CGC1DA Exam Review 2025 - Lynch PDF

Unit 1: What is Geography? The difference of human vs. physical geography: - Physical Geography (natural) - Human Geography (people and things related to them) GPS vs. GIS GPS – Global Positioning System -A network of satellites that link to receiving devices that determine locations on the Eart...

Unit 1: What is Geography? The difference of human vs. physical geography: - Physical Geography (natural) - Human Geography (people and things related to them) GPS vs. GIS GPS – Global Positioning System -A network of satellites that link to receiving devices that determine locations on the Earth. -There are 24 satellites that circle the Earth making full rotations around the Earth in 12 hours. -A GPS receiver determines its own location based on the length of time for a signal to arrive at its location from at least four satellites. GIS - Geographic Information System -A system that captures, stores, checks and displays data related to positions on Earth’s surface -Creates digital maps that help provide an understanding of spatial patterns and relationships -Layers can be added or removed in order to change the purpose of the map and to change variables and help see patterns -When these layers are drawn on top of one another trends and relationships emerge Used for: Support for decision-making based on spatial data: - Visual representation of data - Maintenance, manipulation of data - Analyze information and the affected area(s) geographically Steps of Geographic Inquiry Model: 1. Ask geographic questions 2. Acquire geographic resources 3. Explore geographic data 4. Analyze geographic information 5. Act upon geographic knowledge Unit 2: The interaction between physical & human Eras- Transition from Mesozoic to Cenozoic: At the end of the mesozoic era a meteor hit earth and destroyed 70% of earth's species, one being dinosaurs, that made way for the next era. Layers of the earth: The Crust: Made up of solid rock and varies in thickness. The Mantle: Is a thick layer of molten rock (called magma) The Core: made up of an outer liquid layer and a solid centre. Continental drift: Created by Alfred Wegener in 1912, he had 4 pieces of evidence. 1.​ The apparent fit of the continents- they look like a puzzle 2.​ Fossils- there were fossils of the same plants and animals found across oceans, as if they were once joined. 3.​ Mountains- mountains of the same age and made from the same materials are found across oceans as if they were once big mountain ranges. Ex. the Appalachians in eastern us and canada and the caledonia mountains in europe and northern british isles. 4.​ Paleoclimate data- there was once an ice sheet covering south africa, india, australia, and south america, suggesting they were all connected. Also evidence of tropical plants once living in cold places and glacier evidence in tropical places, suggesting they once were in different places around the globe. Name vegetation regions: Did Mom Buy Grapes Cantaloupe Watermelon Too 7 landform regions: LANDFORMS : map of landforms Key terms Cordillera- Mountains or mountainous Glaciations- This has left the shield region with little to no soil and covered in rounded bedrock, caused by large continental ice sheets during the last ice age. Lowlands- Areas of flat rolling hills that form the drainage basins of our large watershed systems. Plains- Large flat areas of land that generally have good, natural soils. Generally referred to in Canada as prairies. Factors that affect climate-LOWERN: Six major factors that affect climate: 1.Latitude: As we get further from the equator, the temperature will get colder. Thus, the further north we go, the colder it is. The same amount of energy that hits Earth at a more northerly location is spread over a larger area because of Earth's curvature. 2.Ocean currents: The temperature of an ocean current affects the temperature of the air that passes over it. The temperature of an ocean current in comparison to the surrounding water determines whether it is a cold or warm current. 3.Winds and air masses: There are four air masses that influence the climate and weather in Canada: -Polar from the north – cold -Maritime from the water – moist -Continental from the land – dry -Tropical from the south – warm ​ Most of our winds come from the west and are called the "Westerlies". ​ The Westerlies are controlled by the jet stream (a current of fast-moving air high in the atmosphere). ​ North of the jet stream it is colder than south of it. 4.Elevation (Altitude): The higher the elevation, the lower the temperature because as the air rises, it expands due to the lower air pressure. As the air expands, it cools. -This change is called the lapse rate. (-1 degree is lost every 100m climbed in elevation) 5.Relief: Relief is the change of elevation and it can cause precipitation. When air is cooled, it eventually reaches a temperature at which it is full with water vapour, and is holding as much water as it possibly can at that temperature and air pressure.This is called the dewpoint. -Further cooling leads to condensation on the windward side leaving and rain shadow on the leeward side of the mountain that is left dry due to relief (The windward side of the mountain is wetter and the leeward side is drier) 6.Near Water: Large bodies of water heat up and cool down more slowly than land masses. This is called the moderating effect. Therefore, climates around bodies of water are moderate and those away from water are more likely to have extreme changes in climate from season to season. The level or precipitation is relatively high near maritime climate zones. Weather vs. climate: Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions while climate is the weather of a specific region averaged over a long period of time. Natural disasters-recognize description: Earthquakes: plate movement that causes a tremor on the crust of the earth. Volcanoes: plate movement that causes an explosion Hurricanes: wind and air that transforms into energy from thunderstorms Tornadoes:updrafts create the circular motion of wind and a tornado is formed Floods: water processes and/or plate tectonics that create an excess amount of water causing it to spill over. Glaciers-know what a Moraine is: -A glacier is a large section of ice and snow that moves across the land shaping and changing it. It will not melt completely in warm months. How is it made? -Layers of snow and ice piled up over time pressed together by the weight of the layers on top of each other. This turns into firn the stage between snowflakes and ice further compacting into glacial ice. How do glaciers move? -Pressure underneath glacier + gravity = moving glacier What’s a moraine? -Moraines are formed when glaciers deposit (leave behind) rocks and sediments. This material is usually soil and rock. Just as rivers carry along all sorts of debris and silt that eventually builds up to form deltas, glaciers transport all sorts of dirt and boulders that build up to form moraines. Unit 3: Canada’s role in the global economy Developed, Newly Industrialized, Developing countries: Developing countries: are agrarian (or at least not industrialized), have lower standards of living, and have a very weak economy with slow or nonexistent growth. Newly industrialized: is one whose economic development is between developing and highly developed classifications. Developed countries: are industrialized, have high standards of living, and have strong economic growth. Core, Semi, Periphery countries: Core countries: are wealthy, militarily strong, and hold significant social power and colonial power. Peripheral countries: are poor, have exploitable resources, and do not possess great social stability or government. Semi-peripheral: countries have some of the characteristics of core and peripheral countries. Types of industry: Primary sector of the economy (the raw materials industry) Secondary sector of the economy (manufacturing and construction) Tertiary sector of the economy (the "service industry") Quaternary sector of the economy (information services) Quinary sector of the economy (government services) Trade agreement that replaced NAFTA: USMCA replaced the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Congress approved implementing legislation for USMCA in December 2019. It is the largest free trade region in the world, generating economic growth and helping to raise the standard of living for the people of all three member countries. Comparative advantage: The ability of an individual or group to carry out a particular economic activity (such as making a specific product) more efficiently than another activity. Opportunity cost: opportunity cost is the potential benefits that are missed out on when choosing one alternative over another. The value of what you lose when you choose from two or more alternatives. Tariffs: Tariffs are taxes imposed by one country on goods and services imported from another country. They serve various purposes, including: -​ Influencing trade and protecting domestic industries -​ Raising government revenue -​ Elevating the cost of imported products to match or exceed local market prices Renewable vs. Non-renewable energy: A renewable energy source is a resource we can access infinitely; it's one that constantly replenishes itself without human involvement. Renewable energy sources come from natural elements such as wind, water, the sun and even plant matter. Nonrenewable energy sources, on the other hand, are only available in fixed amounts. In most cases, this refers to fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil, and coal. Once burned, they are gone forever. Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory: -​ Developed countries occupy inner core area whereas developing countries occupy peripheral locations -​ Developing countries have LESS access to the world centre of consumption, communications, wealth and power which are clustered in the core. Lewis Structural Change model: The Lewis model, developed in the 1970s, divides the workforce into two sectors: agriculture (sector A) and manufacturing (sector M). It suggests that economic development occurs as the M sector grows relative to A through capital accumulation, which boosts productivity and allows more workers to move from A to M. This process leads to a declining agricultural sector and expanding manufacturing sector. Key assumptions include surplus labor in agriculture, allowing wages to remain stable while the M sector grows. The model highlights the role of capital in modernizing the economy and the agricultural sector’s provision of labor. A real-world example is China's rural-to-urban migration from 1980-2005, where millions moved to factory jobs, keeping wages low until the surplus labor was exhausted. Potential issues with the model include: -​ Migration leading to low-wage, high-risk informal labor. -​ The agricultural sector may not always have surplus labor, leading to food production issues if workers are pulled into manufacturing. -​ The model may overemphasize the M sector, overlooking the importance of agricultural productivity in overall development. Rostow’s Trade theory: Rostow’s Trade Theory, also known as the stages of economic growth through trade, builds on his stages of economic development but focuses on how international trade contributes to a country's economic growth. The theory suggests that as countries progress through the stages of development, they increasingly engage in global trade, which helps drive further economic growth. 1.​ Traditional Society: Economies are isolated with little or no involvement in international trade. They rely on subsistence agriculture and limited production.​ 2.​ Preconditions for Take-off: As infrastructure and capital accumulate, countries begin to engage in limited trade. This can include exporting raw materials or basic goods.​ 3.​ Take-off: Industrialization begins, leading to an expansion of exports, especially in manufactured goods. This stage involves rapid growth in both domestic production and trade.​ 4.​ Drive to Maturity: As industries diversify and become more technologically advanced, the country becomes more integrated into global markets, importing and exporting a broader range of products.​ 5.​ Age of High Mass Consumption: The economy becomes highly export-oriented, with a strong service sector and global trade playing a significant role in sustaining economic growth.​ Overall, Rostow’s Trade Theory emphasizes that international trade is a key driver of development, particularly as countries move from traditional agriculture-based economies to modern, industrialized economies.  Unit 4: Canada’s Population Demography and associated calculations: 𝐵𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 ÷ 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 1000​ 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 ÷ 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 1000 𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝐵𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝑏) − 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝑑) = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 (𝑟) 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑀𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐼𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 − 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑀𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ( 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 + 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ) 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑡ℎ 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = ⎡ ⎤×100% ⎣ 1000 ⎦ Demographic transition model: Demographic- Transition model (4 Stages) Stage 1: high birth rate and high death rate -​ Not stable -​ No country is currently in stage 1 -​ graph: Stage 2: falling death rates -​ a bit better living conditions and life expectancy -​ Yemen and palestine are currently in this stage -​ graph: Stage 3: birth rates begin to fall -​ Good life expectancy -​ Western europe is mostly in this stage -​ graph: Stage 4: low birth rate and death rate -​ High life expectancy -​ Canada is in this stage  -​ graph Population Pyramids; A population pyramid is a graphical representation that shows the distribution of a population by age and sex. It typically displays the percentage or number of males and females in different age groups, with the age groups on the vertical axis and the population size on the horizontal axis. The shape of the pyramid can provide insights into a country's demographic structure, such as birth rates, death rates, and life expectancy, and can indicate trends like population growth, aging, or decline. Ecumene: People avoid living in areas that are: -​ Too hot -​ Too cold -​ Too dry -​ Too wet -​ Too high -​ Too rough so they instead live in concentrated areas that are not including of the Migration: push and pull factors, immigration, emigration, refugees, Intervening obstacles: Immigration point system: 1.Educated 2.Bilingual 3.Work Experience 4.Age 5.Arranged Employment 6.Immigrant or Spouse has studied, worked or has family in Canada Immigration refers to the movement of people into a country or region from another, typically for reasons such as better economic opportunities, safety, or family reunification. Emigration, on the other hand, refers to the movement of people out of a country or region to settle in another. In short, immigration is entering a new country, while emigration is leaving one's home country. The 3 major push or pull factors are:: 1.​ Economic 2.​ Cultural 3.​ Environmental -​ Most people move from rural to urban areas and from developing to developed countries. -​ Migration: the permanent change of residence by an individual or group -​ Immigration: the action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country -​ Emigration: the act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another; moving abroad Ravenstein’s Laws: Ravenstein's proposals during 1834 to 1913. The laws are as follows:  -​ Most migrants only go a short distance at one time. -​ Long distance migrations are for those who come from large cities. -​ Most migration is from rural areas to urban areas. -​ Most international migrants consist of young males between the ages of 20 and 45. -​ Most migrations proceed in step-by-step processes. -​ Females remain more migratory than the males within their country. -​ Migration increases in volume as industries develop and transportation improves. -​ Major causes of migration are for economic reasons. Refugees of canada: ​ Refugees are people who are residing outside of their countries who are not able to return due to persecution on return. ​ Refugees must first apply and be accepted through the united nations and can then carry on with the refugee process ​ Canada is doing their best to help refugees even when it means sidestepping the needs of Canadians ( resulting in homelessness) so I personally think that while it's great that Canada is helping we might want to start focusing more on our own problems rather than the world's problems. Overall no, I don't think Canada needs to help out more but that they should continue to help refugees and Canadians in the same capacity Unit 5: Urban Places Urban sprawl: The transition between a cities urban and rural areas resembling a ripple from a rock thrown into water Urban Land use (6 major): 1)​ Residential (housing) 2)​ Transportation (roads and railroads) 3)​ Institutional and public buildings (factories) 4)​ Open and recreational space (parks and conservations) 5)​ Industrial (schools and government buildings) 6)​ Commercial (malls and shops) Sustainability: Sustainability refers to the ability to maintain or support processes, systems, or activities over the long term without depleting resources or causing harm to the environment, society, or economy. ex. windmills, solar power and water power. Livability: Livability refers to the qualities of a place that make it a desirable and comfortable place to live. It encompasses factors such as safety, affordable housing, access to healthcare, quality education, clean air and water, green spaces, transportation options, and overall well-being. Livability reflects how well a location supports the quality of life for its residents. ex. if your house is near a garbage dump your house is not in a very livable neighborhood. Bid-Rent theory: The value of land is influenced by its relationship to the market. This summarizes to: the amount of money a person is willing to pay is based on the amount of amenities it comes with. ex. a family will want a school nearby, a manufacturer will want proper access to electricity Mega City: a very large city, typically one with a population of over ten million people. ex. Beijing Big Concepts and Ideas: Careers in Geography- women’s role and how it has changed over time: Over time, women’s roles in geography-related careers have evolved significantly. Historically, geography was seen as a male-dominated field, with limited opportunities for women in academia, research, and professional practice. However, as societal norms shifted and gender equality progressed, women began to make substantial contributions to the discipline. Today, women actively participate in various geographic careers, including urban planning, environmental consulting, geographic information systems (GIS), and academia. They have become key players in addressing global challenges such as climate change, urbanization, and sustainability. While gender disparities still exist in some areas, the increasing presence of women in leadership roles and the growing support for diversity within the field reflect the significant progress made in creating more inclusive opportunities in geography. Environmental Conservation and Sustainable practices: Environmental conservation and sustainable practices focus on protecting natural resources and ecosystems while promoting responsible use to ensure their availability for future generations. Environmental conservation involves efforts to preserve biodiversity, reduce pollution, and protect natural habitats, aiming to maintain the health and balance of the planet’s ecosystems. Sustainable practices, on the other hand, encourage the use of resources in ways that meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This includes practices such as using renewable energy, reducing waste, promoting sustainable agriculture, and conserving water. Together, these efforts aim to minimize human impact on the environment, promote ecological balance, and create a more sustainable and resilient world. Canada’s response to growing population: Canada’s response to its growing population has been shaped by a combination of policies aimed at managing urbanization, immigration, and resource distribution. As the population increases, especially in major cities, there is a focus on sustainable urban development, improving infrastructure, and expanding housing to accommodate the rising demand. Canada has also welcomed immigration as a key driver of population growth, implementing policies that attract skilled workers to address labor shortages and support economic growth. Additionally, the government has prioritized environmental sustainability and climate action to ensure that the country can manage population growth without compromising the health of its natural resources. Efforts to improve healthcare, education, and social services also play a role in supporting the growing and diverse population, ensuring that communities remain resilient and inclusive. Developing vs. Developed countries: The distinction between developing and developed countries lies in their level of economic growth, industrialization, and standard of living. Developed countries, also known as industrialized nations, have high levels of income, advanced technological infrastructure, well-established healthcare and education systems, and stable economies. Examples include the United States, Japan, and most European countries. In contrast, developing countries are still in the process of industrialization and often face challenges such as lower income levels, limited access to healthcare and education, and reliance on agriculture or resource-based economies. These countries, such as many in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, work toward improving infrastructure, reducing poverty, and increasing industrial output to raise their standard of living. While both types of countries are interconnected in the global economy, developed nations often provide aid, trade, and technological support to help developing nations advance. Population pyramids- stages of growth: Population pyramids are graphical representations that show the age and sex distribution of a population, offering insights into the stages of growth within a country or region. The pyramid typically has age groups on the vertical axis and population size on the horizontal axis, with the male population on one side and the female population on the other. The shape of the pyramid reveals different sta ges of demographic development. In stage 1, common in pre-industrial societies, the pyramid has a wide base due to high birth rates and a narrow top due to high mortality rates, indicating a young and rapidly growing population. In stage 2, seen in many developing countries, birth rates remain high, but death rates begin to fall, leading to rapid population growth and a wider base. Stage 3 represents more developed countries, where birth rates start to decline as access to healthcare and education improves, leading to a more even distribution across age groups. Stage 4 shows stable populations with low birth and death rates, common in highly developed nations, leading to a more rectangular pyramid shape. Finally, in stage 5, typically seen in aging populations, birth rates drop below death rates, leading to a shrinking or aging population, reflected by a narrower base and wider top in the pyramid. These stages help demographers understand the growth patterns, economic development, and social challenges a country may face. Immigration: Immigration refers to the movement of people from one country or region to another with the intent of settling there permanently or for a long period. It is often driven by factors such as the search for better economic opportunities, escaping political instability or conflict, pursuing educational goals, or reuniting with family members. Immigration can have significant social, cultural, and economic impacts on both the individuals migrating and the countries receiving them. Host countries often benefit from the skills, labor, and diversity immigrants bring, while immigrants may gain access to improved living conditions, job opportunities, and safety. However, immigration also presents challenges, such as the integration of newcomers into society, the provision of services, and addressing issues of identity and immigration policies. Overall, immigration plays a crucial role in shaping the demographic, cultural, and economic landscapes of countries around the world.