Historical Development of Housing Policies in Asia - University of Santo Tomas - PDF

MODULE 0 1 A HISTO RICAL D EVELO P MENT O F HO USING P O LICIES & P RO GRAMS IN ASIA HO USING USTCA A.Y. 20 23-20 24 P RESENTATIO N BY: AR. NATHA...

MODULE 0 1 A HISTO RICAL D EVELO P MENT O F HO USING P O LICIES & P RO GRAMS IN ASIA HO USING USTCA A.Y. 20 23-20 24 P RESENTATIO N BY: AR. NATHALIE AUD REY E. SANTO S, MS ________________ This lecture was produced by a member of the UST Architecture faculty in preparation for A.Y. 2023-24. These slides and any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used without the written consent of the university except for brief quotes or for review. P RESENTATIO N O UTLINE 1. HOUSING& URBANIZATION MOD 2. EVOLUTION OF HOUSING PROGRAMS IN ASIA 01A a) SCOPE EVOLUTION OF HOUSING STUDIES b) EVOLUTION OF HOUSING PROGRAMS IN ASIA 1 The Relation and Context of URBANIZATION & HOUSING  Urbanization is the spatial concentration of people and economic activity is arguably the most important social transformation in the history of civilization since man changed from being a nomadic hunter-gatherer and adopted a settled, subsistence agricultural way of life. URBANIZATION DISCUSSION Source: (Asian Development Bank, 2006, p. 1)  While the timing and speed of urbanization have varied and are varying between countries, regions, and continents, the urbanization process has taken hold everywhere. It has proven to be an unstoppable and a mostly desirable phenomenon. URBANIZATION DISCUSSION Source: (Asian Development Bank, 2006, p. 1)  While the timing and speed of urbanization have varied and are varying between countries, regions, and continents, the urbanization process has taken hold everywhere. It has proven to be an unstoppable and a mostly desirable phenomenon. URBANIZATION DISCUSSION Source: (Asian Development Bank, 2006, p. 1)  Cities are the foundation of modern civilization; they are the engine room of economic growth and the centers of culture, entertainment, innovation, education, knowledge, and political power. URBANIZATION DISCUSSION Source: (Asian Development Bank, 2006, p. 1)  o In 1900 just 15 percent of the world’s population lived in cities. o The 20th century transformed this picture, as the pace of urban population growth acceleratedvery rapidly in about 1950. o Sixty years later, it is estimated that half of the world’s people lives in cities. RURAL TO URBAN DISCUSSION MIGRATION Source: (Annez & Buckley, 2009, p. 2)  UN projections predict that urban populations in developing countries will be growing by more than 65 million people a year between 2000 and 2030 RURAL TO URBAN DISCUSSION MIGRATION Source:(UN, 2006).  A 2007 UN publication on population reveals deep skepticism about urbanization among policymakers in developing countries: o 88 percent of s urvey res pondents from les s developed countries reported that the s patial dis tribution of their population was uns atis factory. o This num ber declined from 95 percent in 1976 URBANIZATION & DISCUSSION DEVELOPING NATION Source:(UN, 2006). 2a The Evolution of HOUSING STUDIES  Housing studies most specifically traditional housing in its’ early stages have focused solely on the design and construction factors. It was only after and integration of other fields of study that housing studies and programs has evolved. HOUSING STUDIES DISCUSSION Source:(UN, 2006).  Various Fields of Studies were integrated with architecture namely - anthropology, cultural and social, economic and political disciplines. Studies about traditional housing and settlement form is fairly available HOUSING STUDIES DISCUSSION Source:(UN, 2006).  o studies in regards to traditional housing and settlement forms have sometimes tended focus more on design and construction factors. o many of the approaches to analysis of traditional house form have been largely physical and deterministic in their orientation – i.e. focusing primarily on climate and the need for shelter, with house form seen mainly as a product of availablematerials and construction technology. HOUSING STUDIES DISCUSSION Source : J enkins , Sm ith, & Wang, 2007  o As academic disciplines such as architecture and social disciplines have co- existed the cultural and social attributes of traditional dwellings have been considered o Economic and political is arguably still under-recognised HOUSING STUDIES DISCUSSION Source : J enkins , Sm ith, & Wang, 2007  o As academic disciplines such as architecture and social disciplines have co- existed the cultural and social attributes of traditional dwellings have been considered o Economic and political is arguably still under-recognised HOUSING STUDIES DISCUSSION Source : J enkins , Sm ith, & Wang, 2007 2b The Evolution of HOUSING POLICIES & PROGRAMS  o East Asian governments have looked to housing development as a means to drive urban developmentand economic growth o same time to stimulate the rise of a property- asset- holding class of welfare self- reliant home- owning households EVOLUTION OF DISCUSSION HOUSING IN ASIA Source : Ronald, 2007; Ronald and Doling, 2010  o These strategies bolster the economic position of the family has been considered a means to offset the development of onerous welfare states that impede the ability of the state to invest in advancing industrial growth and national economic capacity. EVOLUTION OF DISCUSSION HOUSING IN ASIA Source : Ronald, 2007; Ronald and Doling, 2010  delivering public housing as commodified asset goods has helped to resist potential de-commodification that would threaten to extend the autonomy of workers and a sense of social rights to public goods. EVOLUTION OF DISCUSSION HOUSING IN ASIA Source : Ronald, 2007; Ronald and Doling, 2010  delivering public housing as commodified asset goods has helped to resist potential de-commodification that would threaten to extend the autonomy of workers and a sense of social rights to public goods. EVOLUTION OF DISCUSSION HOUSING IN ASIA Source : Ronald, 2007; Ronald and Doling, 2010  Distinction / Difference: to have applied a hybrid method of welfare framework wherein where corporate social policies with strong reliance on the market and the family is featured. Economic expansion EVOLUTION OF DISCUSSION HOUSING IN ASIA Source : Ronald, 2007; Ronald and Doling, 2010  governments in East Asia have prioritized growth reliant on the concept of the market and family. This resulted to social problems and lack of security for the vulnerable members of the society. Policies were made in favor of economic growth for private entities – identified here as market. Head of the family reliance EVOLUTION OF DISCUSSION HOUSING IN ASIA Source : Ronald, 2007; Ronald and Doling, 2010  Housing shortages are not present at high-income levels in South Asia, but are a concern among middle- and low-income groups. INCREASED DEMAND DISCUSSION FOR URBAN HOUSING Source : Ronald, 2007; Ronald and Doling, 2010  This is the result of rapid population growth, increased urbanization, high income inequality, and displacement of people by natural disasters and conflict. Large-scale slums and informal settlements that prevail in almost all South Asian countries underline the urgency of meeting the demand for homes. INCREASED DEMAND DISCUSSION FOR URBAN HOUSING Source : Ronald, 2007; Ronald and Doling, 2010  the family bears the primary responsibility for welfare of the family home In understanding the development of a productivist welfare regime and its relationship to the operation of and transformation in developmental states, the role of housing policy has largely been ignored HOME OWNERSHIP DISCUSSION MENTALITY Source : Ronald and Doling, 2010  Demographic Focus Housing Intervention Focus - on the high volume production of apartments for working, male breadwinner households. HOUSING AS A WAY TO DISCUSSION ADDRESS SOCIAL PROTECTION Source : Ronald and Doling, 2010  Demographic Focus – Change in Demographic (Experienced in some East Asian countries) o Am ong the latter is population ageing, which is threatening to destabilize the balance between working and retired populations that sustained these economies during the high growth era. o Changes in families, with increasing numbers of women in paid employment and declining marriage and fertility rates are also reinforcing the ageing trend HOUSING AS A WAY TO DISCUSSION ADDRESS SOCIAL PROTECTION Source : Ronald and Doling, 2010  Demographic Focus – Change in Demographic (Experienced in some East Asian countries) Socioeconom ic s tres s es - higher propens ity for unem ploym ent that only affects public res ources , but als o erodes the capacity of hous eholds to s us tain s table life-cours e and owner-occupied hous ing careers. HOUSING AS A WAY TO DISCUSSION ADDRESS SOCIAL PROTECTION Source : Ronald and Doling, 2010  with the rapid expansion of construction programmes reflecting the abilities of development- orientated East Asian governments to appropriate land and mobilize the resources of public agencies and private corporations in the supply of new housing. HOUSING SUPPLY DISCUSSION Source : Ronald and Doling, 2010  State Plans aims: i. Clear slum housing ii. Increase land values iii. Promote high speed growth HOUSING SUPPLY DISCUSSION Source : Ronald and Doling, 2010  Government housing are on the surface diverse or growth oriented they are deeply embedded with developmentalism and the logic of productivism. Hous ing, within the Eas t As ian context, has prim arily been dis cus s ed in term s of urban growth objectives and econom ic policy HOUSING SUPPLY DISCUSSION Source : Ronald and Doling, 2010  Hous ing, within the Eas t As ian context, has prim arily been dis cus s ed in term s of urban growth objectives and econom ic policy Government housing are on the surface diverse or growth oriented they are deeply embedded with developmentalism and the logic of productivism. HOUSING SUPPLY DISCUSSION Source : Ronald and Doling, 2010  More closely resembles those of the advance western countries In Korea, public rental housing units have dominated urban housing production since 2002 JAPAN, KOREA, TAIWAN DISCUSSION SPECIFIC SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF EAS ASIAN COUNTRIES Source : Ronald and Doling, 2010  Democratic Tensions These countries have underwent social policy transformations after the 1997 financial crisis. Democratic tensions have shaped approaches to and support of, developmentalism JAPAN, KOREA, TAIWAN DISCUSSION SPECIFIC SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF EAS ASIAN COUNTRIES Source : Ronald and Doling, 2010  More closely resembles those of the advancewestern countries Small city states with little undeveloped land and agricultural sectors that account for 0.01 percent or less of their GDP HONG KONG & SINGAPORE DISCUSSION SPECIFIC SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF EAS ASIAN COUNTRIES Source : Ronald and Doling, 2010  Resembles in some ways the developmental starters but with much larger area and population Different furrow in terms of accelerated urban growth which may be attributed to China being led by a communist party and its’ market oriented growth since 1978 2 decadesof intensive housing privatization till 2010 CHINA DISCUSSION SPECIFIC SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF EAS ASIAN COUNTRIES Source : Ronald and Doling, 2010  In 2010 the Chinese government announced one of the largest social housing construction programmes in the world with an initial target of around 36 million units by 2015. OvertookJapan to become the second largest economy in the world in 2011. Other countries’ economic activities have become increasingly dependent on China CHINA DISCUSSION SPECIFIC SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF EAS ASIAN COUNTRIES Source : Ronald and Doling, 2010 2C HOUSING SYSTEM APPROACHES  Housing used by the government as a means to: - drive urban developm ent and econom ic growth, and at the s am e tim e; - s tim ulate the ris e of a property- as s et- holding clas s of welfare s elf- reliant hom e- owning hous eholds HOUSING SYSTEM DISCUSSION APPROACHES Source : Ronald and Doling, 2010  Forgo of the Welfare States concept by – Supporting access to and consumption of goods that bolster the economic position of the family Therefor the state is able to invest in advancing industrial growth and national economic capacity. HOUSING SYSTEM DISCUSSION APPROACHES Source : Ronald and Doling, 2010  2 Common Features 1) Top-down Nature of Planning/ State-led Coordination Housing provision has featured large public corporations such as the Hong Kong Housing Authority (HKHA), the Japan Housing Corporation,2 the Korean National Housing Corporation3 and the SingaporeHousing DevelopmentBoard (HDB) facilitating mass housing construction on an unparalleled speed and scale HOUSING SYSTEM DISCUSSION APPROACHES Source : Ronald and Doling, 2010  2 Common Features 2) Housing Provision Chain In East Asia, however, the state not only orchestrates planning, setting out measurable goals, but also plays a role in steering economic factors that affect the speed,location and nature of development. Meanwhile, construction is often carried out by private companies and housing sold as a market good in terms of ability to pay. HOUSING SYSTEM DISCUSSION APPROACHES Source : Ronald and Doling, 2010  East Asian governments became deeply involved in the housing sector during the period of high- speed economic growth between the 1960s and late- 1990s. HOUSING SYSTEM DISCUSSION APPROACHES Source : Ronald and Doling, 2010  Increased Urbanization Rates GDPfrom construction industry Government Sharp Increases in Land and House Prices Involvement had the ff effects: Commodified Housing Development of – consumption oriented, middle class societies made up of a welfare self-reliant household with access to family owned housing assets. HOUSING SYSTEM DISCUSSION APPROACHES Source : Ronald and Doling, 2010  Annez , P., & Buckley,R. M. (2009). Urbanization and Growth: Setting the Context. In M. Spence,P. Annez, & R. M. Buckley (Eds.), Urbanization and Growth (pp. 1-46). The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The Workd Bank. doi:10.1596/ 978-0-8213-7573-0 Asian Development Bank. (2006). Urbanization and Sustainablity in Asia Case Studies for Good Practice. Philippines: Asian DevelopmentBank. Ballesteros, M. M. (2002). The Dynamics of Housing Demand in the Philippines: Income and Lifecycle Effects. Philippines: PIDS Philippine Institute for DevelopmentalStudies. Ballesteros, M. M. (2005). Rethinking Institutional Reforms in the Philippine Housing Sector. Makati: Philippine Institute for DevelopmentalStudies. Hague, C. (2007). Foreword. In P. Jenkins, H. Smith, & Y. Wang (Eds.), Planning and Housing in the Rapidly Urbanizing World (p. viii). London: RoutledgeTaylor & Francis. Jenkins, P., Smith, H., & Wang,Y. (2007). Planning and Housing in the Rapidly Urbanising World. Abingdon: Routledge. Nenova, T. (2010). Expanding Housing Finance to the Underserved in South Asia Market Review and Forward Agenda. Washington,DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank. REFERENCES Ronald, R., & Doling, J. (2014). The Changing Shape of the East Asian Housing Model. In J. Doling, & R. Ronald (Eds.), Housing East Asia Socioeconomic and Demographic Challenges (pp. 9-43). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi:10.1057/ 9781137314529 Spence, M., Annez, P., & Buckley, R. M. (Eds.). (2009). Urbanization and Growth. Washington DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank. UN-Habitat. (2011). Affordable Land and Housing in Asia. Nairobi: United Nations Human Settlements Programme. UN-Habitat. (2012). SustainableHousing for Sustainable Cities. Naibori: United Narions Human Settlements Programme 2012. Yoshinoyo, N., & Helble, M. (Eds.). (2016). The Housing Challenge in Emerging Asia Options and Solutions. Tokyo: Asian DevelopmentBank Institute. 2 UPCOMING COURSEWORK  QUIZ 01 COVERAGE: FEBRUARY 16, 2024 INTRODUCTION TO HOUSING EVOLUTION OF HOUSING INSTRUCTIONS HOUSING IN THE PHILIPPINES (HISTORY & BACKGROUND)  ADVANCE READINGS COVERAGE: THEORIES OF HOUSING PHYSICAL CONFIGURATIONS OF INSTRUCTIONS HOUSING ELEMENTS OF HOUSING HOUSING TYPOLOGIES  VALUE Q UALITY CO NSULTATIO N W HEN IN D O UBT, ASK RIGHT AW AY Always come prepared in class to maximize the lim it e d t im e fo r p re se n t a t io n a n d fe e d b a c k. To sa ve t im e a n d e ffo rt , c o n su lt. Co m m u n ic a t io n is ke y. Se n d in yo u r q u e rie s WORDS TO LIVE BY rig h t a w a y o r sh o w yo u r p ro g re ss so t h a t c o n c e rn s m a y b e a d d re sse d im m e d ia t e ly. BEST EFFO RT HABIT Alw a ys g ive yo u r b e st a n d m a ke a ll yo u r e ffo rt s c o u n t. It w ill a ll b e a r fru it a t t h e e n d. LEARN FRO M EACH O THER W e a re a ll le a rn e rs in t h is c o u rse. Cre a t e a n e n viro n m e n t o f c u rio sit y a n d in ve n t ive n e ss P RAY t h ro u g h p ro d u c t ive a n d c o n st ru c t ive d isc o u rse. To g e t h e r, w e se e k so la c e t h ro u g h Go d ’s g o o d n e ss.  Thank you for your kind attention, time to ponder on WHAT CAN WE DO? “Commit to the Lord whatever you do, and He will establish your plans.” - Proverbs 16:3 AR. ANNA ESTELA ROSARIO U. SALAZAR HOUSING Cours e Facilitator aus alazar@us t.edu.ph ________________ This lecture was produced by a member of the UST Architecture faculty in preparation for A.Y. 2023-24. These slides and any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used without the written consent of the university except for brief quotes or for review.