Copy of HISTORY-OF-COMPUTERS.pptx

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS THE EARLIEST MANUAL COMPUTER SYSTEMS: ***These cause problems, due to memory loss or loose counting and if items to count were more than one can tally ❑ TALLY STICK – ANCIENT MEMORY AID DEVICE USED TO RECORD AND DOCUMENT NUMBERS, QUANTITIES AND MESSAGES. TALLY STICKS FIRST...

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS THE EARLIEST MANUAL COMPUTER SYSTEMS: ***These cause problems, due to memory loss or loose counting and if items to count were more than one can tally ❑ TALLY STICK – ANCIENT MEMORY AID DEVICE USED TO RECORD AND DOCUMENT NUMBERS, QUANTITIES AND MESSAGES. TALLY STICKS FIRST APPEAR AS ANIMAL BONES CARVED WITH NOTCHES DURING THE UPPER PALAEOLITHIC. ❑ TALLY MARKS - ARE USED FOR COUNTING AND ARE REPRESENTED AS A SET OF FIVE LINES IN WHICH THERE ARE FOUR VERTICAL LINES (ONE VERTICAL LINE IS MADE FOR EACH OF THE FIRST FOUR NUMBERS) AND THE FIFTH NUMBER IS REPRESENTED BY A DIAGONAL LINE ACROSS THE PREVIOUS FOUR NUMBERS.  EARLY COMPUTING DEVICE ❑ ABACUS – COUNTING WAS WITH THE USE OF BEADS MADE OF STONE OR MARBLE STONE AND WOOD IN RODS ❑ NAPIER’S BONE – WORKED LIKE A MULTIPLICATION AND USED FOR LOGARITHM ❑ SLIDE RULE – INVENTED BY WILLIAM OUGHTRED FOR NASA LANDING, A DEVICE CONSISTING OF GRADUATED SCALES CAPABLE OF RELATIVE MOVEMENT, BY MEANS OF WHICH SIMPLE CALCULATIONS MAY BE CARRIED OUT MECHANICALLY. TYPICAL SLIDE RULES CONTAIN SCALES FOR MULTIPLYING, DIVIDING, AND EXTRACTING SQUARE ROOTS, AND SOME ALSO CONTAIN SCALES FOR CALCULATING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AND LOGARITHMS. ❑ FIRST MECHANICAL CALCULATOR – INVENTED BY WILLIAM SHICKARD, HE REFERED TO AS THE “ARITHMETICAL ORGANUM” (“ARITHMETICAL INSTRUMENT” IN ENGLISH). THE CALCULATOR HAD MANY FLAWS, AND DOES NOT LOOK LIKE WHAT WE THINK OF AS A CALCULATOR OR COMPUTER TODAY. THE USER ENTERED DATA ON A SERIES OF WHEELS AND AN ABACUS LIKE ARRANGEMENT. THE MACHINE COULD PERFORM ADDITION AND MULTIPLICATION, BUT NOT SUBTRACTION OR DIVISION. ❑ Pascaline - a mechanical machine used by Blaise Pascal’s father in tax collecting which Pascal himself invented. ❑ Jacquard loom – a looming device, liken to the machine of looming thread which Joseph Marie Jacquard invented ❑ Charles Babbage – invented the analytical and difference engine, both for computing; he was known as the father of modern computer ❑ Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace Byron – first programmer whom the language ADA was discovered ❑ Christopher Latham Sholes – invented the typewriter which was the portion of what is now your keyboard in the modern computer ❑ Herman Hollerith – invented the Hollerith tabulator for the census of the United States