General Zoology Lab Finals PDF

PCZ 101L - GENERAL ZOOLOGY LAB Prof. Grospe|1st Semester | DMD-1K ○ Warm blooded animals with hair and PHYLUM PROTOZOA mammary glands...

PCZ 101L - GENERAL ZOOLOGY LAB Prof. Grospe|1st Semester | DMD-1K ○ Warm blooded animals with hair and PHYLUM PROTOZOA mammary glands Order Primates CAROLUS LINNAEUS ○ Forward-facing vision, grasping 1707 - 1778 hands with five fingers, and two types Known as the “father of taxonomy” and the of teeth “father of modern ecology” Family Hominidae Introduced the binomial system of ○ Upright posture, large brain, flat face, nomenclature hands and feet Very general to specific: King Plays Chess On Genus Homo Fine Gold Sets (mnemonics) ○ Very closely related species and is the Latin word for “man” Species Homo Sapiens ○ The knowing man and noted for desire to understand the world BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE A formal naming system for all living things that all scientists use Gives species a two-part scientific name ○ The first part of the name is the genus, which is a small group of closely related organisms but not Very specific to general: Some Girls Found exactly alike One Cute Pink Kite ○ The second part of the name is the specific epithet used to identify a particular species as separate from others belonging to the same genus; they are so similar that they can mate and have fertile offspring Because scientific names are unique species identifiers, they ensure that there is never any confusion as to which organism a scientist may be referring: ○ The entire two-part name must be written in italics or underlined if handwritten ○ The genus name is first and must be capitalized CLASSIFICATION OF HUMANS ○ The specific epithet is not capitalized Kingdom Animalia PHYLUM PROTOZOA ○ Multicellular and heterotrophic — rely Kingdom: Protista on other organisms for nourishment Subkingdom: Protozoa Phylum Chordata Phylum: Protozoa ○ Animals with backbone The word protozoa came from the Greek Class Mammalia protozoon word meaning “first animal” CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTOZOA Sarcodina Protozoa do not have a cell wall and therefore ○ Major locomotor organelles in can have a variety of shapes sarcodina is pseudopodia (Pseudo Body is unicellular and performs all functions means false, podia means foot) of the body The cytoplasm is divided into two regions: the ectoplasm and endoplasm The body is either bilaterally, radial symmetry or asymmetry Protozoa prefer living in moist and aquatic habitats and their cysts can be found in the bleakest parts of the ecosphere They are both heterotrophic and autotrophic based on their type of nutrition They live freely, may be parasitic or symbiotic Sporozoates Respiration is by diffusion ○ Sporozoates are the only non-motile Movement is by pseudopodia, flagella, cilia form of protozoa Reproduction occurs asexually and sexually REPRODUCTION IN PROTOZOA Excretion is via contractile vacuoles or by Protozoa can reproduce their offspring by diffusion both sexual and asexual methods LOCOMOTION IN PROTOZOA Asexual methods of reproduction are: Flagellates ○ Budding ○ Flagellates move by help of Flagella ○ Binary Fission (a tail-like structure) ○ Schizogony or multiple fission ○ The movement is whip like Sexual methods: ○ Conjugation ○ Gametogony REPRODUCTION IN PROTOZOA Based on the mode of respiration, protozoa is classified into two groups Aerobic protozoa ○ Most species of free-living protozoa Ciliates are aerobic ○ Ciliates protozoa have movement ○ They cannot live without oxygen through cilia (fine hair like structure ○ Aerobic protozoa are tiny and so are attached to their body) capable of getting oxygen from the liquid medium by diffusion ○ Ex: Amoeba proteus Anaerobic protozoa ○ They can survive in the absence of oxygen and are normally not commonly found amidst eukaryotic organisms ○ Anaerobic eukaryotes are either parasites or symbionts of multicellular organisms that have originated from aerobic ancestors ○ Ex: Giardia CLASSIFICATION OF PROTOZOA Ectoplasm Kingdom: Protista ○ Semisolid or gelatinous cytoplasm Subkingdom: Protozoa immediately under the plasma Phylum: Protozoa membrane Subphylum: Endoplasm ○ Sarcomastigophora ○ More fluid and granular portion inside - superclass: sarcodina the ectoplasm - superclass: mastigophore Uroid ○ Sporozoa ○ A posterior bulb-like structure that ○ Ciliophora serves to accumulate waste, Genus periodically detaching from the cell ○ Amoeba sp. (sarcodina) - Entamoeba histolytica - Escherichia coli ○ Euglena sp. (mastigophore) ○ Trypanosoma sp. (mastigophore) ○ Plasmodium sp. (Sporozoa) ○ Toxoplasma sp. (Sporozoa) ○ Vorticella sp. (Ciliophora) ○ Balantidium coli (Ciliophora) AMOEBA Plasmagel ○ Cytoplasm in more solid or gel-like state Plasmasol ○ Cytoplasm in fluid state PARAMECIUM Contains cilia for locomotion of paramecium Trichocysts ○ Tiny stinging and attachment structures in the outer cytoplasm Oral groove ○ A depression in the plasma membrane for ingesting food Gullet ○ Cavity for digestion  Found in Found in DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CILIA AND FLAGELLA eukaryotic cells prokaryotic and Structure eukaryotic cells ○ Flagella: usually longer and fewer in number (typically one or two); they Cilia are two Flagella are of types: three types: have a whip-like structure non-motile and bacterial ○ Cilia: shorter and more numerous motile cilia flagella, (hundreds or thousands on a single archaeal cell); they have a hair-like structure flagella, and Movement eukaryotic ○ Flagella: move in wave-like manner, flagella propelling the cell forward ○ Cilia: beat in a coordinated manner, INVERTEBRATES creating currents to move fluid or particles across the cell surface or INVERTEBRATES propel the cell Invertebrates are animals that do not have a Function backbone ○ Flagella: primarily used for These animals include mollusks, arthropods, locomotion in single-celled annelids, cnidarians, echinoderms, and organisms (e.g. sperm) sponges ○ Cilia: often involved in moving EXAMPLES OF INVERTEBRATES substances across the cell surface or Mollusks aiding in the movement of the ○ Diverse group of invertebrates with organism itself soft bodies Location ○ The hard shell protects the soft bodies ○ Flagella: typically found at one cell of of mollusks the cell ○ There are more than 100,000 species ○ Cilia: cover the entire surface of the of mollusks cell or specific areas ○ Examples of mollusks are octopuses, oysters, snails, and squid Arthropods ○ Invertebrates that have a hard CILIA FLAGELLA outside covering called an the number of the number of exoskeleton cilia is flagella is ○ Insects, crustaceans, and arachnids comparatively comparatively are three of the largest arthropod more (typically less ( groups ranged in the thousands) Annelids ○ Soft, long-bodied with no legs, and Cilia are usually Flagella are flat or round bodies with a head and shorter in length comparatively a tail longer in length ○ There are at least 20,000 species of The beating The beating annelids pattern of cilia pattern of ○ Worms are examples of annelids is very flagella involves Cnidarians complicated - it circular, ○ Water invertebrates can move in a wave-like or ○ Come in a variety of shapes and sizes, wide range of propeller-like from the bell-shaped and mobile motions motion jellyfish to the tube-like structures of  coral and sea anemones which remain anchored to one spot Echinoderms ○ Invertebrates with radial symmetry that lives on the ocean floor ○ Include a diverse range of species such as starfish, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies PHYLUM PORIFERA SPONGES Sponges are unusual invertebrates that live in SPECIALIZED CELLS AND STRUCTURES water Collar cells (choanocytes) They can have different sizes, colors, and ○ Digest food particles and contain shapes flagella that move water current They do not even move around, but they stay through the sponges attached to an underwater rock or coral reef Osculum Sponges are the simplest, most ancient ○ Large hole in the top of the sponge animals that allows water to exit the central ○ Porifera means “pore bearers” cavity ○ Loose aggregation of specialized cells Spicule ○ Cells do not actually form tissues or ○ Thin, spiny structures that form the organs, but do serve similar functions, simple skeleton keeping the animals alive Amebocytes (archaeocytes) CHARACTERISTICS OF SPONGES ○ Cells that build spicules, digest food, Contain pores (holes) to get food and transport particles to cells Adults are sessile Porocytes Are filter feeders — move water containing ○ Control the amount of water that food in their pores and out of a large hole in enters pores into the spongocoel the top (an osculum) Spongin Body is asymmetrical and sac-like ○ Fibers of protein that make up softer Are multicellular sponges Are heterotrophic, have no cell walls and contain few specialized cells Have no mouth, gut, specialized tissues, or organs Have skeletons Reproduce sexually or asexually STRUCTURE OF SPONGES Sponges have a simple body form They depend on a current of water for everything, since they’re sessile Body forms a wall around a center cavity ○ Wall contains pores, to allow water flow into the center cavity  result of a skeleton made of Calcarea spicules ○ The development is aided by coeloblastula or amphiblastula, and the body may be arranged in an asconoid or conoid type fashion ○ Large cells in this are referred to as choanocytes ○ Once more, these choanocytes are divided into two orders depending on their structural characteristics ○ Examples are Scypha sp., Leucosolenia, Clathrina Class Hexactinellida MODE OF REPRODUCTION OF SPONGES ○ They are present in marine and in the Sexual reproduction deep sea ○ Eggs are stored inside the walls of ○ Their skeleton shows six-rayed female sponges siliceous spicules ○ Male sponges release sperm into the ○ The canal system is sycon and leucon water type ○ Sperm enter the female sponge ○ The body is cylindrical and has radial through the water current and her symmetry cells carry the sperm to the eggs to ○ They have some inorganic be fertilized (internal fertilization) components and finger-like channels ○ Some are hermaphrodites ○ Its form resembles that of a cup or vase ○ Examples are Euplectella aspergillum (Venus’ flower basket), Hyalonema sp. Class Demospongia ○ These porifera come in a variety of hues with pigment granules ○ They can be found from the surface of the ocean to its depths Asexual reproduction ○ The majority of species of this phylum ○ Either through budding or are in this group regeneration ○ The body will be either circular or ○ Gemmules - sphere shaped flattened, and the exoskeleton may or collections of amebocytes may not be visible surrounded by a tough layer of ○ Examples include Geodia neptuni spicules (leathery barrel sponge), Platina, ○ Can survive harsh conditions and Chalina sp (dead man’s finger)., later grow into new sponges Spongia sp. (bath sponge) CLASSES OF PHYLUM PORIFERA CRITERIA DELIMITING PHYLUM TO CLASSES Class calcarea Body structure ○ The type of porifera are tiny and live Symmetry in shallow water in marine forms Orientation ○ The cylindrical body shape of the Pigmentation animal, which is symmetrical, is the COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE OF SPONGES Water filtration Adds up on the life form under the sea Habitat of sea creatures PHYLUM CNIDARIA PHYLUM CNIDARIA The phylum name comes from cnidaria, the greek word for nettle, a plant that has stinging hairs MODES OF REPRODUCTION MEMBERS OF THE PHYLUM CNIDARIA Sexual reproduction Exhibit radial or biradial symmetry ○ Gametes are shed directly into the All aquatic (typically marine, but some water freshwater) Sessile, free-floating, or weak swimming Have a tissue-level organization Have a primitive nervous system Have stinging cells UNIQUE FEATURE OF CNIDARIANS They have stinging cells called cnidocytes Each cnidocyte cell has a long, coiled, tubular harpoon-like structure called a nematocyst ORGANIZATION Cnidarian bodies are organized around the gastrovascular cavity, where digestion takes place Two layers of cells: gastrodermis (lining of the digestive tract) and epidermis (outer layer) Mesoglea ○ A jelly substance in between the two layers ○ The mesoglea is mostly composed of water, but it may laso contain some proteins and cells ○ It serves a structural support, helping to maintain the shape of the Asexual reproduction organism ○ Usually by budding, some by fission LIFE CYCLE: POLYP AND MEDUSA Cnidarians generally alternate between sessile polyps and reproduce asexually and swimming medusaeand reproduce sexually  STINGING TENTACLES The tentacles of all cnidarians produce nematocysts, organelles that can discharge threads to entangle, penetrate, or poison prey The tentacles sre composed of cells called cnidocytes, which contain nematocysts In cnidarians, cnidocytes are specialized cells that contain nematocysts, which are tiny, harpoon-like structures capable of injecting toxins These nematocysts are used primarily for capturing and paralyzing prey by injecting venom, which Immoblizes or kills the prey, making it easier for the cnidarian to consume FEEDING AND DIGESTION Cnidarians prey on a variety of appropriate-sized prey RADIAL SYMMETRY Prey is normally drawn into the Hydra and other cnidarians are radially gastrovascular cavity by the tentacles symmetrical - able to asexually divide into Gland cells discharge enzymes onto the food identical pie-shapes segments, like a flower In cnidarians, digestion takes place in the pot gastrovascular cavity (also called the Cnidarians also feature tentacles with coelenteron), which is a central, hollow space stinging cells within the organism ○ The gastrovascular cavity has a single opening that serves as both the mouth and the anus ○ When a cnidarian captures prey with its tentacles, the food is brought into the gastrovascular cavity, where enzymes break it down for absorption FOUR IMPORTANT CNIDARIAN CLASSES Class Hydrozoa ○ Mostly marine  ○ Alteration of generation (polyp and Class Anthrozoa medusa stages) is usually exhibited ○ Polyps with a flowerlike appearance. ○ Includes hydroids, fire corals, and ○ No medusa stage Portugese man-of-war ○ All marine, found all over the world ○ Example: hydrozoan - hydra ○ Includes sea anemones, corals, sea fans, and sea whips ○ Example: corals (have backbones made of calcium carbonate’, anemones, sea anemones (filled with water) Class Scyphozoa ○ Dominant stage is the medusa ○ Polyp is absent or reduced ○ Cup-shaped umbrellas ○ Includes true jellyfish ○ Example: Scyphozoa - Aurelia labiata IMPORTANCE OF CORALS AND SEA ANEMONES TO MARINE ECOSYSTEMS Class Cubozoa Critical to the health of the ocean ○ Box jellyfishes, they have cubical Provides habitat to marine life umbrellas Helps filter toxins and contaminants out of the ○ Some may deliver fatal stings. ocean ○ Includes the box jelly, one of the 10 Produces oxygen most venomous organisms on earth Coral reefs act as buffer between land and erosion from waves and storms Support the fishing industry and the tourism industry PHYLUM MOLLUSCA PHYLUM MOLLUSCA Includes a variety of familiar animals well known for their decorative shells or as seafoods  Range from minute snails and clams to larger Many are slow moving (Cephalopods are the organisms such as squid, cuttlefish, and exception) octopus Reproductive system There are 112,000 species within the phylum ○ Most have separate sexes The scientific study of mollusks is called ○ Some snails are hermaphroditic malacology ○ Many marine species have The vast majority of mollusks live in marine trophophore larvae environments BODY PLAN OF PHYLUM MOLLUSCA Not all mollusks are marine: two groups, the Shell bivalves and the gastropods, also contain ○ Calcium carbonate shells revolved freshwater species early Only the gastropods have representatives ○ Adaptation to protect soft body from that live on land (snails and slugs) predation IMPORTANCE OF MOLLUSKS ○ Reduced surface area for gas 100,000 species exchange Some are filter feeders Gills Others are active predators ○ Large surface area Some are alternative parasitic hosts ○ Rich supply if blood Some cause considerable economic damage ○ Specialized for gas exchange to crops ○ Protected within mantle cavity - Others are valued by collect between mantle and visceral mass CHARACTERISTICS OF MOLLUSKS A mantle or mass of soft flesh that covers the soft body and encloses the internal organs In may species, the mantle produces a hard shell, but not all mollusks produce a shell Many mollusks have a radula, which, in most species, is a rasp-like scraping organ used in feeding SYSTEMATIC SUMMARY FOR THE PHYLUM MOLLUSCA Class Gastropoda ○ Snails, sea slugs Class Bivalvia ○ Pelecypoda: clams, mussels, scallops, oysters Class Cephalopoda ○ Squids, octopus, nautilus, cuttlefish Open circulatory system and typically Class Aplacophora includes a dorsal heart with one or two atria ○ Primitive, worm-like and one ventricle ○ Chaetoderma Complete digestive system, mouth with ○ Neomenia radula (rasping organ) feeding organ; anus opening in mantle cavity Respiration by means of their ctenidia (gills) Excretion by kidneys (nephridia) Nervous system - the central nervous system in mollusks is primarily composed of three pairs of ganglia: pedal, cerebral, plural  Class Polyplacophora PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA Class Scaphopoda Class Caudofoveata CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA ○ Chaetoderma canadense Adults exhibit pentamerous radial symmetry Radially symmetry is secondary; larvae are bilaterally symmetrical and undergo metamorphosis to become radially symmetrical adults Class Monoplacophora ○ Have a single cap-like shell, so they superficially resemble limpets Poorly ganglionated; possess few sensory structures Body wall contains an endoskeleton of calcareous plates - ossicles  Possess a network of canals throughout the ○ Lack arms body - water vascular system ○ Body is enclosed in a shell or test The canals are connected to extensions ○ Body surface is usually covered with called tube feet (podia), located on the oral moveable spines surface ○ Example: Strongylocentrotus The water vascular system is important for purpuratus or pacific purple sea locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange urchin Sexes are separate, gametes shed into the water; fertilization is external Class Holothuroidea ○ Lack arms (sea cucumbers) ○ Oral-aboral axis is greatly extended ○ Endoskeleton is reduced to a few ossicles scattered over the surface of the animal making them rather soft bodied ○ Some species crawl along the substrate using podia; others have peristaltic locomotion via muscle contractions ○ Example: Stichopus regalis or royal cucumber CLASSES OF PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA Class Asteroidea ○ Typically have 5 arms which merge with a central disc ○ Mouth is located in the center of oral surface which is directed downward ○ Example: Linckia laevigata or blue sea star Class Echinoidea  Class Crinoidea ○ Crinoids ○ Most primitive of the echinoderms ○ Unusual in that oral face is directed upward ○ Aboral surface is attached to the substrate by means of a bendable stalk ○ The portion of the crinoid body attached to the stalk is called the crown; bears a number if arms ○ Along the length of arms are branches called pinnules ○ The arms and the pinnules have ambulacral grooves with sucker less podia (secrete mucus) ○ The ambulacral grooves are heavily ciliates and the cilia is used to direct food to the mouth (filter feeding) ○ Example: Comasteridae