History Exam Review (PDF)

History Exam Review Unit One: World War One Homefront Sam Hughes Schlieffen Plan Creeping Barrage Conscription The Canadian minister of Germany attacks France by Canadian war strategy used PM Robert Borden passes...

History Exam Review Unit One: World War One Homefront Sam Hughes Schlieffen Plan Creeping Barrage Conscription The Canadian minister of Germany attacks France by Canadian war strategy used PM Robert Borden passes Militia and Defence during running through neutral at Vimy Ridge. conscription laws. WWI. Belgium. Because Germany Obligated enlistment into invaded Belgium, Britain Canada shoots shells in the army. got involved. The germans front of German lines to Anglophones wanted plan was speed + size keep Germans in their conscription, Francophones (large army) + surprise = trenches, as well as mask didn’t. victory the Canadian advances. Women’s Role The plan was significant Allowed Canada to capture Women worked as because it caused trench 75% of their objectives in 2 mechanics that built warfare. hours. weapons and ammunition for soldiers. Overseas nurses in the Red Cross. Enemy Aliens People from countries that were opposing Canada would be put in work camps to support Canada’s war effort. Triple Entente Triple Alliance French-Canadians Total War Russia, France, and Britain. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Conscription When an entire country, and Italy. homefront and soldiers, Anglophones were for work together. conscription, Franchophones were Homeland and troops are agtainst it. supporting the war effort. Conscription Wilfrid Laurier Imperialism Propaganda Compulsory enlistment for The first French-Canadian Imperialism: Having an A message that serves an military service from the prime minister empire or the acquiring agenda. government. Leader of the liberal party and holding of colonies from 1887 to 1919. and dependencies. 1.​ Appeals to a sense Purpose: To build up of national pride national wealth and and patriotism. 2.​ Vilifies the enemy influence. creating hatred. 3.​ Making those not enlisted feel like cowards. 4.​ Emphasizing the sense of masculinity and bravery of the military. 5.​ Making war seem like an adventure. Trench Warfare Franco-Prussian War Alliances Woman in ww1 After the failure of the War that happened. Mrs A team between two Schlieffen plan and said Iran is not that countries. Women’s Roles in WWI: Germany's attempt to important, just the capture Paris, both dug significance is. ​ Frontlines: Over trenches to produce the 3,000 Canadian land they held. Both sides Motivation for the French women served in constructed elaborate to go to war with Germany. medical roles trench, underground, and (nurses, ambulance drivers). Some dugout systems opposing worked for the Red each other along a front, Cross or Royal protected from assault by Flying Corps. Many barbed wire earned military honors. Trench foot/mouth: ​ Homefront: infection are caused by cold, 30,000+ women muddy, environments in the filled jobs left by men (factories, trenches, and poor dental shipyards, farms, hygiene along with a lack of etc.). They proved nutrients and vitamins. women could work as effectively as men Trench warfare was very but were paid less defensive and expected to leave after the war. This drug the war out, ​ Impact: Women gained leading to stalemates. independence SKIBIDI (earning money, voting rights in some provinces by 1916). Their efforts challenged traditional gender roles and boosted the suffrage movement. Unit Two: 20’s and 30’s Person’s Case On to Ottawa Trek and Central Strike Committee Bloody Saturday Regina Riot The event that made Winnipeg General strike of 1919: The most significant Marked the end of the women “peoples”. On-To-Ottawa Trek: Young Winnipeg General Strike. labor movements, lasting six men who climbed onto rail weeks from May 15 to June 26. cars and traveled across As a result , many people It was driven by post-World Canada looking for work. were arrested, injured, War one economic hardships, These men were usually and some were even single, unskilled workers including high unemployment, killed. who were often the first to inflation, and poor working lose their jobs. consciousness. Workers, This day marked the end including those in construction, manufacturing, of the strike and was the In 1935, starting in British demanded better wages. largest strike in Columbia, thousands of Nearly 30,000 workers walked Canadian history. The trekkers hop onto railcars off their jobs, effectively with the plan of heading strike inspires Tommy shutting down much of across the country to winnipeg. Douglas to enter politics Ottawa to meet with and devote his life to Bennet and demand higher The strike inspires Tommy social justice. In 1944 he Douglas to enter politics and wages and better working was elected the premier devote his life to social justice. conditions. In 1944 he was elected the of Saskatchewan premier of Saskatchewan People supported the young men in every town Helen Armstrong was a female the train stopped in to labour union leader who was refuel. arrested during the Winnipeg general stike but she kept fighting for protection for Bennet then announces: 1) women workers and better Relief camps are good for working conditions. workers and the country. 2) Trekkers are trying to start a communist revolution Regina riot: Mass demonstrations and riots ensure by trekkers Local police try to arrest trek leaders which leads to violence, and bloodshed. Nothing changed Black Tuesday Recession Causes of the Great Mackenzie King Depression Day the stock market Recession is a period when Liberal prime minister the economy slows down, 1.​ Borrowing and from 1921-1930, and crashed. businesses make less Buying On Credit 1935-1948. money, people lose jobs, 2.​ Laissez-Faire Marks the end of the and less money is spent Banning of buying, selling, Capitalism post-WW1 overall. It’s temporary but 3.​ Late Twenties and consuming alcohol in industrialization(?) and can cause financial Inflation Canada and the United the start of the Great difficulties for many people 4.​ Overproduction States. Depression. and businesses. vs. Shrinking Demand The Women's Christian Ex: The great depression 5.​ Protective Tariffs Temperance Movement led 6.​ Canada’s it. Dependence On The US Lasted in Canada from 1918 to 1919. Lasted in the US from 1920 to 1933. Drawbacks: ​ Bootlegging ​ Rum-Running Winnipeg General Strike Flappers Mary Pickford Mackenzie King Winnipeg General Strike of Women who smoked, drank, The first Canadian to win Liberal prime minister 1919: The most significant went to parties, danced, voted, an Oscar. from 1921-1930, and labor movement, lasting six cut their hair, wore make-up, 1935-1948. were free-spirited, and took weeks from May 15 to June She achieved international risks. 26. It was driven by fame, showing Canadians post-World War one These women's fashion and that success on the world economic hardship, behavior challenged stage was possible. Her traditional social values and accomplishments as an Including high gender expectations. actress empowered, and unemployment, inflation, inspired women. and poor working Reveal bare skin such as the lower legs, knees, and parts of consciousness. Workers, Canadian sweetheart the back, short hair, and skirts. including those in construction, and Socialized in nightclubs, drank manufacturing, demanded and smoked in public, danced better wages. Nearly alone or in groups. 30,000 workers walked off their  R.B Bennett Residential Schools Woman in the 1920’s Emily Murphy (woman in 1920’s) Conservative prime A systematic school system Flapper is a woman who minister of Canada in 1930. where Aboriginal children smoked, drank, went to The first woman to be were “assimilated” by parties, danced, voted, cut her Didn't do anything during means of abuse. hair, wore make-up, was free appointed a judge and the Great Depression, spirited, and took risks. the most important hoping everything would 1.​ Loss of aboriginal figure in the Person’s These women's fashion and fix itself. culture and Case. behaviour challenged language. traditional social values and 2.​ Evidence of gender expectations. She contributed to abuse. women having the right 3.​ Enfranchised: Reveal: Bare skin such as the to vote, and fought for “Converted” lower legs, knees, and parts of the back, short hair and skirts. women to be considered Indians could receive “persons”. (PERSONS Behavior: Socialized in CASE) citizenship, nightclubs, drank and smoked including the in public, danced alone or in right to vote, if groups. Led the Alberta Five they relinquished their Indian This time period status. W.C.T.U. lead to Womens. Christian. Temperance. Movement Opened up more job Advocated for the banning of opportunities for alcohol women Changes in women's sports Changes in women's rights Gained the rights to vote (Suffrage) Change in women's fashion (Roaring 20’s) Women became flappers. Women's christian temperance union promoted Prohibition. Causes of the Great Depression: 1. Borrowing and Buying On Credit -​ The risks to this were people purchased stocks with money borrowed from the bank. If the investor lost money, he/she was unable to pay back the loan. 2. Laissez-Faire Capitalism -​ Little to no government regulation of the economy allowed for two developments -​ 1. No government laws protecting workers, wages, and working conditions -​ 2. No stock market regulation, including no cap on investment or bank loans. 3. Late Twenties Inflation -​ Growing discrepancy between people's wages and the cost of living. A growing gap between the rich and poor. 4. Overproduction vs. Shrinking Demand -​ The Canadian economy relied on the exportation of its raw materials: Wheat, pulp, paper, fish, and minerals. -​ 1920’s: High demand leads to overproduction -​ End of 1920’s: Shrinking demand vs overpopulation causes the value of raw materials to collapse. 5. Protective Tariffs -​ Tariffs: Taxes imposed by one country on goods coming from another in order to protect industry from foreign competition and ensure domestic growth. (Tariff taxes are on imports) -​ End of 1920’s: Global trend of tariffs restricts trade and shrinks the global market. -​ Canada exportation of raw materials, especially to the United States (main trading partner) suffers. 6. Canada’s Dependence On The US -​ Canada and the U.S were trading partners, when the depression hit, both countries were greatly affected. -​ Canada and the United States were trading partners.- -​ International trade dropped by 50% Growing Independence, Canadian Autonomy: Paris Peace Talks (1919) Canada got its own seat at the PPT, but signed the treaty under Britain. The Chanak Affair (1922) Britain was in conflict with Turkey. Canada didn’t immediately help. This was the first time it happened. The Halibut Treaty (1923) Canada signed a treaty with America to protect the fishing industry. This was the first treaty Canada signed without approval from Britain. The King-Byng Affair (1925-1926) King lost support in the House of Commons, so he asked GG Byng for support. Byng refused and got Arthur Meighen to make a new government. This new government lost to King, building resentment between Britain and Canada. The Imperial Conferences (1926) King drafted the Balfour Declaration. This allowed for Canada to have more autonomy, but not full autonomy. Ottawa could now talk to London without the governor general. The Statute of Westminster (1931) Canada was given control over its foreign policy. Britain no longer has power over Canada. Unit Three: World War Two Causes of World War Two Adolf Eichman Internment Camps War Measures Act 1.​ The Treaty of Position; Architect of the A camp that was used to Gave the government the Versailles holocaust incarcerate “enemy aliens," power to pass laws without 2.​ Great Depression including Japanese and the approval of Parliament 3.​ Stab in the Back Established the details of German citizens. and imprison people Myth the final solution. without trial. 4.​ Visions of Empires - Figuring out logistics of the Lebensraum deportations to the 5.​ Appeasement concentration camps  6.​ American Isolation The Holocaust​ Operation Dynamo Japanese Internment Munich Agreement -​ Systematic, AKA: Battle of Dunkirk After Pearl Harbour, the US The leaders of Britain, bureaucratic and and Canadian government France, and Germany meet mass murder of The rescuing of the British took action against the in Munich to discuss six million soldiers from German/Nazi people living on the west Hitler's demands European Jews bombers by British civilian coast. during WWII by boats Germany gave the region as Nazi Germany and 1.​ They were sent to long as Hitler promised to its collaborators. Germany tried to kill the internment camps not make any more -​ Anti-Semitism: British at the beach in an for the duration of territorial demands. Hitler “Hatred of Jews” attempt to take over the war agrees. -​ Aryan race: This Europe. Hitler 2.​ Deported to Japan was the name of 3.​ The people were Hitler eventually took the what Hitler The Battle of Dunkirk is not freed until the land of Czechoslovakia and believed was the considered a miracle as war ended in made it a part of Germany. perfect race. Hitler hesitated whether 1945 (shows the These were to use the German army, or racism Canadian people with full air force, which let Britain government had German blood, come and rescue the during ww2. blonde hair, and British on the beach before blue eyes. German Forces could fight Japanese - Canadians were and capture Britain. discriminated against more -​ It is estimated than any other group in that 11 million Canada during WW2. people were killed during the Holocaust. Six million of these were Jews. -​ 1.1 million were children Treaty of Versailles The Anschluss Fat Man Little Boy The agreement that was The idea of Germany and The atomic bomb that was The atomic bomb that was signed during the Paris Austria merging. dropped on Nagasaki. dropped on Hiroshima. Peace Conference. -​ Limits German army -​ Demilitarized -​ Free trade Nazi-Soviet Pact Totalitarianism Nazism D-Day Treaty non-aggression in Totalitarianism is a form of Extreme form of fascism June 6th, 1944. which Germany and the government where one that emphasizes both Soviet Union promised leader or political party has national and racial The allies were all assigned total control over every superiority. different beaches of 1.​ Not to invade aspect of people's lives. Normandy to attack. each other Citizens have little or no Central to Nazism: -​ Canada: Juno 2.​ Not to ally with personal freedom, and the Anti-Semitism -​ US: Utah and enemy of the government uses Omaha other country’s propaganda, censorship, -​ Britain: Gold and  3.​ A secret plan to and fear to maintain power. Anti-Semitism: Damage and Sword divide Eastern Examples include Nazi hatred against people of Europe into Germany under Hitler the Jewish Faith. Canada learned from their separate Germany mistakes at Dieppe and and Soviet A form of government Naizsm was a form of made sure this attack had a “spheres” of control that swept across fascism that Hitler good landing site, good influence after the Europe in the early developed and communication, as well as war. twentieth century. implemented in Germany. having the element of surprise. Fear and oppression used to sustain power Canada pushed the Nazis back the farthest. D-Day eventually put an end to the war in Europe. Totalitarianism Fascism (TYPES OF TOTALLRAISM) Nazism(types Communism(types Totalitarianism is a form of Far-right form of government. Extreme form of fascism that Idea of a perfectly even, classless, government where one leader or Just one ruler or a super small emphasizes both national and society. political party has total control group controlling the whole racial superiority. over every aspect of people's lives. country and the people’s lives, Joseph Stallin (leader of Soviet Citizens have little or no personal usually a totalitarian government. Central to Nazism: Anti-Semitism Union) believed in communism freedom, and the government uses propaganda, censorship, and fear to Benito Mussolini (Italy) believed in Anti-Semitism: Damage and hatred maintain power. Examples include Fascism (fascist italy) focus on against people of the Jewish Faith. Nazi Germany under Hitler restoring Italy to greatness Naizsm was a form of Facism that A form of government control that Hitler believed in this Hitler developed and implemented swept across Europe in the early in Germany. twentieth century. Fear and oppression used to sustain power Major Causes of WWII ​ The Treaty of Versailles ○​ Hitler violates and stops following the Treaty of Versailles ○​ Introduce conscription in nineteen thirty five and begins rearming Germany ○​ Ends War Reparation Payments to the allies ○​ Argued that all German and German-speaking people should be united under one Reich. ○​ Hitler promises Germany its vengeful return for national greatness ​ Allies did not punish Germany for breaking the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and caused them to question whether or not the terms were harsh to begin with ​ Significance: Hitler used the Treaty of Versailles to rally German people and uses its harsh terms as justification for his long-term plans for Germany ​ ​ The Great Depression ○​ Democracy is blamed for both WWI and the Great Depression. ○​ Terrible economic conditions allow Germans to look towards new political movements for solutions ○​ Hitler offers the promise of economic recovery through: ​ End war reparation payments from T.of.V. ​ Job creation ​ Development of industry and infrastructure ​ Argued economic recovery would lead to national greatness. ​ Stab-in-the-back Myth ○​ A belief, widely held by right-wings circles in Germany after nineteen eighteen, specifically the Nazi’s, that the German Army did not lose World War I but was instead betrayed by the civilians on the home front who surrendered. ○​ Specifically, Nazis targeted Jews, arguing that they controlled the economic forces on the home front and were therefore to blame ​ Stab-in-the-back Myth fuels anti-Semitism in Germany. ​ Visions of Empires - Lebensraum: “Living space.” ○​ Hitler’s Vision: Create a German Empire called the Third Reich. This empire would last for 1000 years. ○​ Hitler’s Justification: 1. Regain the territory and colonies lost in T.of.V. 2. Unite all Germans in and outside of Germany. ○​ Hitler’s Method: War! ​ Appeasement ○​ Appeasement: A policy of trying to stop aggressive behaviour by giving the aggressor what they want. ○​ To “give in” to the demands of a nation, group, or person, in order to avoid conflict and ensure peace. ○​ In the 1930s, Western Europe “appeased” Hitler with the hopes of avoiding another world war. ○​ Neville Chamberlain ​ British Prime Minister (1937-1940) during the first 8 months of WWII ​ Famous for his foreign policy of appeasement ​ “The peaceful Prime Minister” – avoid another war ○​ Winston Churchill ​ British Prime Minister (1940-1945) during WWII. ​ Wanted a hard stance against Hitler ​ Opposed appeasement ​ American Isolation: non conflict THE HOME FRONT IN WORLD WAR II -​ New roles and opportunities for women, division between English and French Canadians over conscription (plebiscite) and discrimination at home, “enemy aliens” (japanese-canadians, russian-canadians.) NEW ROLES FOR WOMEN: -​ Working in war factories: Building bombs, guns, tanks and airplanes (EX: Elsie MacGill who built Hawker Hurricane fighter planes) -​ Raising money and scrap drives: to fund the war and discarded scrap that could be recycled to make war goods -​ Working in agriculture and rationing: farming to produce food and cutting back on food being eaten ISSUE: Women were often paid lower than men while doing the same jobs/work. The Holocaust ​ What was the Holocaust? -​ Systematic, bureaucratic and mass murder of six million European Jews during WWII by Nazi Germany and its collaborators. -​ It is estimated that 11 million people were killed during the Holocaust. Six million of these were Jews. -​ 1.1 million were children -​ Anti-Semitism: “Hatred of Jews” -​ Aryan race: This was the name of what Hitler believed was the perfect race. These were people with full German blood, blonde hair, and blue eyes. ​ Review the origins and timeline of events leading to the Final Solution 1.​ Dachau: First concentration camp was opened in Germany at Dachau, near Munich. 2.​ Nuremberg: A series of anti-semitic laws passed by the Nazis that provide ‘scientific’ justification for discrimination against the Jews. Answered the question: Who is or not a Jew 3.​ KRISTALLNACHT (crystal night) -​ Nov 9th, and 10th, 1938 -​ AKA: Night of the broken glass -​ Anti-Jewish riots erupt in cities across Germany and Austria -​ Nearly 100 jews killed, 30,000 jews arrested. -​ Following crystal night, jews are banned from public parks and are forced to pay 1 billion marks for damage caused. 4.​ Formation of the Ghetto -​ Ghetto: an improvised and isolated section of a city inhabited by a particular group of people 5.​ OPERATION REINHARD: Nazi plan to murder all Jews of occupied Poland ​ THE FINAL SOLUTION -​ PLAN: Nazi plan to implement the systematic execution of all European Jews using concentration camps and gas chambers. (Zyclon B. was used as gas.) The Battles of WWII ​ Describe the main battles of WWII. Battle of Dunkirk ​ In which battles did Canadians make significant contributions? How did this involvement contribute to Canada’s growing identity? ​ Identify and describe key mistakes Hitler made over the course of the war that historians argue sentenced Hitler to defeat. The Battle of Britain ​ Britain defeats Germany in air combat ○​ The RAF defeated the German air force, preventing a invasion, furthermore contributing to the defeat of Nazi Germany Pearl Harbour and the War in the Pacific ​ Japan attacked the U.S naval base at pearl harbour, Hawaii, destroying over a dozen warships and killing 200 Amercians ​ Majority of the U.S aircraft carriers were out at sea ​ Result: U.S enters the war and the Allies immediately gain a numerical and technical superiority over the Germans ​ This causes Japanese-Canadians to be enemy aliens and put in internment camps The Battle of HongKong ​ Hong Kong was British territory during WWII ​ 50,00 Japanese soldiers attacked by roughly 2000 British and Canadian soldiers stationed in the city  ​ Black christmas: Canadians fought hard but were forced to surrender on Christmas day 1941. ​ War crimes ensued: Bayonetting, torturing, and killing prisoners of war. Operation Barbarossa: Hitler invades the Soviet Union ​ Code name for Germany's planned invasion of the soviet union beginning 22 June, 1941 ​ Hitler had strong Anti-russian feelings so he felt that the soviet union was his natural enemy and he believed they could be defeated easily ​ The failure of Barbarossa was a major turning point, as it led to Germany fighting a two-front war. ​ Hitler disregarded the warnings of the schlieffen plan by invading the soviet union with over 3 million troops and 3000 tanks. Result: Two front war. ​ Allied Advantages 1.Drew German troops away from Western Europe 2.Soviet union joined the allies. Raid on Dieppe ​PURPOSE -​ Open a second-front in the west to ease pressure on the Soviets in the East -​ Test new equipment and gather intelligence -​ Boost morale among Allied soldiers DOOMED FROM THE START… -​ No element of surprise (Germany convoy spotted Canadian ships the night before) -​ Poorly chosen landing sites (Allied ships were fired upon 10 minutes before arriving) -​ Barricaded beaches (impossible for allied tanks to transition onto the beaches Lessons learned. -​ Need element of surprise -​ Need better communication, technology , and landing sites The Battle of the Atlantic ​ Britain relied on war supplies from Canada due to much of Europe being under Nazi control ​ Nazi-plan: U-boats would cut-off the supply line by destroying Allied convoy ships in the Atlantic ​ Wolf Packs: U-boats “hunted” allied ships by travelling in groups ​ Eventually, the Allies gained better trained/experienced naval crews, improved radar equipment, sizeable growth of navy ​ Canadian navy lost 2000 members, including 7 women Battle of Stalingrad ​ August 1942-February 1943: major turning point in the war as Stalingrad was a city of symbolic and strategic importance ​ Extremely violent and bloody battles: hundred of thousands die on both sides ​ Germany failed to capture the city, and the Germans began retreating. Hundreds of thousands of Germans are killed or freeze to death in the process. ○​ Turning point in the war on the Eastern front ○​ Germany begins retreating while the Soviets take the offensive ○​ Roughly 110,000 Germans captured as POWs ○​ Only 5000 soldiers return to Germany after the war ​ Disease, starvation, lack of medical care ​ Death Marches Battle for Italy​ - Canadians fight in Sicily for 5 weeks, German and Italian troops retreat to the mainland Mussolini is overthrown and executed after the fall of Sicily. -​ Canadians, along with the Allied forces, continue fighting the Germans on the mainland Mouseholing -​ Door to door combat, blast a hole through the side wall, drop grenades, enter the houses and repeat (makes sure there's not Germans in the houses.) (had to use this strat as tanks were to big for the small roads) Unit Four: Post War Iron Curtain Television (Ted Rogers) Korean War Lester B Pearson - Nobel Peace Prize A border that divides Ted Rogers (1933–2008): A North Korea and South Europe between Canadian businessman Korea are divided between Lester B. Pearson was a communist and who founded Rogers the 38th because North Canadian politician, non-communist countries. Communications, Korea wanted to be diplomat, and prime revolutionizing communist. minister. He is best known telecommunications and for winning the Nobel television in Canada. Peace Prize in 1957 for his role in resolving the Suez He launched Rogers Cable Crisis. As Canada's external TV in 1967, making cable affairs minister and later as accessible in Toronto, and prime minister, he acquired TV networks like proposed the creation of CityTV and Sportsnet, the first large-scale United expanding Canadian Nations peacekeeping force broadcasting. He also to end the conflict between introduced Canada's first Egypt, Israel, and other cellular phone service in countries. Pearson's efforts 1985. helped prevent further violence and earned him the Nobel Peace Prize. Truman Doctrine Cold War Pierre Trudeau Proxy wars The policy of the United Battle of ideologies. Pierre Trudeau was a A war fought by one States to support free former president who was country in the interests of peoples who are resisting Ex… Communist v.s first elected in 1968. He another attempted subjugation by Democracy established many things armed minorities or by the such as… outside pressures the US People lived in constant abandons its isolation fear of another war. 1.​ The Charter of policy Rights and Espionage was Freedoms implemented to steal 2.​ Constitution information from opposing 3.​ Passed the official countries. language act FLQ October Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis Front de la Libération de On October 5, 1970, the Fidel Castro and communist Québec FLQ/Front de liberation du revolutionaries overthrow the Quebec, members of one U.S. supported FLQ was created to achieve authoritarian and corrupt cell had kidnapped James independence in any means regime of President necessary, typically through cross the British trade Fulgencio Batista. violent measures. Ex…Bombs, commissioner in Montreal. and kidnappings They demanded: The release of political The Crisis: 1.​ Kidnapped James prisoners/FLQ members. An American spy plane Cross - British Trade The payment of 500,000$ discovers nuclear bombs Commissioner The publication of the FLQ being installed in Cuba. 2.​ 1970 FLQ continued manifesto bombing kill six President Kennedy demands people An airplane to fly FLQ the removal of the 3.​ Demanded gold for members to Cuba or bombs as well as the safe passage to Cuba Algeria. withdrawal of Soviet ships and release political Later on October 10, carrying additional nuclear prisoner - FLQ another cell kidnapped bombs bound for members that Pierre Laporte, Quebec’s Cuba or else risk an American participated in minister of labour. attack. bombings 4.​ FLQ kidnapped The Soviet Union refuses these Pierre Laporte On October 15, Quebec demands and premier Robert Bourassa states they will retaliate announced concessions, against any American releasing some prisoners attack. and guaranteeing a safe passage out of Canada.