GCSE Geography Workbook - Urbanisation & Economic Opportunities

[]{#anchor}GCSE GEOGRAPHY WORKBOOK []{#anchor-1}Urbanisation around the world []{#anchor-2} 06/09/23 Urbanisation - the proportion of the world's population who live in cities The map shows a colour coded system of the population in different countries. The trend is there being a higher populati...

[]{#anchor}GCSE GEOGRAPHY WORKBOOK []{#anchor-1}Urbanisation around the world []{#anchor-2} 06/09/23 Urbanisation - the proportion of the world's population who live in cities The map shows a colour coded system of the population in different countries. The trend is there being a higher population in HIC's and a lower population in LIC's. Some HIC's with a high population rate are: USA, UK, Australia and Canada. Some examples of LIC's with a low population rate are: Niger, Chad and Nigeria. []{#anchor-3}Rio de janeiro case study 13/09/23 1. Statue of christ is one of their main tourist attractions 2. Rio de janeiro is home to about 16 million people 3. Rio's Carnival 4. Massive football reputation 5. Called "the marvellous city" 6. Held the olympics there Rio is located in the south of Brazil and on the eastern coast. Rio de Janeiro was the capital of Brazil but it has now changed to Brazillia. It is in South America and borders the South Atlantic ocean. Found along the tropic of Capricorn about 24 degrees south of the equator. []{#anchor-4}Economic opportunities 20/09/23 []{#anchor-5}Formal economy: - Registered employment - decent wages/hours - Regulated by the government - Pay taxes - Protected by labour laws / rights as an employee []{#anchor-6}Informal economy: - Unregistered employment - long hours/low pay - No government - No taxes - No legal protection - Informal economy - employment outside the official knowledge on the government - Formal economy - the type of employment when people work to receive a wage, pay tax and have certain rights. - Inequalities - differences between poverty and wealth as well as wellbeing and access to jobs, housing, education, ect... - Economic opportunities - chances for people to improve their standards of living through employment. 1. Economic development in Rio has created economic opportunities such as school, housing and jobs. There is much more opportunity and access to these places. These will help the economy and eventually build it up to what it was in 2015. 2. In Rio some of the jobs that people do are public services, service industries, construction, industry and agriculture and fishing. This can help people find a way to start making money. 3. Unemployment creates inequalities of wealth by not giving everyone the same opportunities. This creates inequalities as there are no jobs for people to do. This creates people starting informal and illegal jobs such as drug and arms dealing. 4. An informal economy is a society where people have no government, don\'t pay tax, have no legal protection and no registered jobs 5. High unemployment rates can hinder economic growth. By reducing unemployment, the government can stimulate economic activity, leading to increased production and consumption. This, in turn, contributes to higher tax revenues, which can be reinvested in public services and infrastructure. Unemployment often leads to financial hardship for individuals and families. By creating job opportunities, the government helps alleviate poverty, reduce reliance on social welfare programs, and improve the overall well-being of its citizens. High levels of unemployment can lead to social unrest and crime. Reducing unemployment helps maintain social stability by providing individuals with a sense of purpose and income, reducing the likelihood of social conflicts. Employment not only provides financial security but also contributes to an individual\'s overall quality of life. It enables people to access education, healthcare, and other essential services, thereby improving their standard of living. 1. Drug trafficking is a major problem in the city, which frequently results in violent confrontations between opposing gangs and law authorities. It is a perpetual battle to keep these organised crime networks under control. Rio has severe social and economic inequalities, and the shantytowns known as favelas are impoverished and lack access to basic amenities. As a result of these circumstances, people may resort to criminal activity out of need. The ability of law enforcement organisations to successfully combat crime can be hampered by corruption. It damages public confidence in the police and gives criminals a certain degree of impunity. Due to the large favelas and hilly terrain of Rio, police and access to these regions can be challenging. These difficult terrains provide an easy escape route for criminals. Rio is largely dependent on tourism, although crime can deter visitors. Balancing the need for safety with the desire to attract tourists is an ongoing challenge. []{#anchor-7}Urban changes in the UK 04/10/23 1. One of the world\'s oldest cities 2. Continues to grow 3. Its ancient and dates back to the romans 4. Lots of trades and deals made through the river thames 5. All time zones and lines of longitude starts from London 6. LHR is the world\'s second biggest airport 7. Worlds largest international air hub 8. Urban heat island effect. 9. Able to transport goods to europe by sea faster than other cities in the UK 10. London was a place for Jews to migrate too 11. Students from over 200 countries attend schools 12. Population is 2.6 million 13. 1.9 million economic migrants live in London 14. Skilled workers come from overseas 15. Most people with high paying jobs are white and are from the UK, USA or south Africa 16. Unskilled migrants may do labour jobs like rubbish men, delivery drivers or other government jobs 17. Replaced colchester as the capital 18. Some parts of london are very deprived 19. A close link has been found between deprivation and life expectancy 20. House prices are incredibly high in London 21. Most of London\'s houses are empty at night because they are owned by investors. 22. 69% of people own their property in richmond 23. London\'s population growth makes transport very difficult as the population is so high 24. Congestion is very common and people are discouraged to come to work in London 25. Governments have rebuilt and upgraded schools 26. Some boroughs are struggling as there is a higher birth rate and it is difficult to keep up with demands The total population of the UK in 2021 was 67.3 million Most people in the UK live in the SE of england ------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ Population distribution A measure of the amount of people in a certain area. (per km^2^) Population density An area that does not have many people in it Densely An area with lots of people in it sparsely How spread out a population is ------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ Hw due: 10/10/23 []{#anchor-8}Favela - bairro project h/w Do you think the Favela-Bairro project will have more long-term benefits for Favela inhabitants or was it just a short-term solution to keep people happy during the World cup and Olympics? The favela-Bairro project was a plan that was started by the Brazilian government in 2010. The project\'s plan was to improve some of the slums or favela's in Brazil. Some reasons for why this project was made and funded could be: to bring up the country\'s GNI and life expectancy through better living conditions and to attract more tourists. The project was a success in building roads, adding a cable car system and making a pacifying police force to stop drug lords from running the slums. The project was a short-term success and helped the country to hold the world cup olympics however, its long-term effect may end up in being worse than before. The new roads can\'t be maintained, the amount of funding does not cover all costs to help the favelas, more training is needed to bring up literacy rate and upon this, more problems. This is why the favela-bairro project was a short-term solution to a long-term problem and ended up failing. []{#anchor-9}Introduction to london 10/10/23 1. London is located in the SE of england and it is in the middle of the world meaning all time zones are based off of England\'s time. 2. London is the Capital city of England because the river Thames runs through it. The Romans used the river thames in the past to transport goods and items. It also has 2 airports, Heathrow and gatwick. Heathrow is the largest airport in the world and Gatwick is the busiest single runway airport in the world. National: 1. Road and rail 2. British companies 3. Medical and legal facilities 4. Uk's wealthiest city International: 1. Education 2. Tourism 3. Investments 4. Financial hub Both: 1. Airports 2. Migrants working 3. Media and communications LONDON Average age of ppl in london is 36 84% of us are in good health 38% higher qualification 12% asian Figure 1 1. From 1801 to 1931, London\'s population has been on a steady increase. The population plateaus for the next 40 years. In 1971 the population started to decrease but then continued to rise afterwards and peaked in 2011. 2. In the 1970's the government started building garden cities / new towns. This was called suburbanisation. From the 1960's - 1980's there were closures of docklands and manufacturing sectors. 1990's - 2000's increased again to redevelopment e.g. docklands. Figure 2: 1. London\'s population is very equal between genders and the age usually peaks at around 25-29. 2. There are more people in London who are young because they get visas to come and work here and London also provides more social and financial support and benefits to young people. Figure 3: 1. Figure 3 shows how 45% of the people who live in the UK are white and this takes the majority of people. 2. London has become very diverse since the Romans (when they conquered London) and there has been lots more room for people of colour or from different cultures and heritages to come and work in England to provide a better style of life for themselves. It also tells other people from different countries that there are lots of opportunities here in London and encourages them to come. []{#anchor-10}Urban inequalities in London 11/10/23 1. When the birth rate is higher than the death rate 2. Christ the redeemer 3. 2014 and 2016 4. Iron ore, sugar, coffee 5. Transport, financial hub, time zones 6. SE 7. Growing proportion of people in cities 8. People are already in HIC 9. More job opportunities. Natural increase 10. Favela-bairro project Social deprivation - the extent an individual or an area lacks services, decent housing, adequate income and employment. Inequalities - differences between poverty and wealth, as well as wellbeing access to jobs, housing, education ect Life expectancy - the average number of years a person is expected to live []{#anchor-11}Exam questions homework Due: 07/11/23 1. Some employment opportunities such has, medicine and healthcare, retail and sales and Professional roles such as teaching are just some of the different employment opportunities in HIC's 2. After a substantial downturn in the second half of the 20th century, the London Docklands---once a major hub for shipping and trade---needed urgently to be revitalised. The London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC), established by the British government in the 1980s, was tasked with leading the redevelopment initiatives in response to these obstacles. In order to address the economic, social, and environmental problems that had beset the London Docklands for decades, the LDDC worked to draw in private investment, upgrade infrastructure, build contemporary housing, and develop commercial spaces. In the end, this resulted in the transformation of the area into a thriving business district and residential neighbourhood. 3. The regeneration of London Docklands is often regarded as a success story in urban redevelopment, but this narrative is not without its complexities and criticisms. While the revitalization brought about significant positive changes to the area, including economic growth, improved infrastructure, and increased investment, there were also several challenges and unintended consequences that have raised questions about the overall success of the regeneration. There is no denying that the revitalization of the London Docklands contributed to a boom in the local economy. The construction of contemporary office and residential buildings drew enterprises, generating new employment opportunities and stimulating the local economy. Major firms and financial organisations were drawn to the Docklands, which became a prominent financial hub with the establishment of Canary Wharf. The revitalization of London Docklands has resulted in notable advancements in infrastructure and economic growth, establishing the region as a premier residential destination and a global financial hub. Due to the regeneration\'s social effects, which included uprooting local residents and destroying cultural assets, its viability is contested. Furthermore, doubts concerning the long-term sustainability and inclusivity of the revitalised Docklands have been expressed due to worries about the prioritisation of economic interests over environmental sustainability. Thus, even though the regeneration produced some favourable results, it is important to recognise the difficulties and nuances involved in the process when evaluating its overall effectiveness. []{#anchor-12}Six figure grid references 21/11/23 London - Docklands - regeneration London - shoreditch - gentrification and Urban change London - Chelsea - Social Challenges, social deprivation, inequalities. Figure 1 = pollution / sanitation ---\--\> disease Figure 2 = education ---\--\> Crowded classrooms ---\> quality of education Figure 3 = Healthcare ---\--\> Lack of access []{#anchor-13}Using an example, discuss how urban change can create opportunities in a HIC city (6 marks) Shoreditch Set out both sides of an argument and come to a conclusion Change in the urban areas (cities) (growth / decline) London, UK Write about the positives and negatives ( 1 paragraph each) []{#anchor-14}Physical Landscapes of the UK 28/11/23 1. Northern Ireland, wales, scotland and england 2. River severn 3. Scotland 4. Ben nevis **Geology** - (rocks that form the landscape **Tough, resistant rocks** - such as granite and slate form the UK's mountains **Weaker, less resistant rocks** - such as clays and limestones for low lying plains and gently rolling landscapes **Relief** - the physical features of the landscapes. This is to do with the height above sea level, steepness of slopes and the shape of the landscape features **Upland** - an area of high or relatively high ground **Lowland** - An area of land that is lower than the land around it. The Uk has a diverse amount of upland and lowland. Upland can be found in less densely populated areas like the North of Scotland and most parts of Wales. Lowland can be found in more densely populated areas such as the south east of England and other cities in England. ⅔ []{#anchor-15}Intro to coasts 29/11/23 []{#anchor-16}Coasts - Longshore drift - Swash - Backwash - Constructive - Destructive - Erosion - Weathering - Hard engineering - Soft engineering - Abrasion - Attrition []{#anchor-17}Types of waves Constructive waves are usually 1m high - flat, low, limited energy, gentle beaches, weak backwash Destructive waves can have around 3-4m in height - high energy, steep beaches, strong backwash, removes sediment, bigger waves. -------------------------------- ------------------- ----------------------- Wave characteristics Constructive wave Deconstructive wave Wave height 1m 3-4m Wave length Crests far apart Crests close together Type of wave break spilling plunging Strength of swash strong weak Strength of backwash weak strong Net beach sediment (gain/lose) gain loss -------------------------------- ------------------- ----------------------- []{#anchor-18}Weathering and mass movement 05/12/23 []{#anchor-19}Biological weathering - Roots that dog into rocks and break it apart - Animals breaking apart rocks for burrowing []{#anchor-20}Mechanical weathering - Causes rocks to be broken down into smaller rocks - freeze-thaw weathering []{#anchor-21}Chemical weathering - Acid reacts with calcium carbonate in rocks like limestone and causes it to dissolve []{#anchor-22}Mass movement The downward movement or sliding material under the influence of gravity. The material is then often carried further along the coast by longshore drift. - Rock falls - Rotational landslides []{#anchor-23}Coastal processes 06/12/23 1. Weathering is the breaking down of rocks while stationary. Erosion is the break down of rocks or sediment while moving 2. The area that the wave builds up speed due to the wind 3. Longshore drift is the movement of sediment down a coastline, at the end of the coastline is forms a spit 4. A slump has a concave slip plane so material is deposited back into the cliff face 5. 1\. Constructive deposits sediment on a coastline. 2. Destructive takes away sediment from a coastline 3. Constructive has a strong swash whereas deconstructive has a strong backwash Erosion - removal of the material by wind and sea Transportation - the movement of material along the coastline Deposition - where material is put down by the waves. Hydraulic power - The power of waves that smash onto a cliff. Attrition - Rock fragments carried by the sea knock against one another causing them to become smaller and more rounded Abrasion - The sandpapering effect of pebbles grinding over a rocky platform often causing it to become smooth Solution - dissolving of soluble chemicals in rocks (limestone)  Suspension - particles carries within the water Traction - large pebbles rolled along the seabed Salutation - a 'hopping' or 'bouncing' motion of particles too heavy to be suspended. Longshore drift = Erosion ---\> transportation ----\> deposition  []{#anchor-24}Erosional landforms at the coast 12/12/23  []{#anchor-25}Landforms caused by deposition 12/12/23 1. Embryo dunes are formed around deposited obstacles. Eg wood 2. These then develop and are stabilised by vegetation to form foredunes and tall yellow dunes []{#anchor-26}Managing the coastline 9/1/24 - Hard engineering - using artificial structures such as seawalls to control natur\\l processes. - Soft engineering - less intrusive, more environmentally friendly methods that work with natural processes to protect the coast - Managed retreat - this increasingly popular option enables the controlled retreat of the coastline, often involving allowing the sea to flood over low lying land []{#anchor-27}Introduction to rivers 16/01/24 []{#anchor-28}How does a river change from source to mouth? - Relief of the land (height and shape) - Width and depth of the channel - The landforms are like waterfalls. - Processes that are occurring. []{#anchor-29}Upper course Varies considerably. Water tends to be more shallow, increasing friction with the river bed thus slowing the rate of flow. However, if a river is narrow or becomes deeper it will flow faster. Landforms - waterfalls, V-shaped valleys. []{#anchor-30}Middle course Deeper due to tributaries bringing water. Less contact with river bed thus less friction and increased velocity Meanders, oxbow lakes []{#anchor-31}Lower course Loses speed due to very gentle gradients. River channel is wide. The surrounding land is flat. Processes like deposition as the river loses energy. Floodplains. ---------------------------------------------- -------------------------- Lateral Vertical Sideways downwards Outside of the meander chanel Deepens the river valley Contribute to the formation of a flood plain V - shaped valley Erodes the river banks Upper course ---------------------------------------------- -------------------------- Levee ----\> raised bank formed on the river bank by repeated flooding Estuary ----\> partially enclosed coastal body of water where the freshwater river meets the saltwater from the ocean / sea Erosion 1. Attrition - rocks being carried by the river smash together and break into smaller, smaller and rounder particles 2. Abrasion - rocks carried along by the river 3. Hydraulic action - the force of the river against the banks can cause air to be trapped in the crack and crevices. 4. Solution - soluble particles are dissolved into the river Transportation 1. Saltation - small pebbles and stones are bounced along the river bed 2. Traction - large boulders and rocks are rolled along the river bed 3. Solution - minerals are dissolved in the water and carried along in solution 4. Suspension - fine light material is carried along in the water. []{#anchor-32}Upper course landforms 17/01/24 V-shaped valleys Small narrow stream to begin with. hydraulic action and abrasion erode the river. Flows around resistant and hard rock. Exposes the sides of the valley to erosion and weathering such as freeze-thaw weathering. Does not have the power to erode laterally. Interlocking spurs. Interlocking spurs: fingers of resistant land that jut out into the river valley that streams and rivers are forced to flow around in the upper course. River gorge - a gorge is a steep narrow valley with rocky sides, is usually found immediately downstream of a waterfall. Waterfalls are found where the river flows over a layer of hard rock. This is on the tip of a layer of soft rock. When a river plunges over a waterfall, it forms a deep and turbulent plunge pool. This causes the swift rock to erode. Through processes such as abrasion and hydraulic action. These will undercut the waterfall and overhang. Eventually the overhanging rock will collapse and the waterfall retreats upstream. Over many years, this may leave a steep sided gorge. Formation of a gorge: Gorges form when there are horizontal bands of resistant rock positioned over exposed, less resistant rock. The soft rock is eroded quicker than the soft rock and this creates a step. As erosion continues the hard rock is undercut forming an overhang. []{#anchor-33}Homework: due 30/01/24 **Levee** -- a raised river bank found alongside a river in its lower course. It is formed by flooding over many years. **Floodplain** -- a wide, flat area of marshy land on either side of the river. They are made of alluvium, a sediment (silt) deposited by the river when it floods. They are used for farming as the soil is very fertile. **Estuaries-** An estuary is where the river meets the sea. The river here is tidal and when the sea retreats the volume of the water in the estuary is less reduced. When there is less water, the river deposits silt to form mudflats. Figure 1 displays a lot of meanders. Because the channel is deeper at the outside curve of a meander, the river flows there the fastest. This indicates that the river\'s outer bank is being eroded by abrasion and hydraulic activity. Meanders move over flood plains and become closer to one another as a result of erosion over time. The outside bends of a meander get closer and closer until there\'s just a narrow strip of land remaining between two of them. We refer to this as the neck. Usually during a flood, the river breaks through the neck to form a straight course. Over time, material is deposited over the channel\'s shallow sections, cutting off the meander and creating an oxbow lake. - Meanders migrate across the floodplain due to lateral erosion. When they reach the edge of the floodplain they erode the valley side (bluff). This explains why floodplains are very wide. - When the river floods it deposits silt, creating a very flat floodplain. Layer upon layer builds up over many years to form a thick deposit of fertile alluvium. When a river overflows, the energy decreases and it begins to deposit its load, the largest heavier material first. After repeated floods, high banks called levées are formed at the sides of the river. Lighter material is deposited further from the river and erodes the floodplain. If the river floods in the future, the effects could be severe as the water cannot drain back into the channel.  In the photo, there is a waterfall, plunge pool and gorge. The layers of hard and soft rock are shown and the soft rock has been eroded. The waterfall has eroded the rock at the bottom of it due to the energy that it has which is dispersed after the water falls. Hydraulic action is used in the waterfall and this creates energy. Gorges form when there are horizontal bands of resistant rock positioned over exposed, less resistant rock. The soft rock is eroded quicker than the soft rock and this creates a step. As erosion continues the hard rock is undercut forming an overhang. This is represented in the figure. []{#anchor-34} []{#anchor-35}Why do rivers flood? 30/01/24 Discharge - the flow or volume of water passing through a certain point in the river at a particular time Flooding - where a river can no longer hold the amount of water passing through it. Water overflows the riverbanks and the land around it. A flood is an overflow of water on land that is usually dry. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Steep slopes: | Urbanisation: | | | | | In mountain environments steep | Building up on a floodplain | | slopes encourage a rapid transfer | creates impermeable surfaces such | | of water towards the river | as tarmac roads, concrete | | channels. This increases the risk | driveways and slate roofs. Water | | of flooding. | is transferred quickly to drains | | | and sewers and then into urban | | | river channels. This rapid | | | movement of water makes flooding | | | more likely. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Geology (rock type): | Deforestation: | | | | | Impermeable rocks (rocks that do | Much of the water that falls in | | not allow water to pass through | trees is evaporated or stored | | them) such as shales and clays | temporarily on leaves and | | encourage water to flow overland | branches. Trees also use up water | | and intp river channels. This | as they grow. When trees are | | speeds up water flow and makes | removed much more water is | | flooding more likely. | suddenly available and | | | transferred rapidly to river | | | channels, increasing the flood | | | risk. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Precipitation: | Agriculture: | | | | | Torrential rain storms can lead | In arable farming, soil is left | | to sudden flash foods as river | unused and exposed to the | | channels cannot contain the sheer | elements for periods of time. | | volume of water flowing into | This can lead to more surface | | them. Steady rain over several | runoff. This is increased if the | | days can also lead to flooding in | land is ploughed up and down | | lowland river basins. | steep slopes, as water can flow | | | quickly along the furrows. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - A hydrograph shows the response of a river to a rainfall event. It plots precipitation and discharge. - The lag time between peak rainfall and peak discharge - Rivers with a short lag time respond rapidly to rainfall events and are there for more prone to flooding - Rivers with a long lag time respond slowly to rainfall events and are therefore less prone to flooding. -------------------- ---------------------- ------------------ Factor Drainage basin A Drainage basin B relief Steep slopes Gentle slopes Rock type Impermeable rocks Permeable rock soil Very thin soil Deep soil Natural vegetation Thin grass, moorland Forest Land use urbanisation rural area -------------------- ---------------------- ------------------  +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | strategy | description | H or S | Benefits | Cost | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Dams and | Store water | H | Controlling | 250,000 | | reservoirs | and prevent | | floods, | | | | its flow | | improvised | | | | | | irrigation | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Channel | Cutting | H | Increases | Very | | straighteni | through | | the flow of | expensive | | ng | meanders | | water along | | | | | | the river | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | embankments | A raised | H | Allows more | 115,000 | | | river bank. | | water which | | | | | | helps when | | | | | | there is a | | | | | | flood | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Flood | Man made | H | Flood | 110 million | | relief | channel | | relief | | | channels | constructed | | channel and | (high value | | | to by-pass | | reduce the | land) | | | an area | | threat of | | | | | | flooding | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Flood | Warning | S | Helps | Free | | warnings | people | | people know | | | and | about | | when and | | | preparation | floods and | | where there | | | | preparing | | will be a | | | | things like | | flood and | | | | dams for | | makes them | | | | floods. | | aware of | | | | | | it. | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | floodplain | Restricts | S | Reduces | cheap | | zoning | different | | overall | | | | land uses | | damage done | | | | to certain | | due to | | | | locations | | flooding | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Planting | Planting | S | Helps O^2^ | 500 per | | trees | trees | | production | acre | | | | | and | | | | | | presents | | | | | | flooding | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | River | When the | S | Slows down | 1,200 per | | restoration | course of a | | river flow | foot | | | river has | | and helps | | | | been | | prevent | | | | changed | | major | | | | artificiall | | floods. | | | | y | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ []{#anchor-36}Global variations of development 20/2/24 **Development -** Refers to the level of **economic and social standards in a country.** As a country develops it usually means that the people's standard of living and **quality of life** will improve. ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Indicator** **Definition** Birth rate Number of births per 1000 per year Death rate Number of deaths per 1000 per year GNI A measurement of economic activity calculated by dividing the Total National Income by the size of the population Infant mortality Number of babies that die under the age of 1 per 1000 live births Life expectancy The average number of years that someone is expected to live People per doctor The number of people that each doctor has to see Literacy rate The percentage of people with basic reading and writing skills Access to safe water The number of people that have adequate supply of clean drinking water HDI A measure that combines GNI per capita, life expectancy and adult literacy. ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ -------- ----------------- ---------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------- ------- GNI Life expectancy No. of doctors \% of pop with access to drinking water Literacy rates HDI USA 64,765 77.2 2.64 97% 79% 0.921 Brazil 14,370 72.8 2.41 89% 94% 0.754 Turkey 31,033 76 2.18 97% 96.74% 0.838 China 17,504 78.2 3.15 99.3% 97% 0.768 bangladesh 5,472 72.4 0.67 58.5% 60.77% 0.661 Nigeria 4790 52.7 0.395 68% 62% 0.535 Japan 42274 84.8 2.67 98.5% 99% 0.925 Zimbabwe 3,810 59.3 0.189 29.5% 93.7% 0.593 ------------ -------- ----------------- ---------------- ----------------------------------------- ---------------- ------- []{#anchor-37}Limitations of economic and social measures of development 20/2/24 **Standard of living -** The goods and services available to people that impact upon people\'s lives e.g house, car, holidays, good foods and clothes. **Quality of life -** Factors that affect how happy you are but not material things e.g health, relationships, state of mind and level of freedom. The most reliable measure is the GNI. This is because it shows how developed a country is per 1000 economically and how this may affect a person\'s standard and quality of living. []{#anchor-38}The DTM and development 21/2/24 DTM: - Population trends over time - Based on changes in **Western countries** - Very high birth rates and death rates to very low birth rates and death rates. - **Does not show migration** Stage 1: UK pre 1760, Stage 2: UK, 1760 - 1880. Now, afghanistan. Death rate increases and his birth stays the same. Improved health and medical care. Stage 3: UK, 1880 - 1940. Now, Brazil. Increased medical care. Less children are dying. Death rate falls due to better sanitation and medical care. Stage 4: UK post 1940. Low birth and death rate. Birth rate is still low due to family planning, improved status of women and later marriages. Death rate remains the same. Stage 5: Natural decrease. Birth rate has become very low. Lower than the death rate. Birth rate is still low due to family planning, improved status of women and later marriages. Death rate remains the same. Death rate increases due to ageing population  []{#anchor-39}Why are some countries more developed than others? 27/2/24 []{#anchor-40}Physical - Climate - Landlocked - Extreme weather / hazards []{#anchor-41}Economic - Trade (importing / exporting) - Debt trap - More supply than demand []{#anchor-42}Historical - Colonialism 1. The link between a country\'s development and wealth is that as the wealth increases so does development. This is because the country\'s wealth is determined by their GNI (gross national income) and with more rich people, the higher the GNI. This is because there is a higher chance for opportunities and jobs. 2. Wealth vary's through global reason through the fact that if a country has a higher population, it often has a low global wealth. This means that if a country has a low population, it has a higher global wealth. 1. Similar: coronary heart disease, stroke, diarrhoeal disease Difference: lung cancer, diabetes, road traffic accidents. 1. There are diseases that only affect people who live in a certain climate or with conditions in which may decrease their quality of life. 2. Some causes of death in LIC's are much more common as these countries don't have the funds to improve their medical care and treatment facilities which means people won't be able to be treated. Consequences: Civil war Hunger, poverty, malnutrition Lack of healthcare Migration []{#anchor-43}Reducing the development gap 28/2/24 How do jobs link to development - Economy - Education - Healthcare - Access to safe water - Improvements in quality of life - Improvements of GNI, GDP - Standard of living Primary - the extraction of raw materials (farming, fishing, mining). Secondary - using more materials to make products tertiary - providing services like shops, solicitors, teachers and hairdressers Quaternary - new sector linked to IT and research. The types of jobs change as a country develops as the development of a country affects quality of life, standard of living, choice and new laws. Countries that are LICs are more likely to do more labour for longer hours and less money whereas HICs would ask for more money and shorter hours to uphold their quality of life. []{#anchor-44} Homework 1. Both have stroke 2. Both have coronary heart disease 3. HIC has diabetes 4. LIC has malaria 6 marker: Uneven development, a persistent issue in global socio-economic landscapes, stems from various interrelated factors. Firstly, historical colonialism and imperialism have left lasting imbalances by exploiting resources and imposing economic structures that favour the colonisers. Secondly, geographical factors such as natural resource distribution and climate can create disparities, as regions with abundant resources often develop faster. Thirdly, political instability and corruption hinder investment and development initiatives, perpetuating inequality. Additionally, globalisation can exacerbate uneven development by favouring already developed regions and marginalising others. Moreover, social factors like discrimination, lack of access to education, and gender inequality impede progress, perpetuating uneven development. Lastly, inadequate infrastructure and technological disparities further widen the gap between developed and developing regions, hindering socio-economic advancement. These multifaceted causes contribute to the complex phenomenon of uneven development, highlighting the need for comprehensive strategies to address its root causes. []{#anchor-45}Introduction to Nigeria 06/3/24 Nigeria is in the western region of Africa and borders Cameroon. Latitude 4^0^N12^0^E, Nigeria extends from the gulf of Guinea in the south of the Sahel in the North. 1. 500 different ethnic groups 2. Multi lingual 600 distinct language groups 3. Islam was introduced from someone in Mali and christianity from English missionaries. 4. Population is 230 million 5. Highest rate of twins (158 twins per 1000 births) In comparison to the UK and Chad, Nigeria is well developed. We can tell this by using different factors in the table. The Human Development Index (HDI) is the measure of a country\'s GNI, literacy rate and life expectancy. The GNI of a country can be determined by the average amount of money someone earns per capita (year) in a country. This is useful as it shows how many job opportunities there are, the quality of the jobs and the pay. This has an impact on the economics of a country and how it can use its money for things like investment or aid. The literacy rate links to how much of a country has the basic ability to read and write. This shows how accessible education is in a country and if people are learning. Life expectancy shows how accessible healthcare is in a country. []{#anchor-46} The north and south divide 15/5/24 In the south of England, the government invests over £2000 more per person per year. A contributing fact to this could be that the capital city of England is London which is in the south. Furthermore, life expectancy can be up to 4.3 years higher in the south than the north. []{#anchor-47}Improvements in the UK's transport 21/5/24 Liverpool2: - Deep water - 13,900 container ships - Vessels 380m Long, 50M wide and 15M deep - Worldwide connections, allows better and faster materials to be imported - 24/7 - Automation Crossrails - Reading, chenfield - Underground tunnels - December 2019 becomes fully open to the public Heathrow - 3rd runway - 211 bn in growth - Extend terminal 2 - Increase in domestic connections []{#anchor-48}How is the Uk connected 22/5/24 On a global scale the uk is important in: - Language - one of the most spoken languages in the world - Sports - News - Films / shows - Food The UK is important on a global scale as it provides the world with cuisine, news and other forms of entertainment. It is also the national language for most countries and the language for the UN. - Bind the nations - Euro eco economy - Not all had euros - 1980s freedom of movement - European coal and steel community - EEA - european economic area The UK joined the EU in 1973. Today, the EU consists of 27 countries. It is one of the world's largest trading blocs and has considerable economic and political influence. In 2016 the UK opted to leave the EU. The UK left the EU in 2020 Membership of the EU means: - the free flow of goods,......... capital and labour between the 27 member states - access to European development funds - access to a...... labour force that is prepared to work long hours for a relatively low wage - EU laws and regulations no longer apply to the UK - the Single Payment Scheme supports farmers - a substantial amount of money used to be paid into the EU budget 1. Leaving the EU was, in my opinion, a bad decision and this is because of multiple factors. One of these is trading, trading has become much more difficult due to things such as visas, border control and driving licences. Another factor that has been affected by the UK leaving the EU is business. Business is difficult as the UK does not have the standard European currency, the euro, and instead has the Great British Sterling. - ⅓ of the populations - Border control - Migration - 3 trillion in trading - 19 trillion - Democracy - Peace - 80 organisations []{#anchor-49}What is the commonwealth? 4/6/24 Overall, I believe that the UK's connections with other countries inside of the EU and the commonwealth are very helpful, sustainable and important to help maintain the UK's standard economy. Firstly, it creates a much easier form of trading for countries within the groups as things such as border control become much easier to handle. As well as this, with the UK being part of the commonwealth, it gains a sense of power and influence over other countries after giving away or investing into the commonwealth. []{#anchor-50}Change in economic world - Nigeria (LIC/NEE) - Jamaica (Torrism) - Torr quarry (UK) []{#anchor-51}Fieldwork - Stratford []{#anchor-52}Living world - Amazon - Mojave desert []{#anchor-53}Natural Hazards 5/6/24 A natural hazard is a natural event that threatens people or has the potential to cause damage, destruction and death (for example, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tropical storms and floods). This also has to be social and economic, while affecting people Natural hazards: - Earthquakes - Volcanos - Tropical storms - Drought - Heat waves - Tornados - Flooding - Wildfires Atmospheric hazards - those caused by running water and its processes and those associated with or caused by weather patterns (meteorological) Geographical hazards - those caused by earth\'s processes. There are two types: - Internal earth processes of tectonic origin - External earth processes of geomorphological origin \ What factors affect hazard risk? - Poverty - Urbanisation - Climate - Farming []{#anchor-54}Different types of graphs 18/6/24 []{#anchor-55}Line graph: - Show data changes over time - Shows different types of data []{#anchor-56}Radial/rose graph ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Producer Makes its own energy through photosynthesis and this is the start of the food chain / web Consumer Only eats from the producer but can also be eaten by predators above it. Decomposer Food chain 1 line of animals in an ecosystem, above or below one another Food web All the animals in an ecosystem that are predator, prey or both and who it can be eaten by / who it eats. Nutrient cycling ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- []{#anchor-57}Reducing uneven development 19/4/24 []{#anchor-58}Tourism: - The multiplier effect - Can contribute to some parts of a place not being as developed as others Water and air pollution from the torr quarry Negative visuals Transport of raw materials and plants is usually by road which causes an increase in air pollution. There are more challenges faced by people in the carpenter\'s estate than in the east village. []{#anchor-59}Haiti Earthquake 2/6/24 Primary effect - this occurs as a direct consequence of a hazard Focus - This is where the earthquake occurs underground Epicentre - Secondary effect - LIC - Low income country Before: Haiti has lots of buildings. After: Haiti has no buildings. Immediate response - food and rescue. Quick support Long term response - rebuilding Haiti is in south africa. It is in the Caribbean, bordering the Dominican republic. Haiti is not a very developed country. They have essentially no doctors, less than 1 per 1000 people.  The primary effects of the earthquake are that there was no immediate support. There are essentially no doctors in hAiti and therefore, lots of people were either forced to treat their own wounds or left to die. The few that were treated were very lucky but by the time aid from other countries came, either they had died or they would have to be amputated. This shows the lack of support in an LIC. Secondary data shows that after 5 days, aid from all over the globe started to help Haiti; however, this would affect those who already suffered immense loss during the 5 days. ¾ marks Japan is an island nation in East Asia, located in the pacific ocean. It is bordered on the west by the sea of Japan and extends from the sea of okhotsk to the north of the south china sea in the south. March 11 2011. 80 miles offshore. Magnitude 9. []{#anchor-60}Yr11 []{#anchor-61}Recap quiz 6/9/24 1. 18,000 R 2. 9 R 3. Over 1 mill R 4. Tsunami R 5. Haiti. LIC/NEE. R 6. Slower response time R 7. Port au prince R 8. 1000\. W, 4000 9. ? W 10. ?W 11. 235bn 12. ? 13. ? 14. 100% 15. 2018 []{#anchor-62}Living with the risk of hazards 6/9/24 Benefits of living near a volcano: - Fertile soil - More than 80% of the earth\'s soil is made of volcanic aftermath - Geothermal energy - Raw materials are brought to the earth\'s surface from volcanic eruption - Tourism - Cheaper []{#anchor-63}Global atmospheric Circulation Model 13/9/24 High latitudes have cold air because as the equator is closest to the sun therefore, it is a highly concentrated area of insulation. Low latitudes have colder air due to the high concentration of insulation due to a shorter distance between the sun and the equator. Wind is the movement of air from a high area of concentration to an area of low concentration. - Air that is sinking toward the ground surface forms areas of high pressure. This would make temperatures hotter. - Air that is rising from the ground creates areas of low pressure. This would make temperatures colder. Trade winds are ones that blow from places of high latitude to low latitude []{#anchor-64}How and where are tropical storms formed? 20/9/24 1. Due to the angle of the sun and the equator 2. High pressure 3. Low pressure 4. High pressure: dry 5. Low pressure: humid 6. Hadley cell 7. Ferrel cell Tropical storms are formed between the tropics, near to countries around the equator like India, Vietnam, Mexico and The Philippines. They are formed in oceans where temperatures go up to around 26.5-27^0^, this would be around the indian ocean and pacific.  []{#anchor-65}Tropical Storm Features 24/9/24 []{#anchor-66}Typhoon haiyan 27/9/24 1. 26^0^C 2. 150 miles 3. High pressure, low pressure 4. Calm, low winds 5. Anti clockwise 6. Vortex 7. East pacific and atlantic 8. Lost source of energy. Friction with land. 9. Fluctuating. 10. Will make tropical storms more intense as it will increase sea temperatures, giving the storm(s) a more viable/stronger source of energy. 9/10 []{#anchor-67}Tropical storms 1/10/24 Monitoring and prediction: - By using satellites - If prediction is wrong then places hit may not be prepared for a hurricane Protection: - Reinforce, windows, doors and other open areas to prevent things breaking inside the house - Effective as it will prevent things like flooding and added damage to the house which will cost more to fix Planning: - It is difficult to stop this as people may have lived there their entire lives or have farms and not want to leave. - Planning on what you are going to do in case of a tropical storm hitting your house is crucial. It can reduce the effects of a tropical storm on your house and you. Having things such as copies of important documents, a go bag and battery power lighting can be very useful in the event of a storm. As well as this, building houses on reinforced concrete stilts will prevent flooding in the house, reducing the effect of the tropical storm. []{#anchor-68}Title 11/10/24 Site 1 - duck alley Site 2 - scotsbridge mill Discharge - volume of water the passes through a point per second - velocity x cross sectional area []{#anchor-69}Conclusion 22/10/24 1. One primary data collection method that we used when we went to the chessfield river was getting into the water to measure the depth. We did this by taking metre sticks and measuring from the river bed to the top of the water. Then we divided the river width by 10 and read every 10th place. One person measured it and then we wrote down the results. 2. The site was suitable as it had minimal disease and it was safe to go into without a serious risk of drowning or getting lost. The site also was shallow enough for us to stand in without needing to swim. 3. One risk that we minimised was trench foot at both sites. This was done by wearing wellies in the water to prevent our feet from getting wet, as opposed to trainers which would have gotten wet. Another risk that we minimised was not splashing the water to prevent it from entering cuts or open wounds and prevent diseases such as weil\'s disease.. 4. The overall aim or our enquiry was to prove or disprove our hypothesis which was that river discharge would increase as we went further down the river, from the upper course to the lower course. One of the variables that we measured was the velocity. We measured this by using a hydroprop as opposed to a cork due to how the cork could have floated away or been speeded up or slowed down by waves. This meant that it wasn\'t as viable as using a hydroprop. The hydroprop was placed under the river top to accurately measure the velocity. This measurement however wasn\'t perfect. This is due to how people may have stood in front of the hydroprop which caused the river flow to be slower in that area, this affects the results. And as well as this weeds may have been caught in the hydroprop,giving inaccurate results. Furthermore, 2 different people would be measuring the velocity, one with the hydroprop and one with the stopwatch, the time between where one person said go and the other actually went may have caused a small delay as well. The results gained from both sites were somewhat reliable however it did prove our hypothesis as river velocity increased as we went downstream. Therefore, our conclusion may not be reliable because of the complications but they still proved our hypothesis. Another variable that we measured was the depth. This was done at both sites by using a metre stick and measuring the depth of the river. We took the width and divided it by ten, therefore we would be able to find the depth of the river across it in 10 different places. This would then be used to form an average which is more representative of the river as a whole. A complication of this method however was that we only did this properly in site 1, duck alley. This was due to the depth being below the height of our wellies making it fairly easy to do. This is contradicted by site 2, scotsbridge mill, where the water level reached far above our wells, causing everyone to be distracted and reading may have been iacrate in all ten places. This impacted the reliability of our conclusion as the inaccurate data may have skewed the results. Overall, the results proved my hypothesis as the velocity increased and the width got wider as we moved down the river. Uk's weather varies so much due to the different air masses. Some are dry as they come from land but some it wet as it comes from the atlantic 2005 - July - Birmingham - tornado - the strongest to hit in over 30 years. 2006 - december - london - tornado - moderate to severe damages, almost 10 mil in damages 2007 - june/july - UK - flooding - avg rainfall of 5.5 inches across the UK 2009/10 - december/jan - UK - snowfall -as cold as -23.3C up to 24 inches of snow fall. []{#anchor-70}UK Extreme weather case study: Storm Desmond 12/11/24 Storm desmond hit the UK on the 3rd of december 2015 An area of low pressure was formed over the atlantic ocean, causing storm desmond. The two main problems that caused storm desmond were []{#anchor-71}What causes climate change 15/11/24 ------------------ ---------------------------------- Natural causes How does it cause climate change Orbital changes Solar output Volcano activity ------------------ ---------------------------------- Sunspots are solar flares and big outbursts of gases that warms up the planet. Happen every 11 years []{#anchor-72}Cover lesson 19/11/24 1. Global warming 2. Increase in temperature 3. Burning fossil fuels 4. Oil, coal and gas 5. Increases 6. 350 saved. 11,000 died 7. 70% 8. 24 billion dollars worth of damage 9. it impacts other weather causes such as storms and hurricanes 10. louisiana loses a football field of land every 5 mins 11. the coralis dying all around the world 12. and breaking the fishes homes 13. climate change is happening a lot faster than we expected 14. people are in denial even the usa president mr dj trump 15. T []{#anchor-73}Managing climate change 22/11/24 The temperature at the top of the world in the north hemisphere is surprisingly hot were as most of the middle of the earth is yellow as it is at a normal ontroled temperature and as you get lower just before the south pole it is very cold and at the very bottom is is a medium temperature Mitigation - causes of climate change that can be managed adaptation - building your house on stilts +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Mitigation | Alternative | Carbon | Planting | Internation | | | Energy | Capture | trees | al | | | Production | | | agreements | | | | storage | A-forestati | | | | | | on | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Explain | Build | Capture | Plant trees | | | what the | alternate | carbon from | to make up | | | management | sources of | the | for the | | | strategy is | energy, | atmosphere | deforestati | | | | solar | and store | on | | | | panels, | it in | and | | | | wind | containers | destroying | | | | turbines | underground | of habitats | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | How does it | This will | it will | it will | | | work and | become a | hold carbon | double the | | | how will it | new source | that has | amount of | | | mitigate | of energy | been | trees we | | | climate | so that we | emitted | have | | | change | can stop | underground | eventually | | | | relying on | | as we are | | | | fossil | | getting | | | | fuels | | vastly low | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Give a real | Building | Capture | for every | everyone | | life | solar | carbon from | tree you | has agreed | | example | panels | the | cut down | to reduce | | | | atmosphere | you have to | their | | | | and store | plant 2 new | carbon | | | | it | ones | emissions | | | | underground | | and if they | | | | | | dont they | | | | | | have to | | | | | | store the | | | | | | carbon in | | | | | | underground | | | | | | strongholds | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Are there | Very | Expensive, | Not time | hiding it | | negatives | expensive | risks the | effective | underground | | to this | | explosion | or cost | won\'t | | example | | of carbon | effective. | solve our | | | | underground | | long term | | | | | | problem | | | | | | it\'s just | | | | | | hiding it | | | | | | for later | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ 1. Climate change will allow more colder countries to grow Mediterranean foods that grow in hotter climates. regeneration - spending money on improving an area. This is to attract tourists and potential investors to improve the infrastructure of the area and country. 1. 2. LDDC - london-dockland-development-corporation 3. London dockland was used for hipping, export and import 4. New containers couldn\'t fit and docklands became redundant 5. Loss of jobs and area went into decline 6. Containerisation - foods that are shipped in containers that require craines to carry 7. New use of machinery means jobs were lost. 83000 jobs lost between 1861 and 1871 8. Spiral of decline - when once negative happens, other negatives happen, domino effect 9. Areas near the docks saw knock on impacts like drop in population, 18% leaving the city 10. Housing in the docklands area was run down. No banks or infrastructure 11. Low quality of life. 12. 12.6 bn all together. a. b. 13. New parks, wildlife, financial hub, cycle routes and bridges, regenerated area 14. Many high rise office building, more people returned to the area, employment increased 15. 16. 17. Job training, career development, new employment options Abrasion Attrition Solution Hydraulic action transportation traction suspension deposition mass movent