Introduction to Housing PDF

by both men and women. It is a basic need INTRODUCTION TO which contributes to the population’s HOUSING productivity, welfare, social stability and...

by both men and women. It is a basic need INTRODUCTION TO which contributes to the population’s HOUSING productivity, welfare, social stability and economic development. Housing Problems 1. Uncontrolled urbanization due to rural-urban migration resulting in increased Social Justice and Human Rights demand for housing. Opportunities in rural Article 13, Section 9 areas are scarce attracting rural folks to migrate to cities “The State shall, by law and for the common good, undertake, in cooperation with the 2. Urban sprawl- increased population private sector, a continuing program of demands more spaces and cities are not urban land reform and housing, which will ready to absorb migrants resulting to slum make available at affordable costs, decent development housing and basic services to underprivileged and homeless citizens in 3. Poor city plans fall short of utility supply urban centers and resettlement areas. It and other basic services to new migrants shall also promote adequate employment making their environment unfit to live opportunities for such citizens. In the implementation of such program, the state 4. Land speculation- land became an shall respect the rights of the small property investment making its cost very expensive owners.” 5. Housing as a business making housing Universal Declaration of Human Rights cost unaffordable Housing justice is based on the idea that housing is a human right. 6. Lack of housing policies to serve the Article 25 The Right To Adequate Housing needs of the people “Everyone has the right to a standard of 7. Land as a property (Bill of Rights) makes living adequate for the health and well-being it more difficult for the government to of himself and his family, including food, expropriate private lands for housing clothing, housing (emphasis added) and medical care and necessary social services, 8. Conventional housing materials are and the right to security in the event of expensive unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of 9. Financing institutions not tailored to the livelihood in circumstances beyond his needs of the people in need of housing control. Philippine Development Plan for Women World Health Organization (WHO) 1989-1992, Manila: NCRFW, 1989 defines housing as “An approach to healthy More than just the provision of physical housing. Healthy housing is shelter that facilities for shelter. supports a state of complete physical, It also includes services that allow and mental, and social well-being. Healthy participate in and enjoyment of development housing provides a feeling of home, pueblo settlements were given communal including a sense of belonging, security, and toilets to improve health conditions privacy.” Commonwealth Period Socialized housing HOUSING DELIVERY 1938-1945 Manuel L Quezon established Historical View of Housing the Philippine Homesite Corporation (PHC), the first government housing agency. He Pre-Colonial Period ordered the purchase of a tract of land in Barangay System Diliman for a housing project the Philippines, strategically positioned for commerce and trading, attracted a 1945 To 1975 People’s Homesite And community of migrants to settle on the Housing Corporation island using boat balangay. These boat-people communities established The National Housing Corporation (1945) pre-colonial settlements along and the Philippine Homesite Corporation rivers. Stability resulted to common (1938) were merged to form the PHHC. socio-economic activities and culture that flourished in the settlement. Under PHHC, several offices were formed to answer different housing needs: Spanish Colonial Period 1. Presidential Assistant on Housing and Barangay settlements were merged into Resettlement (PAHRA), pueblo/town for easy administration and tribute collection. Other settlements 2. Tondo Foreshore Development Authority occupied the arrabales or settlements (TFDA), Central 3. Institute for Training and located at the periphery of the town. Parish Relocation of Urban Squatters (CITRUS), church was constructed and the natives were converted to Christians. 4. Presidential Committee on Urban and Resettlement (PRECHUR), Encomienda system tracts of land (including people and land 5. Sapang Palay Development Committee income) were awarded to loyal Spaniards (SPDC), who defended the Spanish Crown, thus making the locals suffer due to slavery and 6. Inter-Agency Task Force to Undertake the higher taxes from agriculture Relocation of Families in Barrio Nabacaan, Villanueva, Misamis Oriental The Encomienda system resulted to uneven distribution of lands even after the Spanish 1975 to date rule collapse. Tracts of lands were owned National Housing Authority –a government by the church and few hacienderos owned and controlled organization under the Department of Human Settlement and American Colonial Period Development (Department of Human Encomienda system to American plantation Settlement and Urban Development Communal toilets (DHSUD) By 2025, NHA shall have addressed 23% of the housing need by building affordable, livable, adequate, and inclusive communities with basic services and socio-economic opportunities. 4PH PROGRAM Pambansang Pabahay Para sa Pilipino Housing Program Initiated by BBM to build 1.3 million housing units each year to address the country’s backlog of 6.5 million as of April 2023. Meaning of Place Launched in September 2022 and ending in 1. Place Identity 2028 with the goal of zero informal how people incorporate a place into the Settlers.. larger concept of their own identities or senses of self PHYSICAL 2. Sense of Place a level of comfort & feelings of safety are CONFIGURATION AS associated with a place OUTCOME OF 3. Place Attachments SOCIO-ECONOMIC a person’s bond with the social & physical environments of a place. SYSTEMS How housing and community evolved based on socio-economic influence PHILIPPINE HOUSING Perception of Filipino Space PERSPECTIVE “Guidelines for Shaping New Filipino Communities” (Ponce) discusses Filipino Indicators of Housing Problems sense of community and spatial culture The problem of housing where it lists the traditional Filipino Illegal occupancy of land or housing space neighborhood tended to have these features & subsequent formation of squatter applied to her proposal of guidelines. communities. 1. Squatting described as the illegal occupancy (trespassing) of land owned by others, became a preferred solution to the housing problem by those with little or no resources  2. Slum the physically blighted area due to its poor CURRENT HOUSING socio-economic condition NEEDS A slum area describes: lack of provisions for electricity, water, roads, waste disposal and drainage, a situation as dangerous to health as to the environment. Professional squatters & squatter syndicates - refer to those occupying a vacant land owned by others to sell rights for its use to others. Makeshift Housing refers to the use of salvaged or improvised construction materials for the roof or walls The share of the urban population in the used with other construction materials. Philippines saw no significant changes in 2023 in comparison to the previous year Barong-barong- Filipino term for makeshift 2022 and remained at around 48.29 houses percent. Nevertheless, 2023 still represents a peak in the share in the Philippines. Makeshift Dwellers ▪ don’t have access to a potable water The image highlights the challenges faced system by the Philippines, including rapid ▪ most shared community system urbanization, high employment rates, and don’t have toilets significant economic growth. However, it burned garbage also underscores pressing issues like the large population of informal settlers, vulnerability to climate change, extreme weather events, and the country's status as a top contributor to marine plastic pollution. These factors point to the need for sustainable urban planning, disaster resilience, and environmental protection to manage the country's urban growth and reduce its vulnerability to natural and human-made risks.  Housing for Whom? HOUSING DEMAND Who is in need? AND SUPPLY Who are the poor? Income Housing Demand Expenses 1. New Households/new stock Size of households 2. Old, dilapidated stock need to be Dwelling type upgraded Educational attainment of household head 3. Available stock but not responsive to Membership in urban poor organizations needs Source of livelihood Ability to meet basic needs Housing Backlog households with substandard units including Who are the Poor? those in places with sites & services Squatters, slum dwellers, makeshift programs that were being upgraded. dwellers, landless poor & others. Future Needs Squatter – legal term referring to those who additional & new houses required by new occupy land without the consent of the households owner. Housing Needs Slum Dweller - emphasizes blighted Housing backlog + Future needs physical conditions of urban poor communities Double-Up-Households More than one household in one dwelling Makeshift Dweller - refers to those staying unit in dwelling units that are made of scrap materials & are usually in a state of Future Housing Needs disrepair. projected increase in households plus housing required to replace losses due to Urban Poor obsolescence. Individuals or families residing in urban & urbanizable areas whose income falls within NEDA the poverty threshold. National Economic Development Authority projected housing need as : housing Homeless backlog & future needs - No shelter - Moves one place to another Private Sector - Economic Housing - Found everywhere, seeks shelter in Government - Socialized Housing streets Solution to Housing Need Illegal Occupant government assistance in the production of - Has shelter housing units (private sector) and - Creates temporary structure government loans to acquire houses & land.  - Abounds in areas close to major effort of government at socialized urban centers, along river banks housing 3. Subsidies and effective Measures of Poverty bureaucracies were needed. 1. Food threshold 2. Poverty threshold/poverty line Lack of Comprehensive Policy & 3. Lack of Access to Housing Finance Institutional Framework 4. Insecurity of Land Tenure continued increase of squatters among the 5. Lack of Comprehensive Policy poor, incomes have become differentiated security of land Food Threshold tenure as a solution requires that land be Measured in terms of a food basket which available for socialized housing satisfies all of the recommended dietary allowance or RDA for energy. Causes Urbanization, Migration, Poverty Computation: Monthly food threshold = FT x 30.4 squatting - migration of poor rural people (appropriate no. of days/month) to urban areas Migration - attributed to urbanization Annual FT = 365 days (30.4 x 12 months) Data on income show the incidence of poverty in many areas of Metro Manila. Poverty Threshold / Poverty Line Monthly income required to satisfy 100% of nutritional requirements and other needs of CULTURAL BELIEFS a family of six IN HOUSING Poverty Threshold (PT) = FT/ER What is Culture? Way of life, a design for living. Shared Whereas FT - Food Threshold and ER - patterns of behavior and meaning, of Expenditure Ratio expectations and responses. Shared system of vital ideas about the world. Lack of Access to Housing Finance Reasons that the poor cannot have access Filipino Space to such housing schemes: - Organized as a space surrounding Gap between the income of the poor space Costs of land and house construction - An excellent treatment of Filipino Terms of housing finance Architecture - Consists of main multi-functional Insecurity of Land Tenure space necessarily relating with a lot 1. Housing problem as lack of security of extension spaces around it. of land tenure. 2. Community Mortgage Program Dr. William Henry Scott (CMP) making available affordable An episcopical, wrote “Cordillera loans to the urban poor - pioneering Architecture of Northern Luzon”, he presents along with accurate structural + Facility at conflict resolution description the section of the houses. + Resilience, flexibility + Strong family orientation, bayanihan In those houses, one saw a small space spirit enclosed by a bigger volume around it. The Filipino Culture Psyche Ex. The Ifugao House of the 1. Bayanihan Apilis–Mondiguing, A cluster of Ifugao The creation of alliances with neighbors and houses on the Ifugao rice terraces the helping attitude whenever one is in need Felipe De Leon 2. Close Familial Ties Talked about the space and aesthetics of Filipinos tend to uphold close family ties. Filipino houses 1. Transparency 3. Pakikisama 2. Flexibility Involves getting along with others to 3. Layering maintain a harmonious relationship. 4. Organic 5. Free 4. Hiya 6. Openness Shame and is a motivating factor behind 7. Artistic behavior 8. Eastern 9. Harmony with Nature 5. Utang na Loob 10. Multi-functional Owed by one to a person who has helped him through the trials he had undergone. “Bukas ang Kalooban, Not Private” Windows all around ancestral houses Amor Propio - concern for self-image Delicadeza - sense of discretion “Aliwalas” - airy spaciousness and Palabra de Honor - word of honor openness of interiors “Space Surrounds Space” High Value placed on being natural, HOUSING informal, personal TYPOLOGIES Typology - within a given field, the Cultural Trends systematic classification of types according + Filipinos rank first in religiosity and to their characteristics spirituality + Maka-Diyos and maka-kalikasan are House Types closely woven together - The type of house that one lives in reflects a lot about the occupant Filipino Traits - Reflect the occupant’s personality, + Openness socio-economic status or means of + Freedom of Expression livelihood. + Gender sensitivity Categories of Housing Typologies 1. Scale 2. Economic and Socialized Housing 2. Structural Shell (BP 220) 3. Materials government policy to promote and 4. Ratio to Land/Density encourage the development of economic 5. Mode of Occupancy and socialized housing projects, primarily by 6. Layout/Relationship to open spaces the private sector in order to make available 7. Prices adequate economic and socialized housing 8. Interior Spaces units for averaged and low-income earners 9. Dominant/sub-uses in urban and rural areas. Types of Housing Model Houses of National Housing 1. Single Detached Authority 2. Row-Houses (socialized housing) 3. Modular Homes (duplex, triplex, Row Houses quadriplex) The one-story row-house model has been 4. Apartment Complex the most typical of all the models 5. Townhouses (medium-rise) constructed by the NHA in most of its 6. High-Rise Condominium resettlement projects all over the country. 7. Manufactured Housing The model is a 20 square meter shell unit (pre-fabricated) on a 32- 40 square meter lot, with provision 8. Mobile Housing (trailer vans) for one toilet and bath and one kitchen 9. Converted-use Property counter. Beneficiaries were left to improve 10. Cooperative Housing (time-share) on their unit and on the provision of partition walls and architectural finishes. Subdivisions - a tract of land divided into residential lots Duplex A 21.0 sq. m. duplex on a minimum 50 National Housing Authority sq. m. lot. Essential spaces like living, government agency responsible for public dining, sleeping areas, toilet/laundry areas. housing in the Philippines. Established on Has smaller living areas but bigger lot are July 31, 1975, it is organized as a for gardening. government-owned and controlled corporation under the Department of Human Single Detached Settlements and Urban Development as an Dimension of 22 sq. m. on a minimum lot of attached agency. 63.0 sq. m. Bahay-kubo configuration with toilet, bathe, two bedrooms and kitchen with NHA Housing Projects “banggerahan” 1. BLISS-EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 517 January 9, 1979 Slum Upgrading (Bagong Lipunan Improvement of Sites and The program is intended to address security Services) of tenure and infrastructure requirements of Resettlements, Slum Upgrading, Housing informal settlements on government-owned Package lands proclaimed or designated as socialized housing sites. It covers survey Filipino Home and titling of individual lots for disposition to - The bahay kubo is a qualified occupants, infrastructure semi-permanent bungalow made development, housing construction, and with materials found nearby rehabilitation of existing project sites. - materials are lightweight to allow for natural ventilation thus effectively cooling the interiors. BEHAVIORAL - the Filipino people are resilient to ASPECTS OF say the least. - the use of the space within the HOUSING traditional Filipino house cannot be singular. - There are no partitions, the THE FILIPINO CULTURE - interior is one open area: for dining As a consequence of the strategic location in the morning, noon, and evening; a of the Philippines, and the resulting sala (living room) for entertaining exposure of the people to a wealth of goods guests and ideas, the Filipinos have enriched the - in between meals; for napping in the fabric of their culture with fibers that are afternoon and finally the whole both of local and foreign origin. The natives family sleeps beside each other at have mastered the ability to adopt and night. adapt, in other words, use fibers of foreign origin so that, through the years, such fibers no longer remain foreign but have become PHILIPPINE SPATIAL DYNAMICS part of the local fibers that are interwoven Another interesting characteristic of Filipinos with new fibers introduced from foreign is the penchant for filling spaces. It can be lands. Such is the fabric of Filipino culture associated with the concept of Horror Vacui, and that is how architecture in the defined as horror of empty spaces or an Philippines is to be viewed. aversion to empty spaces in artistic designs but of which fittingly identifies as The Filipino Family Maximalism. - Best known characteristic of Filipinos The typical Filipino home has every wall - one reason Filipinos get attached to covered with paintings, photographs, and their homes and generations live in assorted memorabilia. Every nook and the same house cranny in a single room must have some - can easily establish themselves in a thing. A veranda cannot have just one table community through time. and two chairs; it must also have an altar - Another quality of Filipinos is not and so another table, plants, the banga leaving their parents as they age (Filipino earthen jar), and a small rocking - This desire to surrounding their horse if possible. selves with family and friends, affects greatly how Filipinos move in the society The Filipino Horror Vacui is a Latin expression, which HOUSING Praz (1982) used to describe the interiors during the late 1800s wherein rooms were ORGANIZATIONAL filled and walls were covered with a wide CHART variety of objects. Lidwell, Holden, and Butler (2010) relates this fear of empty ORGANIZATIONAL & INSTITUTIONAL spaces to value perception. CHALLENGES FOR EFFECTIVE HOUSING DELIVERY SYSTEM Horror vacui in the Philippines is based on the economic outlook wherein Filipinos feel National Implementing Machineries that having more is definitely better. Historical Background: July 1936 – Commonwealth Act 620 Maximalism is a term used by De Leon, Jr. 14 October 1938 – People’s Homesite in his numerous discussions on Filipino Corporation culture and speaks of the nation’s inclination 17 September 1945 – National Housing to fill up space. He wrote: The common Commission Filipino is a maximalist, filling up every 1959 Republic Act 580 – Home Financing available space with forms and things. It Corporation springs from an expressive exuberance 15 October 1975 – National Housing deeply rooted in emotional sensitivity and Authority the strong urge to connect. September 1978 – Ministry of Human Settlements Burloloy is something that is added to a 17 December 1978 – Executive Order No. whole: an accessory, item or detail that 90 completes. Executive Order No. 90 THE FILIPINO CULTURE OF FILLING UP Title I : Housing Agencies & their Mandates SPACE IN A GATED COMMUNITY Title II : The Housing & Urban Development The need to have multiple uses for certain Coordinating Council zones shows that the abovementioned Title III : Rationalizing the Funding Sources modifications and extensions in their & Lending Mechanisms for Home neighborhood reflect a recognized Filipino Mortgages quality. It stems from the concept of Bahay Title IV : Other Provisions Kubo, apparent in the Ifugao House and Nipa Hut as well. Filipinos have a need to fill The National Shelter Program (NSP) empty spaces. An intriguing fragment of the A comprehensive program that provides the Filipino culture. people, especially the lowest 30%, with adequate housing facilities through If one were to develop a community for the affordable housing packages Filipino, they should focus more on spaces. Objectives of the NSP 1. Increased accessibility of home ownership to low-income families  2. Stable, sustainable and viable long, c. Development of urban areas medium–term home financing conducive to commercial and 3. Security of land tenure industrial activities. 4. Prevention of squatting 5. Greater private sector participation d. Reduction in urban dysfunctions. 6. Equitable distribution of benefits to e. Access to land & housing by the geographic regions of the country underprivileged and homeless. National Policies for Housing 3. To adopt workable policies to regulate & 1. EO 90 and launching of the National direct urban growth and expansion towards Shelter Plan a dispersed urban net and more balanced 2. Urban Development & Housing Act urban-rural interdependence. of 1992 (RA7279) 3. Comprehensive & Integrated Shelter 4. To provide for an equitable land tenure Finance Act (RA 7835) dated 16 Dec system that shall guarantee security of 1994 tenure to program beneficiaries. 4. Local Government Code of 1991 : devolving housing responsibilities to 5. To encourage more effective people’s LGUs participation in the urban development process. The Urban Development & Housing Act of 1992 6. To improve the capability of local Objectives: government units The UDHA 1992 was formulated to achieve the following objectives: 1. To uplift the conditions of the unprivileged and homeless citizens in urban areas and in resettlement areas by making available to them decent housing at affordable cost, basic services and employment opportunities. 2. To provide for the rational use and development of urban land in order to bring about the following: a. Equitable utilization of residential lands in urban and urbanizable lands b. Optimization of the use and productivity of land and urban resources.  THE KEY HOUSING AGENCIES government agencies HUDCC: planning and technical originators assistance funders buyers NHA: augment and enhance local local government units government capabilities non-governmental organizations housing organizations HIGC: guarantee schemes to encourage professionals/technocrats financial institutions the public HLURB: comprehensive plans for urban CURRENT TRENDS IN HOUSING and urbanizable areas DELIVERY co-designing NHMFC: Community Mortgage Program land readjustment land banking time sharing ABBREVIATIONS USED: deregulation HUDCC – Housing and Urban Development incremental housing Coordinating Council perpetual lease NHA – National Housing Authority adaptive re-use NHMFC – National Home Mortgage and - Housing a s a product & as a process Finance Corporation HIGC – Home Insurance Guaranty CLIC & Urban Development By Riz Riley & Corporation Pat Wakely An article from the DPU News A HLURB – Housing & Land Use Regulatory semestral publication of the Developmental Board Planning Unit University College London 4 SSS – Social Security System July 2000 GSIS – Government Service Insurance System SUPPORT COMPONENTS HDMF – Home Development Mutual Fund livelihood or PAG-IBIG Fund building associations DOF – Department of Finance housing associations DPWH – Department of Public Works & training Highways health care / social welfare DBM – Department of Budget & infrastructure Management NEDA – National Economic and Organized Small –Scale Self – Help development Authority Housing By Mario Rodriguez and Johnny PMS – Presidential Management Staff Astrand Building Issues DBP – Development Bank of the Philippines vol.8 1996 KEY PLAYERS / ACTORS Aranya Community Housing, 1989 developers Aranya Post -Occupancy landowners