioral science that is well grounded in research related to the psychosocial aspect of health behavior Health educators: are trained professional who works with groups in public health or community settings Roles of a Health Educator Establish trust Develop and report with community members View yourself as a guide, rather than a dictator or a boss Respect professional boundaries Be educated with up-to-date and accurate knowledge Have cultural competence Develop culturally relevant public health program Develop a culturally sensitive public health research Public health Professional Competencies General skills in data collection and analysis Educational and instructional skills Interpersonal skills  Problem-solving skills Writing skills Program evaluation skills Advocacy skills, Presentation skills grouped into eight domains: communication skills, analytical skills, policy and program planning, cultural competency, community dimensions of practice, public health science, financial planning and management skills, and leadership and systems thinking skills Other healthcare roles Community health worker Health educator Exercise science and personal trainer Certified strength and conditioning specialist Health and wellness program planner Epidemiologist Biostatistician Researcher academic 11 Global Health Trends Learning objectives To describe health and wellness through a global lens To describe past and present global health trends, and how they have impacted the world To explain how social determinants of health, and their resulting inequities, have impacted different nations around the world To explain how social determinants of health status can affect quality of life and life expectancy To discuss the demands of population growth on society and the world 10 issues in global health - Socio economic development - Pandemics - Communicable disease - Non-communicable disease - Environmental conditions - Personal hygiene (i.e., to avoid spreading disease) - Environmental sanitation - Social conflict - Population growth - Healthcare planning Definition of global and international health - Focuses on factors that have direct or indirect impact on the health of people across national boundaries Goals of Global Health ○ To view public international health from the perspective of low- to middle-income or less developed countries ○ To identify factors that influence morbidity and mortality across the globe ○ To develop appropriate intervention programs to disrupt these outcomes ○ To promote health for all Poverty Gross National Income (GNI) or Gross Domestic Product (GDP) both determines the level of poverty and consequently, morbidity and mortality rates GNI= total amount of money earned by a nation's people and businesses (a country's final income in a year divided by its population) GDP= how much of that value stays in the country Low income economy Countries with less than $995 GNI per capita Low-Middle-Income Economies Countries with between $96-$3,895 GNI per capita Upper-Middle-Income Economies Countries with between $3,896-$12,055 GNI per capita High-Income Economies Countries with over $12,056 GNI per capita G7 countries - G7 grouping of seven of the world’s advanced economies - The G7 provides global leadership and discusses policy - France - Italy - The United Kingdom - Canada - Japan - Germany - The United States of America - European Union Outcomes of poverty  Malnutrition & starvation Lack of basic services such as electricity, safe drinking water, and sanitation Less access to education Social discrimination and exclusion Lack of participation in decision-making Child marriages Poorer health and health outcomes Canadian federal initiatives ○ Affordable early-learning and child care ○ Canada’s Workers Benefit ○ Guaranteed Income Supplement ○ National Housing Strategy ○ Canada Child Benefits Environmental Determinants Climate change Overconsumption of resources Increased energy demands Environmental pollution Excessive urban waste generation Improper disposal of human waste Energy Demands Energy demands and fossil fuels currently threaten global environments Industrial nations en again in energy-intensive activities which comprise air quality not only for them by also less developed nations ○ Transboundary pollution Nations still use hazardous sources of energy such as biomass combustion for heating needs ○ Burning of wood, crop residues and other organic material to generate energy Above exacerbates degraded indoor air quality in many instances resulting in preventable respiratory diseases Alma-Ata Declaration of (1978) The International Conference on Primary Health Care, was sponsored and organized by WHO and UNICEF 12 global indicators for monitoring progress towards health 1. Health for all 2. Mechanisms for involving people in implementation strategies 3. At least 5% of GNP is devoted to national healthcare  4. Reasonable percentage of national health expenditure is devoted to local healthcare 5. Resources are equitably distributed 6. Affluent countries to support developing countries 7. Universal primary healthcare 8. Nutritional status of children is adequate 9. Infant mortality rate below 50% per 1,000 births 10. Life expectancy at birth is >60 years 11. Adult literacy >70% 12. GNP per head exceeds US$500 Millennium Development Goals (MDG) 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achieve universal primary education 3. Promote gender equality and empower women 4. Reduce child mortality 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 7. Ensure environmental sustainability 8. Global partnerships for development Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Adopted by UN January 1st, 2016 Philosophical goal created by world leaders to mobilize efforts to: ○ End all forms of poverty ○ Fight inequalities ○ Tackle climate change ○ Strive to make sure no one is excluded from these efforts for next 15 years (by 2030) Speaker notes ○ Benefit valuable lessons from MDGs ○ Will also carry forward unfinished agenda of MDGs to continuity and sustain the momentum generated while addressing additional challenges Inclusiveness Equity Urbanization Try to further strengthen global partnerships by including CSOs and private sector Seventeen SDG 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all  9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation 10. Reduce income inequality within and among countries 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts by regulating emissions and promoting developments in renewable energy 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development United Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) - 2007 - Greenwood UNDRIP acknowledges indigenous peoples worldwide have rights to ○ Self determination ○ To be recognized as distinct peoples ○ Freely determine political status ○ Freely pressure economic, social and cultural development ○ To free, prior and informed consent ○ To be free from discrimination Key outcomes ○ Provide tools and resources for individuals, families, and communities to better support wellness journeys ○ Provide flexible grants, new funding methodologies to incentivize decision-making by communities individually, collectively, and with partners ○ Undertaking policy and strategy development ○ Working with governments, organizations, regulatory bodies to build system wide commitment to cultural safety and humility Shift the Paradigm (greenwood) Population health reports are often constrained to biomedical paradigms that fail to recognize the physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual dimensions central to health & wellness Shifting the paradigm requires a disruption in these patterns by reinforcing the centrality of determinants of health and demonstrating that when the roots or systems (social, cultural, economic, and environmental) are nourished, they result in environments where children, youth, and adults can reclaim their own health & wellness Discussions: is it working? (Alma-ata, MDG, SDG, UNDRIP) 12 Health Health Theories: Behaviour and Explanation Theory: Program - Explain behaviour & impact factors that contribute to the problem Planning - When dealing with a problem, behaviour, or situation, ask why it is occurring? Determine the reasoning - Second, look for what can be changed to improve the situation or to solve the problem Change Theory: Slides - How to change behaviour & impact factors that facilitate behaviour change  - Determine specific strategies or messages that can aid in solving the problem, dealing with the situation, or facilitate change Stages of Confidence: - Gradual increase from “I won’t do it” to “Yes, I did it” Transtheoretical Model of Change (TMM): - A change theory - Concept: when, what, and how people change - Stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance Health Belief Model (HBM): - An explanatory theory - Concept: behaviour is influenced by personal beliefs or perceptions - Stages: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, cues to action Theory of Reasoned Action: - An explanatory theory - Concept: Focuses on influence of attitudes, intentions, and subjective norms on a person’s intent to engage in a health behaviour - Stages: volitational/behavioural controls, attitudes toward behaviour, subjective norms Social Cognitive Theory: - An explanatory theory - Concept: health and behaviour is a result of dynamic back and forth relationships between personal factors, the environment, health behaviour - Stages: bidirectional changes b/w person & environment, knowledge & skills to influence behaviour, self-efficacy, expectations, expectancies, self regulation, observational learning of others, reinforcement Health Program Planning: - Health behaviour theory can help identify program planning to explain or predict behaviours, events or situations - Involves identifying a target community and target behaviour Needs Assessment and Data Collection: - Process of identifying what health problems need to be addressed to solve the problem - Primary data is collected by you - Secondary data is gathered by someone else - Quantitative data is information that can be counted/expressed numerically - Qualitative data is observed, recorded, or descriptive General Program Planning & Evaluation Steps: 1. Issue statement and needs assessment 2. Priority setting 3. Goals and objectives 4. Program activities 5. Program evaluation 6. Program budgeting Logic Model: - Analysis → Design → Implementation → Testing → Maintenance Potential Final Exam Questions: Short Answer: Describe the differences between Explanation Theory and Change Theory in the context of health behavior. Provide one example of each. Multiple Choice: Which of the following best describes the stages in the Transtheoretical Model of Change (TMM)? A) Perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, cues to action B) Analysis, design, implementation, testing, maintenance C) Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance D) Volitional/behavioral controls, attitudes toward behavior, subjective norms 7 Teachings 1. Love Guest Speaker, 2. Wisdom Tori 3. Respect (generosity): Respect is defined as the ability to give. 4. Truth: 5. Humility (equality): Recognizing that we are all equally valuable and not more important than anyone else. The wolf works within the pack  6. Honesty (integrity): be honest with your intentions. Consistency between your words and actions 7. Courage (resilience): ability to overcome fear Johari's Window ​