World War One Past Paper PDF

These are quite detailed questions! Here are concise answers to help you study: World War One ​ 1.​ Long-term causes of WWI: ​ ]​ Militarism: Arms race between nations. ​ ​ Alliances: Entangling alliances like the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente. ​ ​...

These are quite detailed questions! Here are concise answers to help you study: World War One ​ 1.​ Long-term causes of WWI: ​ ]​ Militarism: Arms race between nations. ​ ​ Alliances: Entangling alliances like the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente. ​ ​ Imperialism: Competition for colonies. ​ ​ Nationalism: Pride in one’s nation and desire for independence. ​ 2.​ Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand: ​ ​ Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was killed by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Black Hand (a Serbian nationalist group). ​ ​ Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, triggering alliances. ​ 3.​ Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (Italy later switched sides). ​ 4.​ Triple Entente: France, Russia, Britain. ​ 5.​ Schlieffen Plan: Germany’s plan to quickly defeat France by invading through Belgium, then focus on Russia. It failed because Belgium resisted, and Britain joined the war. ​ 6.​ Trench warfare: ​ ​ Purpose: Defensive strategy to hold positions. ​ ​ Living conditions: Mud, rats, disease, trench foot, and constant threat of enemy attacks. ​ 7.​ Russian Revolution: In 1917, Russia exited WWI after the Bolsheviks overthrew the monarchy. Battles ​ 8.​ Battle of Ypres (1915): ​ ​ First use of poison gas by Germany. ​ ​ Canadian troops held their ground, earning respect. Battle of the Somme (1916): ​ ​ Massive casualties, limited success. ​ ​ Demonstrated the brutality of trench warfare. ​ 9.​ Vimy Ridge (April 9-12, 1917): ​ ​ Led by General Arthur Currie. ​ ​ First battle planned and executed by Canadian troops, seen as a defining moment for Canada. ​ 10.​ Technological advancements: Tanks, machine guns, airplanes, poison gas, flamethrowers. ​ 11.​ End of WWI: November 11, 1918, with the signing of an armistice. Homefront ​ 12.​ Conscription crisis (1917): ​ ​ Forced military service introduced by PM Robert Borden. ​ ​ Opposed by French Canadians, pacifists, and farmers. ​ 13.​ Propaganda: Media campaigns to influence public opinion and support for the war. ​ 14.​ Women’s roles: Nurses, factory workers, and filling roles left by men. ​ 15.​ Halifax Explosion (1917): ​ ​ A munitions ship exploded in Halifax Harbour, killing ~2,000 and devastating the city. ​ 16.​ Paris Peace Conference: Divided Germany’s colonies, imposed reparations, and sought to punish Germany. ​ 17.​ Treaty of Versailles: ​ ​ Harsh penalties for Germany: reparations, territorial losses, military restrictions. ​ 18.​ Impact of the Treaty: Created resentment in Germany, laying groundwork for WWII. ​ 19.​ Ship sinking: The Lusitania, sunk by a German U-boat in 1915. ​ 20.​ Women’s vote: Canadian women gained the federal vote in 1918. ​ 21.​ Notable figures: ​ ​ Francis Pegahmagabow: Indigenous sniper. ​ ​ Billy Bishop: Canadian flying ace. The 1920s ​ 1.​ Spanish Flu: ​ ​ Global pandemic (1918–1920). ​ ​ Killed ~50 million people worldwide, including ~50,000 Canadians. ​ 2.​ Famous Five & “Person’s Case”: ​ ​ Five Canadian women fought for women to be recognized as “persons” under the law. ​ ​ Led to women being eligible to sit in the Senate in 1929. ​ 3.​ Flappers: ​ ​ Young women who challenged societal norms with short dresses, bobbed hair, and rebellious behavior. ​ ​ Represented freedom and non-conformity in a changing society. ​ 4.​ Prohibition: ​ ​ Ban on alcohol. ​ ​ Temperance groups advocated it to reduce crime and improve morality. ​ ​ Positive: Decline in alcohol-related health issues. ​ ​ Negative: Rise of illegal bootlegging and organized crime. ​ 5.​ Technological advancements: ​ ​ Radio: Connected people to news and entertainment. ​ ​ Automobiles: Revolutionized transportation. ​ ​ Insulin: Discovered by Canadians Banting and Best, saving millions of lives. The 1930s (Great Depression) ​ 6.​ Long-term causes: ​ ​ Overproduction: Factories and farms produced more than could be sold. ​ ​ Stock market speculation: Risky investments led to financial collapse. ​ ​ Economic inequality and dependence on exports. ​ 7.​ Economic activity: ​ ​ Prosperity: Economic growth, low unemployment. ​ ​ Recession: Slower growth, rising unemployment. ​ ​ Depression: Severe decline, high unemployment. ​ 8.​ Black Tuesday (October 29, 1929): ​ ​ Stock market crash that triggered the Great Depression. ​ 9.​ PM King vs. Bennett: ​ ​ King: Believed the Depression would solve itself. ​ ​ Bennett: Promised relief programs but was criticized for being ineffective. ​ 10.​ 1920s vs. 1930s: ​ ​ 1920s: Economic boom, new technologies, and optimism. ​ ​ 1930s: Mass unemployment, poverty, and hardship. ​ 12.​ Bennett Buggies: ​ ​ Cars pulled by horses because people couldn’t afford gas. ​ ​ Named after PM Bennett to mock him. ​ 13.​ Relief camps (1932): ​ ​ Government camps for unemployed men, offering low-paying work. ​ ​ Harsh conditions sparked discontent. ​ 14.​ On-to-Ottawa Trek: ​ ​ Protest by unemployed men in relief camps. ​ ​ Resulted in confrontation in Regina, but raised awareness of workers’ struggles. World War Two (WWII) Beginnings ​ 1.​ Life in 1920s Germany: ​ ​ Economic instability, hyperinflation, and humiliation from the Treaty of Versailles. ​ ​ Hitler improved the economy through infrastructure projects and military rearmament. ​ 2.​ Long-term causes of WWII: ​ ​ Treaty of Versailles: Punished Germany harshly. ​ ​ Appeasement: Allowing Hitler to take territories like the Sudetenland. ​ ​ Rise of dictators: Hitler (Germany), Mussolini (Italy), and others. ​ ​ Failure of League of Nations: Lacked power to enforce peace. ​ 3.​ League of Nations’ weakness: ​ ​ Japan’s conquest of Manchuria and Mussolini’s invasion of Ethiopia showed its inability to act. ​ 4.​ Munich Agreement (1938): ​ ​ Britain and France allowed Hitler to annex the Sudetenland. ​ ​ Ineffective, as Hitler continued his expansion. ​ 5.​ **Soviet Non-Agg Alright, let’s continue where we left off and cover all the remaining questions. World War Two (Continued) War ​ 6.​ Blitzkrieg: ​ ​ Lightning war strategy involving fast-moving tanks, planes, and infantry to overwhelm enemies. ​ ​ Different from WWI’s trench warfare due to speed and surprise. ​ 7.​ Canada and WWII: ​ ​ Canada wasn’t automatically at war with Germany when Britain declared war in 1939 because it was now independent in foreign policy. Canada declared war on September 10, 1939. ​ 8.​ Battle of Britain (1940): ​ ​ Germany’s failed attempt to gain air superiority over Britain. ​ ​ Britain’s victory relied on radar, resilient pilots, and contributions from the Commonwealth (including Canadian pilots). ​ 9.​ South Pacific Battles: ​ ​ Canada focused on European and North Atlantic efforts; no direct role in the South Pacific. ​ 10.​ Dieppe Raid (1942): ​ ​ An Allied attack on Dieppe, France, to test strategies and relieve pressure on the Soviets. ​ ​ It failed due to poor planning and German defenses. ​ ​ Lessons from Dieppe informed the D-Day invasion. ​ 11.​ Italian Campaign & Battle of Ortona: ​ ​ Canadian troops played a key role in liberating Italy. ​ ​ Ortona (December 1943): Urban combat where Canadians defeated German forces. ​ 12.​ Battle of the Atlantic: ​ ​ Longest battle (1939–1945), focusing on controlling Atlantic shipping routes. ​ ​ Allies used convoy systems, sonar, and depth charges to counter U-boats. ​ 13.​ Anti-Semitism: ​ ​ Hatred and discrimination against Jews. ​ 14.​ Jews as scapegoats: ​ ​ Nazis blamed Jews for Germany’s economic problems and loss in WWI. ​ ​ Hatred was central to Nazi ideology. ​ 15.​ Kristallnacht (1938): ​ ​ “Night of Broken Glass” where Nazis destroyed Jewish businesses, synagogues, and homes. ​ 16.​ Passengers on the St. Louis: ​ ​ Jewish refugees seeking asylum were turned away by many countries, including Canada, and sent back to Europe, where many perished in the Holocaust. ​ 17.​ D-Day (June 6, 1944): ​ ​ Allied invasion of Normandy to liberate Europe. ​ ​ Canadian forces stormed Juno Beach. ​ 18.​ End of WWII: ​ ​ Germany surrendered on May 7, Got it—let’s finish the rest! World War Two (Continued) ​ 18.​ End of WWII: ​ ​ Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945 (V-E Day). ​ ​ Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945 (V-J Day) after the atomic bombings. ​ 19.​ WWII technologies: ​ ​ Radar: Detected enemy aircraft. ​ ​ Sonar: Helped locate submarines. ​ ​ Atomic bomb: Changed warfare forever. ​ 20.​ Atomic bomb on Japan: ​ ​ Dropped by the U.S. on Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9, 1945). ​ ​ Aimed to force Japan’s surrender and avoid a costly invasion. Homefront (WWII) ​ 22.​ Victory Bonds: ​ ​ Sold to citizens to fund the war effort. ​ 23.​ Women’s roles: ​ ​ Worked in factories, farms, and as nurses. ​ ​ Played key roles in wartime industries and the military. ​ 24.​ Japanese Canadians: ​ ​ Interned in camps during WWII due to fear of espionage. ​ ​ Property confiscated and civil rights violated. After the War ​ 1.​ Organization replacing League of Nations: ​ ​ The United Nations (UN) was created to maintain peace and prevent future wars. ​ 2.​ Cold War: ​ ​ Tension between the U.S. (capitalism) and Soviet Union (communism). ​ ​ Ended in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union. ​ 3.​ Iron Curtain: ​ ​ A metaphor for the division between communist Eastern Europe and democratic Western Europe. ​ 4.​ NATO and Soviet reaction: ​ ​ NATO: Military alliance of Western nations (1949). ​ ​ Soviets responded with the Warsaw Pact (1955). ​ 5.​ Quebec’s Quiet Revolution: ​ ​ A period of social and political change in Quebec during the 1960s, focusing on modernization and reducing the Catholic Church’s influence. ​ 6.​ FLQ (Front de libération du Québec): ​ ​ Sought Quebec independence through violent means, including bombings and kidnappings. ​ 7.​ Charles de Gaulle controversy: ​ ​ During a visit in 1967, he declared, “Vive le Québec libre!” (“Long live free Quebec!”), inflaming separatist tensions. ​ 8.​ Trudeau’s appeal: ​ ​ Pierre Trudeau was charismatic, progressive, and appealed to youth with his vision of a just and modern Canada. ​ 9.​ Trudeaumania: ​ ​ Widespread enthusiasm for Pierre Trudeau when he became Liberal Party leader in 1968. ​ 10.​ Official Languages Act (1969): ​ ​ Made French and English the official languages of Canada. ​ ​ Required bilingual services across federal institutions. ​ 11.​ October Crisis (1970): ​ ​ FLQ kidnapped British diplomat James Cross and Quebec minister Pierre Laporte (later killed). ​ ​ Led to the invocation of the War Measures Act. ​ 12.​ War Measures Act: ​ ​ Allowed the government to suspend civil liberties during crises. ​ ​ Used during the October Crisis to respond to terrorism. ​ 13.​ New Constitution and Charter: ​ ​ Canada’s Constitution Act and Charter of Rights and Freedoms were introduced in 1982 under PM Pierre Trudeau. Key Events and Organizations ​ 14.​ NATO, NORAD, and Warsaw Pact: ​ ​ NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization for collective defense. ​ ​ NORAD: U.S.-Canada air defense system (1958). ​ ​ Warsaw Pact: Soviet-led alliance countering NATO. ​ 15.​ Korean War (1950-53): ​ ​ Canada fought with UN forces against North Korean and Chinese troops. Suez Crisis (1956): ​ ​ Lester B. Pearson (Canadian diplomat) proposed peacekeeping forces, earning him a Nobel Prize. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962): ​ ​ Tense standoff between the U.S. and USSR over Soviet missiles in Cuba. ​ 16.​ Notable terms and events: ​ ​ Lester B. Pearson: Canada’s Nobel-winning PM and peacekeeping advocate. ​ ​ MAD (Mutual Assured Destruction): Cold War nuclear deterrence. ​ ​ Doomsday Clock: Symbol of global nuclear risk. ​ ​ Berlin Wall: Divided East and West Berlin, symbolizing the Cold War. Themes ​ 1.​ Canada’s diversity: ​ ​ Evolving French-English relations and improving treatment of minorities, e.g., Japanese Canadians post-internment. ​ 2.​ Canada’s independence: ​ ​ Gained autonomy through milestones like Vimy Ridge, the Statute of Westminster (1931), and the Constitution Act (1982). ​ 3.​ Great leaders: ​ ​ Pierre Trudeau, Lester B. Pearson, and others shaped Canada’s identity and global role. ​ 4.​ Women’s equality: ​ ​ Suffrage (1918), workplace contributions during wars, and legal advancements like the Person’s Case. ​ 5.​ Treatment during wartime: ​ ​ Internments (Japanese Canadians), anti-Semitism (restricting Jewish refugees), and Indigenous contributions despite inequality. ​ 6.​ Social history: ​ ​ Everyday Canadians shaped the past through labor strikes, protests, and war contributions.