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Questions and Answers
Which transportation process involves the movement of particles caused by the force of water?
Which transportation process involves the movement of particles caused by the force of water?
Traction is a method of transportation that involves the lifting of materials in a fluid.
Traction is a method of transportation that involves the lifting of materials in a fluid.
False
What term describes the process where sediment is added to a landform or landmass?
What term describes the process where sediment is added to a landform or landmass?
Deposition
The process where smaller particles are carried through the water column is called __________.
The process where smaller particles are carried through the water column is called __________.
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Match the transportation processes with their definitions:
Match the transportation processes with their definitions:
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Which transportation process involves small pebbles and stones bouncing along the river bed?
Which transportation process involves small pebbles and stones bouncing along the river bed?
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Traction involves small particles being carried by the river.
Traction involves small particles being carried by the river.
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What does the term 'solution' refer to in river transportation?
What does the term 'solution' refer to in river transportation?
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The process called __________ occurs when rocks are carried along by the river and can wear down the river bed.
The process called __________ occurs when rocks are carried along by the river and can wear down the river bed.
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Match each transportation process with its description:
Match each transportation process with its description:
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Which of the following processes is NOT a method of river transportation?
Which of the following processes is NOT a method of river transportation?
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Identify the erosion process where rocks are smashed together and broken into smaller particles.
Identify the erosion process where rocks are smashed together and broken into smaller particles.
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Hydraulic action is responsible for transporting minerals dissolved in the water.
Hydraulic action is responsible for transporting minerals dissolved in the water.
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What is the primary function of longshore drift?
What is the primary function of longshore drift?
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Traction involves large pebbles that are either suspended in the water or rolled along the seabed.
Traction involves large pebbles that are either suspended in the water or rolled along the seabed.
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What is defined as the process of removing material by wind and sea?
What is defined as the process of removing material by wind and sea?
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The process of _____ is where particles are carried within the water.
The process of _____ is where particles are carried within the water.
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Match the following transportation processes with their definitions:
Match the following transportation processes with their definitions:
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Which statement correctly describes constructive and destructive waves?
Which statement correctly describes constructive and destructive waves?
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Attrition is the process where rock fragments become larger and more angular due to wave action.
Attrition is the process where rock fragments become larger and more angular due to wave action.
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What is the term for the power of waves that smash onto a cliff, causing erosion?
What is the term for the power of waves that smash onto a cliff, causing erosion?
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Study Notes
Urbanisation Around the World
- Urbanisation refers to the proportion of a country's population living in cities.
- High income countries (HICs) generally have higher levels of urbanisation than low income countries (LICs).
- Examples of HICs with high urban populations include the USA, UK, Australia, and Canada.
- Examples of LICs with low urban populations include Niger, Chad, and Nigeria.
Rio de Janeiro Case Study
- Rio de Janeiro is located in the South of Brazil, on the eastern coast.
- It's a major tourist destination, with the Christ the Redeemer statue as one of its main attractions.
- The city is home to approximately 16 million people.
- It's known for its carnival celebrations and football.
- Rio de Janeiro was formerly the capital of Brazil; its capital has now been moved to Brasília.
Economic Opportunities
- Formal economy: Registered employment, regulated by the government, with decent wages and employee rights (including pay and taxes).
- Informal economy: Unregistered employment, often with long hours and low pay, lacking government oversight and legal protections.
- Inequalities: Economic disparities exist between poor and wealthier sections of society, as well as disparities with access to resources such as education, employment, and housing.
- Opportunities: Economic development provides opportunities such as education, job, and housing.
- Unemployment: Can lead to inequalities of wealth and creates opportunities for illegal activities such as drug dealing.
Urban Changes in the UK
- London is one of the oldest cities in the world.
- It's located in the southeast of England.
- The River Thames flows through London.
- London is a major international airport hub.
- London's population is around 2.6 million and increasing.
- High house prices and population growth pose challenges.
- London continues to attract immigrants for economic opportunities.
- The city's economic success and growth lead to challenges in public services.
Favela-Bairro Project
- The Favela-Bairro project was a Brazilian initiative to improve the living conditions in favelas (slums).
- The objectives included road building.
- The installation of cable car systems.
- Better relations with the police force.
- Project was short-term, with short-term benefits like more tourists and raising income.
Introduction to London
- London is in southeast England, on the River Thames.
- It has two major airports: Heathrow (largest) and Gatwick (busiest single-runway).
- London is a major financial and global centre of culture.
- The average age of people in London is 36.
- A significant percentage of London's population are foreign citizens.
- Population growth between 1801 and 1931 has caused challenges in public services.
Urban Inequalities in London
- High birth rates than death rates.
- There is a growing proportion of people in cities.
- Social deprivation is the lack of adequate income, employment, services, housing, education.
- Inequalities within London are differences in factors such as poverty and wealth in access to jobs, housing, and education.
- Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is expected to live.
Exam Questions: London Docklands
- The London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) was set up in the 1980s to revitalise the area, including contemporary housing and commercial spaces.
- LDDC's revitalization transformed the Docklands into a thriving business and residential area.
- The Docklands project had economic growth and an improved infrastructure.
- But the project was also criticised for displacing local residents and neglecting the long-term social consequences of the changes.
Six Figure Grid References
- Six figure grid references are used to locate places on maps.
- The data can be used in a case study of London.
- The locations relate to six figure grids.
- Example: London - Dockland - regeneration, London - Shoreditch - gentrification and Urban change.
- It relates to various social challenges and inequalities.
Physical Landscapes of the UK
- The UK's landscapes are diverse, with areas of high and low elevation.
- Geology: The UK's mountains are made of resistant rocks, such as granite and slate.
- Low-lying plains were formed by weaker rocks like clays and limestone.
- Relief: The UK's physical features are determined by elevation, slope steepness and shape.
- Upland areas are higher, whilst lowland areas are lower.
- The UK has a mix of upland and lowland areas.
Introduction to Coasts
- Constructive waves usually are one metre in height or less.
- Destructive waves usually are three to four metres or more in height.
- Types of waves can create different shapes in coastlines.
- Longshore drift happens when waves move sediment and shape the coast.
Weathering and Mass Movement
- Biological weathering: Roots growing into rocks break them apart and animals burrowing.
- Chemical weathering: Acid reacting with carbonate rocks, dissolving them.
- Mechanical weathering: Freezing and thawing of water in cracks causes rocks to break.
- Mass movement: The downward movement of rock and soil due to gravity.
Coastal Processes
- Weathering is the breakdown of rocks that are stationary.
- Erosion is the breakdown of rocks.
- Transportation moves sediment along the coast by wind and waves.
- Deposition is the process when sediment is dropped off in a new location.
- Coastal processes can create different shapes in coastlines.
Erosional Landforms at the Coast
- Bays and headlands form when erosion occurs at different rates on different rocks.
- Bays are formed in less resistant rock; headlands are formed in more resistant rock.
- Wave-cut platforms are flat areas formed by the erosion of cliffs.
- Caves, arches, stacks, and stumps are formed by erosion along the coastline.
Landforms Caused by Deposition
- Deposition is the process of dropping off sediment or building up material.
- Embryo dunes are formed from deposited material.
- Dunes become taller due to vegetation stabilizing the sand.
Managing the Coastline
- Hard engineering involves artificial structures like seawalls.
- Soft engineering works with the natural processes of the coastline.
- Managed retreat involves allowing the sea to flood low-lying areas, which is a more environmentally friendly option than building seawalls.
Introduction to Rivers
- Rivers change from source to mouth due to elevation changes, width and the landforms.
- Upper course rivers are typically narrow and fast flowing.
- Middle course rivers are wider and slower flowing.
- Lower course rivers are the widest and slowest flowing parts.
- Landforms include V-shaped valleys, waterfalls, meanders, oxbow lakes, floodplains, and levees.
Erosion and Transportation of Rivers
- Attrition: Rocks carried by the river break down into smaller pieces.
- Abrasion: Rocks carried by the river wear down other rocks.
- Hydraulic action: The force of the water eroding the banks.
- Solution: Soluble rocks dissolving into the water.
- Transportation: Rivers carry sediment by the processes of; saltation, traction, solution and suspension.
Upper Course Landforms
- V-shaped valleys: Formed by erosion of the river.
- Interlocking spurs: Fingers of resistant rock jutting out into the river valley.
- Waterfalls: Formed where a river flows over a hard rock layer.
- River gorges: Formed where a waterfall retreats upstream.
Homework: River Flooding
- Levee: A raised riverbank formed by repeated flooding.
- Floodplain: A flat area of marshy land alongside a river.
- Estuaries: Where a river meets the sea.
- Flood factors: Steep slopes, impermeable rocks, torrential rain, urbanisation, and deforestation.
Why do Rivers Flood?
- Discharge: The flow rate of water through a point in a river.
- Flooding occurs when the river's capacity to carry water is exceeded.
- Factors that increase the risk of flooding include: steep slopes, impermeable rocks, heavy rainfall, urbanisation, and deforestation.
Global Atmospheric Circulation Model
- High latitudes have cooler air because they are farther from the equator.
- Low latitudes have warmer air because they are closer to the equator.
- Global atmospheric circulation creates patterns of wind, pressure, and temperature.
- Different types of winds and air pressure areas create differing conditions in various regions on Earth.
How and Where are Tropical Storms Formed?
- Tropical storms form over warm ocean waters near the equator.
- High and low pressure areas, combined with humid air, cause warm. moist air to rise creating convection currents.
- This process creates a low pressure area.
Tropical Storm Features
- The eye is the centre of the storm, with calm weather.
- The hurricane winds surround the eye, with strong winds and rain.
Typhoon Haiyan
- Typhoon Haiyan was a powerful tropical cyclone.
- It had a significant impact on the Philippines and other areas.
- The typhoon was characterized by high winds, heavy rain, a large storm surge, and substantial damage.
Tropical Storms
- Monitoring and prediction involves using satellites to track tropical storms.
- Reinforcement of windows and doors in buildings, and planning responses are necessary to lessen the impact and prevent damages.
What Causes Climate Change?
- Natural causes include orbital changes (Earth's orbit and tilt affect solar radiation), solar output (sun's energy output fluctuates), and volcanic activity (volcanic eruptions release gases).
Cover Lesson
- Global warming is the increase in Earth's average temperature.
- Burning fossil fuels (oil, coal, and natural gas) is a major contributor to global warming.
- Climate change impacts include rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and the loss of biodiversity.
- Significant economic, social and political costs incurred as a result of climate change.
Managing Climate change
- Mitigation involves reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
- Adaptation involves adjusting to the effects of climate change.
- Mitigation strategies include adopting alternative energy sources (solar and wind power), carbon capture, planting trees, and international agreements.
- Examples include building solar panels and capture carbon from the atmosphere.
- Adaptation strategies include better planning, building houses on stilts, and reinforcing buildings.
UK Extreme weather case study: Storm Desmond
- Storm Desmond was a major winter storm in the UK in December 2015.
- Storm Desmond, caused by areas of low pressure in the Atlantic.
- Heavy rainfall and flooding in the UK, caused significant damage.
Global Variations of Development
- Development is about a country's economic and social standards.
- Factors to consider for measuring development include infant mortality, life expectancy, people per doctor, literacy rates, access to clean drinking water.
Limitations on Economic and Social Measures of Development
- Standard of living: The availability of goods and services in a country (e.g., houses, cars, and holidays).
- Quality of life: Factors such as health, relationships, and freedom.
- GNI is a good measure for assessing development but doesn't fully represent quality of life.
The DTM and Development
- The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is based on population trends, comparing countries' birth and death rates.
- Birth and death rates of Western countries have decreased due to improved healthcare and technology.
- In countries that have a high birth rate, the improved status of women may be a reason for a decrease in birth rates.
Why Are Some Countries More Developed Than Others?
- Physical factors (climate and geographical location).
- Economic factors (trade, debt, and economic policies.).
- Historical factors (colonialism, wars).
- Population (high population could lead to less resources per person).
Reducing the Development Gap
- Tourism can be a significant factor in reducing the economic gap
Haiti Earthquake
- Haiti suffered significant damage and loss of life due to the earthquake.
- The country is less developed than other areas and lacks healthcare resources and technology.
- Haiti's immediate and long term responses were impacted by the lack of aid and resources in an area with a low economy.
Improvements in the UK's Transport
- Improvements in transport in the UK include the widening and deepening of Liverpool's water.
- New methods for transportation for both local and global distribution.
How is the UK Connected?
- The UK is connected through several areas, including trade (such as the EU, or from the 1980s and the EEC,), language and organisations.
- The UK is a large trading country.
- Membership in the EU gave the UK access to European goods and services.
What is the Commonwealth?
- The Commonwealth is a group of countries that were once part of the British Empire.
- The UK's participation in the Commonwealth gives it a sense of power and influence over these countries.
Natural Hazards
- Natural hazards are events that threaten or cause damage.
- These hazards include earthquakes, volcanoes, tropical storms, droughts, wildfires, heatwaves and tsunamis.
- Factors that affect the risk of a hazard include poverty and how densely populated an area is.
Different Types of Graphs
- Different types of graphs can display data in various ways.
- Line graphs shows how data changes over time.
Reducing Uneven Development
- Tourism can contribute to uneven development.
- Factors like transport for transporting raw materials can increase pollution.
- There can be differences in challenges between different areas in a country.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the various methods of river transportation and erosion processes. From traction to solution, this quiz covers essential terms and definitions related to how sediment is moved and shaped by water. Challenge yourself to match the processes with their descriptions.
