Physical and Chemical Properties PDF

Cagayan State University Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education “Have you ever wondered why ice melts, why metals rust, or why a perfume’s scent fills the air so quickly? These everyday phenomena are connected to we called properties of matt...

Cagayan State University Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education “Have you ever wondered why ice melts, why metals rust, or why a perfume’s scent fills the air so quickly? These everyday phenomena are connected to we called properties of matter. But what exactly are these properties, and why should we care?” In this module, we will take you on an exciting journey to explore the fascinating world of matter and its properties, delving into the characteristics that make substances unique to one another. From the way they look, feel, and smell (physical properties) to how they react with other substances (chemical properties), understanding these aspects will unlock a deeper comprehension of the world around us. Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: a.) Differentiate physical properties from chemical properties. b.) Categorize whether a property is intensive of extensive. c.) Identify the different physical and chemical properties of matter.  Cagayan State University Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education Activity 1: Venn time! Drag the corresponding letter from the word bank into the appropriate location on the Venn diagram. A. are properties that E. Examples include mass, I. Do not have a can be measured without density, color, volume, etc direct relationship to changing the chemical the chemical bonds of composition of matter a substance B. Examples include F. are properties that can J. Do not depend on reactivity of chemicals, be measured by changing the amount of the oxidation state, the chemical composition substance coordination number, etc. of a substance C. Can be measured G. It provides information K. May or may not without changing the about a substance. depend on the identity of a substance amount of the substance D. Measured by H. Have a direct changing the identity of a relationship to substance chemical bondsM. be used to identify and classify substances. Physical properties Chemical Properties  Cagayan State University Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education Activity 2: Analyze and Classify describing changes in matter. Read each scenario carefully Below are scenarios and Identify at least two intensive properties and two extensive properties for each scenarios. Scenario 1: A metal rod is heated, causing its length to increase, but its color remains the same. As the rod is heated, you notice that it becomes easier to bend, yet its density does not change. Extensive properties: Intrusive properties 1. 1. 2. 2. Scenario 2: You have a small glass of water and a large glass of water. Both glasses contain water at the same temperature of 25°C. The small glass holds 200 mL of water, while the large glass holds 800 mL of water. Despite the different amounts of water, both samples feel cool to the touch, and the taste remains the same. Extrusive properties: Intrusive properties: 1. 1. 2. 2. Scenario 3: You have two identical blocks of wood. One block is painted red, and the other is painted blue. Both blocks are placed in a room at a constant temperature of 20°C. The red block is larger and weighs more than the blue block. You notice that both blocks feel the same temperature to the touch, and they both have the same texture. Extrusive properties: Intrusive properties: 1. 1. 2. 2. Scenario 4: A freshly cut apple is placed on the kitchen counter. Its bright pale color is vibrant, and when you cut it open, you can see the juicy, flesh inside. After some time, the apple starts to dry out, losing moisture and shrinking in size. Extrusive properties: Intrusive properties: 1. 1. 2. 2.  Cagayan State University Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education Activity 3: Cracking the Code of Matter: The Physical and Chemical Properties Instruction: Read each riddle carefully and examine the corresponding picture. Decide which property of matter the riddle describes. Choose from the following options: Solubility, Hardness, Viscosity, Volume, Temperature, Ductility Malleability, Flammability, Reactivity, Stability, Base, Acidity, Corrosion, Oxidation or pH. Write your answer on the space provided. 1. I am the process of a substance combining with oxygen. What am I? PICTURE: Rust forming on iron when exposed to moisture and air. ANSWER:___________ 2. I am the resistance of a solid to scratching or indentation. What am I? PICTURE: A hammer hitting a diamond ANSWER:_____________ 3. I am the ability of a substance to dissolve in another substance. What am I? PICTURE: Sugar dissolving in water. ANSWER:_______________ 4. I am the ability of a substance to burn in the presence of oxygen. What am I? PICTURE: Wood burning in a fire.  Cagayan State University Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education ANSWER:_____________ 5.I am the tendency of a substance to undergo chemical reactions. What am I? PICTURE: Sodium reacting violently with water. ANSWER:____________ 6.I am a measure of how much space something takes up. What am I? PICTURE: Water filling up a glass. ANSWER:_______________ 7. I am the gradual destruction of a material by chemical reactions with its environment. What am I? PICTURE: A metal object corroding from exposure to saltwater. ANSWER:_________________  Cagayan State University Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education 8. I have no voice, but I can tell you if something is hot or cold. What am I? PICTURE: The sun heating up the sand at the beach. ANSWER:___________ 9. I am the resistance of a fluid to flow. What am I? PICTURE: Honey dripping off a spoon. ANSWER:____________ 10. I am the ability of a substance to donate hydrogen ions (H+) in solution. What am I? PICTURE: A sliced lemon dripping juice. ANSWER:___________  Cagayan State University Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education The different types of matter can be distinguished through two components: composition and properties. The composition of matter refers to the different components of matter along with their relative proportions. The properties of matter refer to the qualities/attributes that distinguish one sample of matter from another. These properties are generally grouped into two categories: physical or chemical. Figure 1 : Organizational breakdown of chemical and physical properties of matter. Physical properties These are the characteristics that can be observed without changing the substance into another substance. Melting point, boiling point, odor, color, taste, solubility, density, hardness, softness, volatility, ductility, malleability, viscosity, physical state, heat conductivity, and electrical conductivity are all physical properties. For example, to determine the melting point of ice, we must change the ice to water. In this process, the appearance change, but there is no change in composition. Water has a boiling point of 100°C at sea level where pressure is one atmospheric pressure. It is a clear, colorless liquid and with a density of about 1 g/mL. Pure liquid water does not conduct electricity and is not a great conductor of heat. A tablespoon of brown sugar crystals are sweet. When dissolved in a small glass of water, the tasteless colorless water becomes sweet and light brown liquid. In this example, the physical properties of sugar, sweetness and brown color, are still observed even when dissolved in the water. In another example, naphthalene balls placed inside a cabinet disappear into the air as a gas after some time. Cagayan State University Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education Different Physical properties Melting The point melting point is the temperature at which a substance transitions from a solid to a liquid state. At this temperature, the molecules gain enough energy to overcome the forces holding them in a fixed, rigid structure. Boiling point The boiling point is the temperature at which a substance transitions from a liquid to a gaseous state. At this temperature, the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the surrounding atmospheric pressure, allowing bubbles of vapor to form within the liquid. Odo r refers to the smell of a substance. Odor It arises from volatile molecules that evaporate and reach the olfactory receptors in our nose. Colo r is a visual property that describes Color how a substance interacts with light. It depends on the wavelengths of light that the substance absorbs and reflects. Solubilit y Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent. It refers to the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature. Example: Sugar is highly soluble in water, while sand is practically insoluble. Cagayan State University Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education Densit y Density is a measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume. It is calculated by dividing the mass of a substance by its volume. Example: Iron has a higher density than water, which is why it sinks. Hardne ss Hardness is a measure of a substance's resistance to scratching or indentation. It is determined by comparing the substance's ability to scratch or be scratched by other materials. Volatilit y Volatility refers to the tendency of a substance to vaporize or evaporate at a given temperature. Highly volatile substances evaporate readily, while less volatile substances evaporate slowly. Ductilit y Ductility is the ability of a substance to be drawn into a wire without breaking. This property is characteristic of many metals. Malleabili ty Malleability is the ability of a substance to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets without breaking. Like ductility, this property is common in metals.  Cagayan State University Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education Viscosit y Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. A highly viscous fluid flows slowly, while a low-viscosity fluid flows easily. Example: Honey has a higher viscosity than water, meaning it flows more slowly. Heat conductivity Heat conductivity is a measure of a substance's ability to transfer heat energy. Good heat conductors transfer heat quickly, while poor heat conductors transfer heat slowly. Example: Metals are good heat conductors, which is why a metal spoon heats up quickly in hot soup. Electrical Conductivity Electrical conductivity is a measure of a substance's ability to conduct electricity. Good electrical conductors allow electricity to flow easily, while poor electrical conductors resist the flow of electricity. Chemical properties Chemical properties are characteristics that can only be measured or observed as matter transforms into a particular type of matter. Reactivity, flammability, and the ability to rust are among them. The tendency of matter to react chemically with other substances is known as reactivity. Flammability, toxicity, acidity, the reactivity of various types, and heat of combustion are examples of chemical properties. Chemical properties are extremely helpful when it comes to distinguishing compounds. Chemical properties, on the other hand, can only be detected when a material is in the process of being changed into another substance.  Cagayan State University Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education Different Chemical properties Flammabili ty Flammability refers to a substance's ability to catch fire and burn. It's a measure of how easily a substance ignites and how quickly it burns. Highly flammable substances like gasoline ignite easily and burn rapidly, while substances like water are non- Toxicit flammable.. y Toxicity refers to the degree to which a substance can harm a living organism. It's a measure of the potential for a substance to cause adverse effects, ranging from mild irritation to death. Acidit y is a measure of the concentration Acidity of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. Acids have a high concentration of H+ ions, while bases have a low concentration. The pH scale is used to measure acidity, with lower pH values indicating higher acidity. Intensive property Vs. Intensive property Intensive and extensive properties are characteristics used to describe the physical properties of substances in the fields of physics and chemistry. The terms intensive and extensive were first described by physicist Richard C. Tolman in 1917. Some properties of matter depend on the size of the sample, while some do not. An extensive property is a property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample. The mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter that an object contains. A small sample of a certain type of matter will have a small mass, while a larger sample will have a greater mass. Another extensive property is volume. The volume of an object is a measure of the space that is occupied by that object.  Cagayan State University Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education The figure below illustrates the extensive property of volume. The pitcher and glass both contain milk. The pitcher holds approximately two quarts and the glass will hold about 8 ounces of milk. The same milk is in each container. The only difference is the amount of milk contained in the glass and in the pitcher The electrical conductivity of a substance is a property that depends only on the type of substance. Silver, gold, and copper are excellent conductors of electricity, while glass and plastic are poor conductors. A larger or smaller piece of glass will not change this property. An intensive property is a property of matter that depends only on the type of matter in a sample and not on the amount. Other intensive properties include color, temperature, density, and solubility. The copper wire shown in the picture below has a certain electrical conductivity. You could cut off the small end that sticks out, and it would have the same conductivity as the entire long roll of wire shown here. The conductivity is a property of the copper metal itself, not of the length of the wire.  Cagayan State University Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education In summary, understanding the difference between intensive and extensive properties is crucial for studying matter in chemistry and related fields. Intensive properties are like the "fingerprint" of a substance. They tell us what the substance is, regardless of how much we have. Think of color, melting point, or density. These properties stay the same whether you have a tiny bit or a large amount. Extensive properties, on the other hand, depend on how much of the substance you have. They tell us how much of the substance there is. Examples include mass, volume, and length.