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Questions and Answers
The earliest manual computer systems experienced problems due to memory loss or loose ______.
The earliest manual computer systems experienced problems due to memory loss or loose ______.
counting
Tally sticks, an ancient memory aid device, were used to record and document ______.
Tally sticks, an ancient memory aid device, were used to record and document ______.
numbers
The fifth number in tally marks is represented by a diagonal line across the previous four ______.
The fifth number in tally marks is represented by a diagonal line across the previous four ______.
numbers
The abacus used beads made of stone or ______ on rods for counting.
The abacus used beads made of stone or ______ on rods for counting.
Napier’s bone worked like a multiplication device and was used for ______.
Napier’s bone worked like a multiplication device and was used for ______.
The slide rule was invented by William ______ for NASA landing.
The slide rule was invented by William ______ for NASA landing.
The first mechanical calculator, called 'Arithmetical Organum,' was invented by William ______.
The first mechanical calculator, called 'Arithmetical Organum,' was invented by William ______.
The Pascaline was a mechanical machine used for tax collecting by Blaise Pascal’s ______.
The Pascaline was a mechanical machine used for tax collecting by Blaise Pascal’s ______.
Typical slide rules contain scales for multiplying, dividing, and extracting ______.
Typical slide rules contain scales for multiplying, dividing, and extracting ______.
The early computing device, ______, allowed users to perform addition and multiplication.
The early computing device, ______, allowed users to perform addition and multiplication.
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Study Notes
Early Manual Computer Systems
- Manual computing systems often faced issues such as memory loss, inaccurate counting, and difficulties managing larger quantities.
Tally Stick
- An ancient device made from animal bones, notched to record numbers, quantities, and messages.
- First used during the Upper Paleolithic era.
Tally Marks
- A method of counting represented by five lines; four vertical lines for the first four numbers and one diagonal for the fifth.
Early Computing Devices
- Abacus: Utilized beads made from stone, marble, or wood arranged on rods for counting.
- Napier’s Bone: A multiplication tool used for calculating logarithms via a system of rods.
- Slide Rule: Invented by William Oughtred, employed for computations related to NASA landings; consists of graduated scales for multiplication, division, square roots, and trigonometric functions.
First Mechanical Calculator
- Created by William Shickard, referred to as "Arithmetical Organum."
- Featured a series of wheels and an abacus-like setup for input; capable of addition and multiplication but not designed for subtraction or division.
Pascaline
- A mechanical device invented by Blaise Pascal for tax collection, used by his father.
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