Copy of 9_sem-Epidemiology-Ope PDF Past Paper

A correct B C D E answer S.no Question Option1 Option2 Option3 Option4 Option5 1 Identify Type of prevention: Secondary Primary Tertiary...

A correct S.no Question 1 Identify Type of prevention: Prostate Cancer Screening 2 Identify Type of prevention: therapy and associated medical therapy, following a stroke 3 Identify Type of prevention: Measles vaccination 4 Identify Type of prevention: cancer and cervical cancer in women 5 For the following risk factor and health outcomes, identify whether it is necessary cause or sufficient cause: Skin contact with an open fire / Burn 6 For the following risk factor and health outcomes, identify whether it is necessary cause or sufficient cause: Measles virus / Measles 7 For the following risk factor and health outcomes, identify whether it is necessary cause or sufficient cause: Vibrio cholerae/ Cholera 8 For the following risk factor and health outcomes, identify is necessary cause or sufficient cause: Smoking / Lung cancer 9 Identify following situation by D letters A, B, C, D, or of diagnosis (Look at the Att #1) 10 Identify following situation by A letters A, B, C, D, or E: Exposure (Look at the Att #1) 11 Identify following situation by B letters A, B, C, D, or that was established during the screening program Natural History of Disease Timeline: (Look at the Att # 1) 12 Identify following situation by letters A, B, C, D, or E: Time of primary prevention (Look at the Att #1) Natural History of Disease Timeline: 13 Match the term to the activity that best describes it: compare frequency of brain cancer among anatomists with frequency in general population 14 Match the term to the activity that best describes it: mark on a map the residences of all children born with birth defects within 2 miles of a hazardous waste site 15 Match the term to the activity that best describes it: graph the number of cases of congenital syphilis by year for the country 16 Match the term to the activity that best describes it: recommend that close contacts of a child recently reported with meningococcal meningitis receive antibiotics 17 For each of the fractions shown below, indicate whether it is a ratio, a proportion, a rate, or none of the three: number of women in State A who died from heart disease in 2004 estimated number of women living in State A on July 1, 2004 18 For each of the fractions shown below, indicate whether it is a ratio, a proportion, a rate, or none of the three: number of women in State A who died from heart disease in 2004 / estimated number of women living in State A on July 1, 2004 19 For each of the fractions shown below, indicate whether it is a ratio, a proportion, a rate, or none of the three: number of women in State A who died from lung cancer in 2004 / number of women in State A who died from cancer (all types) in 2004 20 For each of the fractions shown below, indicate whether it is a ratio, a proportion, a rate, or none of the three: number of people in Region A who died from rabies in 2022 number of people in Region A who died in 2022 21 Calculate cumulative incidence from 3 Oct 1 to Apr 1 (Look at the Att #1) 22 Calculate Attack rate from Oct 1 to 4 Sept 30 (Look at the Att #1) 23 Calculate point prevalence Oct 1 6 (Look at the Att #1) 24 Calculate point prevalence Apr 1 7 (Look at the Att #1) 25 In the country A, as a result of the provision of effective diabetes treatment, an increase in the life expectancy of patients was noted. What epidemiological characteristics can this affect? 26 Calculate the relative risk for a population in which incidence of disease among exposed is 100 and non-exposed is 25 27 In a survey of 1,150 women who gave birth in Maine in 2000, a total of 468 reported taking a multivitamin at least 4 times a week during the month before becoming pregnant. Calculate the prevalence of frequent multivitamin use in this group 28 In 2001, 450 new cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were reported in the United States. The estimated mid-year population of the U.S. in 2001 was approximately 10000. Calculate the incidence rate of AIDS in 2001 29 In 2001, 200 new cases of С were reported in the United States. The estimated mid-year population of the U.S. in 2001 was approximately 1000000. Calculate the incidence rate of hepatitis С in 2001 30 In the study of atherosclerosis, of the 259 diabetic men died during 100 the 15-year follow-up period. Calculate the risk of death men. 31 A city has a population of these, 5,000 have disease Y, which is incurable. There are 100 new cases and 40 deaths each year from this disease. There are 1500 deaths per year from all causes. The incidence of this disease 32 A city has a population of these, 5000 have disease Y, which is incurable. There are 100 new cases and 40 deaths each year from this disease. There are 1500 deaths per year from all causes. The prevalence of this disease is given by 33 In the definition of epidemiology, “distribution” refers to: 34 In the definition of epidemiology, “determinants” generally includes: 35 Epidemiologic triad consists of all of the following except: 36 Health surveillance is: data 37 The term "iceberg phenomenon" epidemiology means: true 38 When analyzing surveillance data by age, which of the following age groups is preferred? (Choose one best answer) 39 Information is presented correctly: 40 In the city of N. the total annual prevalence rate of long-term disease X in 1991, was 105.6 per 100 thousand population and in 1998 decreased to 70.4. The reasons for the low prevalence (choose all except one): 41 There were no new cases of Ebola Incidence virus in the United States from January 1, 1997 through January 1, 1998. Which of the following epidemiologic terms does this statement describe? 42 Which term best describes the pattern of occurrence of the disease noted below in a single area: In May, 8,000 cases of Smallpox were confirmed in the city of «N». A month later, about 100,000 cases of Smallpox in five countries. 43 If the prevalence of a disease has been more or less constant for the past ten years (i.e., new cases have been balanced by cures or deaths of prevalent cases), what would be the effect of a new program that reduces the incidence of the disease? 44 If the prevalence of a disease has been more or less constant for the past ten years (i.e., new cases have been balanced by cures or deaths of prevalent cases), what would be the effect if a large number of healthy people immigrated into the population? 45 Dengue fever is indigenous to certain regions of Africa, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. Mosquitoes in these areas carry dengue fever and transmit it from person to person.Use the following choices for Questions: 46 In 2019 there was an outbreak of dengue fever in Hawaii, where the disease is not endemic. It’s an infected person visited the Big Island and was bitten by mosquitoes there. The insects then transferred the disease to other individuals bit, which created what type of disease occurrence? 47 According to the World Health Organization, when cases of a disease are in excess of what we would normally expect to see. 48 By WHO definition “the occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, health-related behaviour, or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy”. 49 Flu that spreading from person to D person among students in MSI in December ( Look at the att #1) 50 Match the epi curve with the outbreak description. Meat that was infected by E.Coli had been sold for a week in supermarket ( Look at the att #1) 51 Match the epi curve with the A outbreak description. Dishwasher who work in restaurant one day (Saturday only) was salmonella carrier ( Look at the att # 1) 52 Match the epi curve with the C outbreak description. Dishwasher who work in restaurant one day per week (Saturday only) for a month was salmonella carrier ( Look at the att #1) 53 Examine the table and provide proportion for calculation of attack rate.What is the attack rate among those who ate orange? (Look at the Att #1) 54 Examine the table and provide proportion for calculation of attack rate. What is the attack rate among those who drank vodka? (Look at the Att #1) 55 Examine the table and provide proportion for calculation of attack rate. What is the attack rate among those who ate apple pie?(Look at the Att #1) 56 Examine the table and provide proportion for calculation of attack rate. What is the attack rate among those who did not eat orange? (Look at the Att #1) 57 A direct transmission includes which of the following? 58 An Indirect transmission includes which of the following? 59 Define active immunity 60 Define passive immunity 61 The mode of transport of an infectious agent through the environment to a susceptible host is called a: 62 A study in which children are randomly assigned to receive either a newly formulated vaccine or the currently available vaccine, and are followed to monitor for side effects and effectiveness of each an example of which type of study? 63 The Iowa Women’s Health Study, in Cohort which researchers enrolled 41,837 women in 1986 and collected exposure and lifestyle information to assess the relationship between these factors and subsequent occurrence of cancer, is an example of which type(s) of study? 64 British investigators conducted a study to compare measles-mumps- case-control rubella (MMR) vaccine history among 1,294 children with pervasive development disorder (e.g., autism and Asperger’s syndrome) and 4,469 children without such disorders. (They found no association.) This is an example of which type(s) of study? 65 For the following situation, what it reflects: The subjects were women enrolled in a health maintenance Organization. At 3 months, each woman was randomly given one of two types of new rotavirus vaccine. Two weeks later, the participants received a nurse asking if they had any side effects. 66 American investigators conducted study to compare measles-mumps- rubella (MMR) vaccine history among 1,294 children with pervasive development disorder (e.g., autism and Asperger’s syndrome) and 4,469 children without such disorders. (They found no association.) This is an example of which type(s) of study? 67 A study was conducted to investigate the effect of HIV infection on mortality among people in INDIA with TB. Individuals with TB were recruited from hospitals and their HIV status determined. They were then followed-up over ten years to compare mortality rates in the HIV positive group and HIV negative group. 68 The measure of association used in a case-control study is: 69 If we have a hypothetical group of 1/99 = 0.01 smokers (exposed) and non-smokers (not exposed), then we can look for the rate of lung cancer (event). smokers have lung cancer, 83 smokers do not have lung cancer, one non-smoker has lung cancer, and 99 non-smokers do not have lung cancer. (Look at the Att #1).Please, calculate the unexposed group 70 If we have a hypothetical group of smokers (exposed) and non-smokers (not exposed), then we can look for the rate of lung cancer (event). smokers have lung cancer, 83 smokers do not have lung cancer, one non-smoker has lung cancer, and 99 non-smokers do not have lung cancer. (Look at the Att #1). Please, calculate the 71 Imagine that the incidence of gun violence is compared in two cities, one with relaxed gun laws (A), the other with strict gun laws city with relaxed gun laws, there were 50 shootings in a population of 100,000 and in the other city, 10 shootings in a population of 100,000. What is the relative risk of gun violence in the city with relaxed gun laws (A)? 72 Imagine that the incidence of gun violence is compared in two cities, one with relaxed gun laws (A), the other with strict gun laws city with relaxed gun laws, there were 50 shootings in a population of 100,000 and in the other city, 10 shootings in a population of 100,000. What is the relative gun violence in the city with strict gun laws (B)? 73 Consider the treatment of patients with endocarditis by Staphylococcus aureus (SA). Although the mortality rate for this disease ranges from 25% to 47% (6), let us assume that in the population of interest, White males aged 30 to 60 the mortality rate is 38% with the standard antibiotic treatment of penicillin, vancomycin and other antibiotics. However, a new drug has been developed that attacks the ability to protect itself from the human immune system rather than interfering with cell development. The question is this: What are the odds of dying with the new drug as opposed to the standard antibiotic therapy protocol? (Look at the Att #1). Table. Results from fictional SA endocarditis treatment study 74 Consider the treatment of patients with endocarditis by Staphylococcus aureus (SA). Although the mortality rate for this disease ranges from 25% to 47% (6), let us assume that in the population of interest, White males aged 30 to 60 the mortality rate is 38% with the standard antibiotic treatment of penicillin, vancomycin and other antibiotics. However, a new drug has been developed that attacks the ability to protect itself from the human immune system rather than interfering with cell development. The question is this: What are the odds of dying with the new drug as opposed to the standard antibiotic therapy protocol? The formula can also be presented as (a × d)/(b × c) (this is called the cross-product). (Look at the Att #1). Table. Results from fictional SA endocarditis treatment study 75 Which of the following is an advantage of a case-control study? 76 What is the measure of association for a case-control study? 77 A study was carried out to find out association between Hypertension and Stroke. The risk ratio in this study is: (Look at the Att #1) 78 A study was carried out to find out association between Hypertension and Stroke. The Odd ratio in this study is: (Look at the Att #1) 79 A study was carried out association between Hypertension 25+75)= and Stroke. The Relative risk in this study is: (Look at the Att #1) 80 A study was carried out to find out association between Obesity and Diabetes type 2, The Odd ratio in this study is: (Look at the Att #1) 81 A study was carried out to association between Obesity and Diabetes type 2, The Relative Risk in this study is: (Look at 82 A study was carried out to find out association between Obesity and Diabetes type 2, The Risk ratio in this study is: (Look at the Att #1) 83 Priority areas of application of cohort epidemiological studies are 84 A cohort study differs from a case- control study in that: 85 Researchers conduct analytical study of pancreatic cancer. The study included 200 cases and 200 controls. Of the cases, 80% reported they smoked cigarettes. Among the controls, 50% reported they smoked cigarettes.What is the type 86 A harmless inactive substance offered under the guise of a drug that does not differ from it in appearance, smell, texture, 87 A study in which the patient does not know and the doctor knows what treatment the patient is receiving is called: 88 In this regard, it can be argued that in a randomized controlled trial, patients receiving a placebo are not deceived (do not receive proper treatment): 89 Researchers recruited 100 participants with CVD. 50 participants were hospitalized with stroke and 50 participants were hospitalized for other disorders. main goal of the study was to identify effect of statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) on development of stroke Results of medical cards review: 10% of participants took statins before the stroke. Out of all participants who took statins 6 had stroke.What is the outcome in the study? 90 Researchers recruited 100 participants with CVD. 50 participants were hospitalized with stroke and 50 participants were hospitalized for other disorders. main goal of the study was to identify effect of statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) on development of stroke Results of medical cards review: 10% of participants took statins before the stroke. Out of all participants who took statins 6 had stroke.What is the type of study? 91 Researchers recruited 100 participants with CVD. 50 participants were hospitalized with stroke and 50 participants were hospitalized for other disorders. main goal of the study was to identify effect of statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) on development of stroke Results of medical cards review: 10% of participants took statins before the stroke. Out of all participants who took statins 6 had stroke.What is the measure of association that you will use? 92 Researchers recruited 100 participants with CVD. 50 participants were hospitalized with stroke and 50 participants were hospitalized for other disorders. main goal of the study was to identify effect of statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) on development of stroke Results of medical cards review: 10% of participants took statins before the stroke. Out of all participants who took statins 6 had stroke.Fill out two by two table 93 Researchers recruited 100 participants with CVD. 50 participants were hospitalized with stroke and 50 participants were hospitalized for other disorders. main goal of the study was to identify effect of statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) on development of stroke Results of medical cards review: 10% of participants took statins before the stroke. Out of all participants who took statins 6 had stroke.Provide proportion for calculation the association based on the numbers in the table 94 Researchers interviewed 200 patients. 100 participants were hospitalized with diagnoses diabetes and 100 patients hospitalized for other disorders, comparing their drinking habits in order to identify effect of alcohol consumptions on development of diabetes Results of interview: The prevalence of positive alcohol drinking status among participants was 10%. Out of all participants who consumed alcohol 18 had diabetes. What is the exposure in the study? 95 Researchers interviewed 200 patients. 100 participants were hospitalized with diagnoses diabetes and 100 patients hospitalized for other disorders, comparing their drinking habits in order to identify effect of alcohol consumptions on development of diabetes Results of interview: The prevalence of positive alcohol drinking status among participants was 10%. Out of all participants who consumed alcohol 18 had diabetes. What is the outcome in the study? 96 Researchers interviewed 200 patients. 100 participants were hospitalized with diagnoses diabetes and 100 patients hospitalized for other disorders, comparing their drinking habits in order to identify effect of alcohol consumptions on development of diabetes Results of interview: The prevalence of positive alcohol drinking status among participants was 10%. Out of all participants who consumed alcohol 18 had diabetes. What is the type of study? 97 Researchers interviewed 200 patients. 100 participants were hospitalized with diagnoses diabetes and 100 patients hospitalized for other disorders, comparing their drinking habits in order to identify effect of alcohol consumptions on development of diabetes Results of interview: The prevalence of positive alcohol drinking status among participants was 10%. Out of all participants who consumed alcohol 18 had diabetes. What is the measure of association that you will use? 98 Researchers interviewed 200 patients. 100 participants were hospitalized with diagnoses diabetes and 100 patients hospitalized for other disorders, comparing their drinking habits in order to identify effect of alcohol consumptions on development of diabetes Results of interview: The prevalence of positive alcohol drinking status among participants was 10%. Out of all participants who consumed alcohol 18 had diabetes. Fill out two by two table 99 Researchers interviewed 200 patients. 100 participants were hospitalized with diagnoses diabetes and 100 patients hospitalized for other disorders, comparing their drinking habits in order to identify effect of alcohol consumptions on development of diabetes Results of interview: The prevalence of positive alcohol drinking status among participants was 10%. Out of all participants who consumed alcohol 18 had diabetes. Provide proportion for calculation the association based on the numbers in the table 100 Researchers recruited 100 HIV positive participants, 50 of them strictly followed antiretroviral regimen and other 50 did not, researchers followed the for 5 years in order to of “strictly follow the development of AIDS Results of interview: The of AIDS among participants was 10%. Out of all participants who had AIDS 5 strictly followed the regimen. What is the exposure in the study? 101 Identify Type of prevention: Education about healthy and safe habits among participants with diabetes in order to diabetic foot 102 Identify Type of prevention: Rubella Primary immunization 103 Identify Type of prevention: High blood pressure screening among people older than 50 104 Identify Type of prevention: Vaccination against cervical 105 For the following risk factor and health outcomes, identify whether it is necessary cause or sufficient cause: Treponema pallidum / Syphilis 106 For the following risk factor and health outcomes, identify whether it is necessary cause or sufficient cause: Alcohol consumption / Cirrhosis 107 For the following risk factor and health outcomes, identify whether it is necessary cause or sufficient cause: HIV infection / AIDS 108 For the following risk factor and health outcomes, identify whether it is necessary cause or sufficient cause: A gene mutation associated with Tay-Sachs 109 Identify following situation by letters A, B, C, D, or E: Time of tertiary prevention (Look #1) Natural History of Disease Timeline: 110 Identify following situation by B letters A, B, C, D, or E: Time of secondary prevention (Look at the Att #1) Natural History of Disease Timeline: 111 Identify following situation by B letters A, B, C, D, or E: x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for the detection of osteoporosis (Look at the Att #1) Natural History of Disease Timeline 112 Identify following situation by A letters A, B, C, D, or E: Time of Tetanus vaccination (Look #1) Natural History of Disease Timeline 113 Match the term to the activity that best describes it: tabulate the frequency of clinical signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings among children with chickenpox in ХХХ 114 Match the term to the activity that best describes it: Graph the number of malaria cases by year for the country 115 Match the term to the activity that best describes it: mark water sources on the map within 2 miles of reported cases of cholera 116 Match the term to the activity that best describes it: describing demographic characteristics of an affected population 117 For each of the fractions shown below, indicate whether it is a ratio, a proportion, a rate, or three: number of people in Region A who died from rabies in 2022 estimated number of people living in Region A on July 1, 2022 118 For each of the fractions shown below, indicate whether it is a ratio, a proportion, a rate, or three: number of women in State A who died from rabies in 2022 number of man in State A who died from rabies in 2022 119 For each of the fractions shown below, indicate whether it is a ratio, a proportion, a rate, or three: 120 For each of the fractions shown below, indicate whether it is a ratio, a proportion, a rate, or three 121 Calculate point prevalence Sept 30 (Look at the Att #1) 122 Calculate cumulative incidence from June 1 to August 30 (Look #1) 123 Calculate cumulative incidence from July 1 to August 30(Look at the Att #1) 124 Calculate cumulative incidence from June 1 to July 1 (Look at 125 The mortality rate will be high if: 126 City A has population of 3500, April 2000. Registered 15 patients with meningitis, February 1, 2000. Identified 12 new patients with meningitis, February 1, 2001. What is cumulative incidence of meningitis in city A, 2001? 127 City A has population of 3500, April 2000. Registered 12 patients with atherosclerotic disease, February 1, 2000 Identified 15 new patients with atherosclerotic disease, 2001 What is cumulative incidence of atherosclerotic disease in city A, 2001? 128 City A has population of 3500, April 2000. Registered 15 patients with chronic liver disease, 1, 2000 Identified 25 new patients with chronic liver disease, February 1, 2001 What is cumulative incidence of chronic liver disease in city A, 2001? 129 City A has population of 3500, April 2000. Registered 50 patients with brucellosis, February 1, 2000 Identified 20 new patients with brucellosis February 1, 2001 What is point prevalence of brucellosis in city A, February 1, 2000? 130 City A has population of 3500, April 2000. Registered 40 patients with pneumonia, February 1, 2000 Identified 15 new patients with pneumonia, February 1, 2001 What is point prevalence of pneumonia in city A, February 1, 2000? 131 City A has population of 3500, April 2000. Registered 25 patients with diabetes February 1, 2000 Identified 50 new patients with diabetes, February 1, 2001 What is point prevalence in city A, February 1, 2000? 132 City A has population of 3500, April 2000. Registered 20 patients with measles, February 1, 2000 Identified 5 new patients with measles February 1, 2001 What is point prevalence of measles in city A, February 1, 2000? 133 The objectives of epidemiology, in particular, include all except one: 134 Indicator (cumulative) incidence reflects all except one: 135 Prevalence (prevalence, morbidity) - In any a type of morbidity indicator reflecting: 136 What is the numerator of Prevalence? 137 What is the numerator of 138 True about prevalence are all, except: 139 Which of the following is classifies the occurrence according to the variables of person, place, and time? 140 Which of the following is an example of a type of descriptive epidemiologic study? 141 Which of following term that refers to the Race and socioeconomic status? 142 Which of following terms describe a disease that occurs rarely and unexpectedly? 143 Malaria, usually no more than 1 cases per month in District week, 7 cases 144 “An epidemic occurring worldwide, Pandemic or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries affecting a large number of people” 145 The influenza (flu) of 1918-1919 killed between 20 and 40 million people. It is one of the most devastating disease occurrence in recorded world history. What is it? 146 When the disease consistently present at a low level but a particular region or population. 147 A disease which spreads rapidly, affecting a large number of people within a community, population or region 148 Which term best describes the pattern of occurrence of noted below in a single area? Disease: usually 10–12 cases per 3 month; last week, 20 cases 149 Match the epi curve with the B outbreak description. Dishwasher who work in restaurant each day for a week was salmonella carrier ( Look at the att # 1) 150 Identify the type of epidemic spread with which it is most consistent: 21 cases of shigellosis among children and workers at a day care center over a period of 6 weeks, no external source identified (incubation period for shigellosis usually 1-3 days) 151 Identify the type of epidemic with which it is most consistent: cases of giardiasis over 6 weeks traced to occasional use of a supplementary reservoir (incubation period for giardiasis 3-25 days or more, usually 7-10 days) 152 Identify the type of epidemic with which it is most consistent.: 43 cases of norovirus infection over 2 days traced to the ice machine on a cruise ship (incubation period for norovirus is usually 24-48 hours) 153 Examine the table and provide proportion for calculation rate. What is the attack rate among those who did not drink vodka?(Look at the Att #1) 154 Examine the table and provide proportion for calculation rate. What is the attack rate among those who ate apple pie Att #1) 155 Examine the table and provide proportion for calculation rate What is the attack rate among those who did not eat Fish? (Look at the Att #1) 156 Examine the table and provide proportion for calculation rate What is the attack rate among those who ate Fish? (Look at the Att #1) 157 Virulence of a disease is indicated by: 158 Diseases that are always present in a Endemic community, usually at a low, more or less constant, frequency are classified as having an ____________ pattern. 159 Ability of agent to invade host and multiply refers to 160 Severity of infection by agent refers to 161 Ability of agent to produce specific immunity refers to 162 In order to determine effect of student’s habits on academic performance, researchers conducted survey in ISM. They randomly picked a group of students and asked them to fill out form where students had to identify number of parties they attended and grades they got for the last week What is the type of study? 163 In order to identify possible of genetically modified food on development of cancer researchers compared data on average consumption of genetically modified food and average cancer in two countries (India and Pakistan) What is the type 164 Researchers recruited a group of participants with influenza (type A) who were prescribed antibiotics and who didn’t. The main research question was to identify antibiotics on immune system of participants. Researchers followed the participants for two weeks and then identified possible immune status of participants. What is the type of study? 165 Researchers enrolled two participants with positive HIV status but different antiretroviral regiment in order to establish of two types of therapy on development of renal diseases. Before the enrolment to participants were tested– everyone was renal disease free. What is the type of study? 166 Residents of three villages with three different types of water supply were asked to participate to identify cholera carriers. several cholera deaths had occurred in the recent past, virtually occurred in the time submitted to examination. The proportion of carriers in each village who were carriers was computed and compared. The study is a: 167 500 women aged 40 – 54 who present for routine check-ups are asked about their meat consumption. 20% of the women turn out to be vegetarian. During the ensuing 5 years, 5 vegetarians and 43 non- vegetarians develop colorectal cancer. Which of the following best describes the study design? 168 The measure of association used in a cohort study is: 169 Suppose we want to know if exercise affects the risk of developing some disease.We collect data and find that 28% of people who exercise regularly develop this disease while 50% of people who do not exercise regularly develop this disease. In this scenario, we would calculate the relative risk as: 170 Suppose we want to know if exercise affects the risk of developing some disease. We collect data and find that 28% of people who exercise regularly develop this disease while 50% of people who do not exercise regularly develop this disease. In this scenario, we would relative risk as: 171 Suppose we want to know if some new studying program affects the ability of students to pass a particular exam. We collect data and find that 40% of students who use the new studying program pass the exam while 40% of students who do not use the studying program also pass the exam. In this scenario, we would calculate the relative 172 The association between breast cancer and use calcium supplements was found to be as follows: The Odds ratio can be estimated as: (Look at the Att #1) 173 The association between coronary heart diseases and smoking was found to be as follows: The Odds ratio can be estimated as: (Look at the Att #1) 174 The association between Esophageal cancer and smoking was found as follows: The Odds ratio can be estimated as: (Look at the Att #1) 175 A longitudinal or prospective is also referred to as an 176 Describe the disadvantages of the case control study 177 A study was carried out to find out association between natural childbirth and retinal disinsertion in myopia. The Risk Ratio in this study is: 178 A study was carried out to find out association between natural childbirth and retinal disinsertion in myopia. The Relative Risk in this study is: 179 A study was carried out to find out association between natural childbirth and retinal disinsertion in myopia. The Odd Ratio in this study is: 180 Suppose we want to know if some new studying program affects the ability of students to pass a particular exam. We collect data and find that 40% of students who use the new studying program pass the exam while 40% of students who do not use the studying program also pass the exam.In this scenario, we would calculate the relative 181 Suppose we want to know if smoking affects the risk of developing lung cancer. We collect data and find that 70% of people who smoke develop lung cancer while 5% of people who do not smoke develop lung cancer. In this scenario, we would calculate the relative risk as: 182 Suppose we want to know if smoking affects the risk of developing lung cancer. We collect data and find that 70% of people who smoke develop lung cancer while 5% of people who do not smoke develop lung cancerIn this scenario, we would calculate the relative risk as: 183 Priority areas of application of epidemiological case-control studies are: 184 A key feature of a cross-sectional study is that: 185 Researchers conduct analytical OR study of pancreatic cancer. The study included 200 cases and 200 controls. Of the cases, they smoked cigarettes. Among the controls, 50% reported they smoked cigarettes.What is the measure of association that you will use? 186 A study with a randomly selected control group and the presence of exposure on the part of the researcher is called: 187 The concept of "gold standard" includes 188 A study in which patients are randomly assigned to groups is called: 189 Researchers recruited 100 HIV positive participants, 50 of them strictly followed antiretroviral regimen and other 50 did not, researchers followed the for 5 years in order to of “strictly follow the development of AIDS Results of interview: The of AIDS among participants was 10%. Out of all participants who had AIDS 5 strictly followed the regimen. What is the outcome in the study? 190 Researchers recruited 100 HIV positive participants, 50 of them strictly followed antiretroviral regimen and other 50 did not, researchers followed the for 5 years in order to of “strictly follow the development of AIDS Results of interview: The of AIDS among participants was 10%. Out of all participants who had AIDS 5 strictly followed the regimen. What is the type of study? 191 Researchers recruited 100 HIV positive participants, 50 of them strictly followed antiretroviral regimen and other 50 did not, researchers followed the for 5 years in order to of “strictly follow the development of AIDS Results of interview: The of AIDS among participants was 10%. Out of all participants who had AIDS 5 strictly followed the regimen. What is the measure of association that you will use? 192 Researchers recruited 100 HIV positive participants, 50 of them strictly followed antiretroviral regimen and other 50 did not, researchers followed the for 5 years in order to of “strictly follow the development of AIDS Results of interview: The of AIDS among participants was 10%. Out of all participants who had AIDS 5 strictly followed the regimen. Fill out two by two table 193 Researchers recruited 100 HIV positive participants, 50 of them strictly followed antiretroviral regimen and other 50 did not, researchers followed the for 5 years in order to of “strictly follow the development of AIDS Results of interview: The of AIDS among participants was 10%. Out of all participants who had AIDS 5 strictly followed the regimen. Provide proportion for calculation the association based on the numbers in the table 194 Researchers recruited 100 participants with CVD. 50 strictly followed followed the prescriptions (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) and 50 took statins time to times. The main goal of the study was to identify effect of statins on development of stroke. Scientists followed participants for identified how many developed stroke Results of medical cards review: 10% of participants developed a stroke. Out of all participants who developed stroke 6 took statins regularly. What is the exposure in the study? 195 Researchers recruited 100 participants with CVD. 50 strictly followed the prescriptions (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) and 50 took statins time to times. The main goal of the study was to identify effect of statins on development of stroke. Scientists followed participants for identified how many developed stroke Results of medical cards review: 10% of participants developed a stroke. Out of all participants who developed stroke 6 took statins regularly. What is the outcome in the study? 196 Researchers recruited 100 participants with CVD. 50 strictly followed the prescriptions (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) and 50 took statins time to times. The main goal of the study was to identify effect of statins on development of stroke. Scientists followed participants for identified how many developed stroke Results of medical cards review: 10% of participants developed a stroke. Out of all participants who developed stroke 6 took statins regularly. What is the type of study? 197 Researchers recruited 100 participants with CVD. 50 strictly followed the prescriptions (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) and 50 took statins time to times. The main goal of the study was to identify effect of statins on development of stroke. Scientists followed participants for identified how many developed stroke Results of medical cards review: 10% of participants developed a stroke. Out of all participants who developed stroke 6 took statins regularly. What is the measure of association that you will use? 198 Researchers recruited 100 participants with CVD. 50 strictly followed the prescriptions (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) and 50 took statins time to times. The main goal of the study was to identify effect of statins on development of stroke. Scientists followed participants for identified how many developed stroke Results of medical cards review: 10% of participants developed a stroke. Out of all participants who developed stroke 6 took statins regularly. Provide proportion for calculation the association based on the numbers in the table 199 Researchers interviewed 200 patients and identified 100 participants with positive alcohol drinking status and 100 who did not drink, in order to examine alcohol consumptions on development of diabetes. Scientists followed participants for 5 years. Results of interview: The of diabetes among participants was 10%. Out of all participants diabetes 18 had consumed alcohol. What is the exposure in the study? 200 Researchers interviewed 200 patients and identified 100 participants with positive alcohol drinking status and 100 who did not drink, in order to examine alcohol consumptions on development of diabetes. Scientists followed participants for 5 years. Results of interview: The of diabetes among participants was 10%. Out of all participants diabetes 18 had consumed alcohol. What is the outcome in the study? 3 B C D E answer Option1 Option2 Option3 Option4 Option5 Secondary Primary Tertiary Combination Combination of prevention prevention prevention of primary secondary and and tertiary secondary Physio- Tertiary Primary Tertiary Combination Combination of prevention prevention prevention of primary secondary and and tertiary secondary Primary Secondary Tertiary Combination Combination of prevention prevention prevention of primary secondary and and tertiary secondary Breast Secondary Primary Tertiary Combination Combination of screening prevention prevention prevention of primary secondary and and tertiary secondary Sufficient Necessary Not It is not the Both necessary necessary, cause and sufficient not sufficient Necessary Sufficient Not It is not the Both necessary necessary, cause and sufficient not sufficient Necessary Sufficient Not It is not the Both necessary necessary, cause and sufficient not sufficient Not necessary, Sufficient Necessary It is not the Both necessary whether it not sufficient cause and sufficient B C A E E: Usual time B C D E A C D E E: Diagnosis A B C D E Risk factor Determinants Application Distribution Determinants and Application Risk factor Determinants Application Distribution Determinants and Application Distribution Determinants Application Risk factor Determinants and Application Application Determinants Distribution Risk factor Determinants and Application Rate Proportion Ratio Ratio& Proportion & Proportion Rate Ratio Proportion Rate Ratio& Proportion & Proportion Rate Proportion Ratio Rate Ratio& Proportion & Proportion Rate Proportion Ratio Rate Ratio& Proportion & Proportion Rate 1 4 6 7 1 3 6 7 1 4 3 7 1 4 6 3 increase increase in decrease in decrease in prevalence incidence prevalence incidence 100/25=4 100/25*100= 25/100=0.25 100-25=75 400 468/1150*100 1150/468 468/1150- 1150- 1150/468*100 100 468/100 450/10000*100 450/10000- 10000/450* 10000- 450*10000/100 100 100 450*100 hepatitis 200/1000000 1000000/200 1000- 200/1000000- 200*1000/10 *10 200*10 100 200 (200 / 259) x (259 / 200) x (200 + 259) 200 / 259 + 100 / 100 100 for these 50000. Of 100/50000-5000 40/50000 1500/50000- 5000/50000 1500 is given by 50000. Of 5000/50000 100/50000 1500/50000 40/50000 All of the above When Where Who Agent, host, environment All of the above Causes Sources Risk factors Agents Study of Host Environmen Agent Time, place, endemic t person diseases Collection and Interpretation Monitoring Collection of Improvement of interpretation of of data programmes data research methods in That the Prevalence of Discrepancy Slow- All of the above registered asymptomatic of the developing, incidence rate is cases registered hard-to- lower than the morbidity recognize and specific infectious gravity of disease the persons epidemics having the correspondi ng antibodies Depends on the 5-year age 10-year age 1-year age Depends on the disease groups groups groups age The cumulative The incidence The The Prevalence of incidence of of incidence of proportion of two types angina pectoris schoolchildre dysentery in cases of in persons older n in city N in the arterial than 50 years in 1998 was population hypertension city N in 1998 32.5 per 100 of city N in men aged was 18 per 100 thousand was 85.2 per 20-55 years, population per population 100 on average in year thousand large cities of population country N in 1990-98, was 25.3% The emergence Reducing the Increasing The All of the above of new drugs risk of new death rate as emergence of that lead to an cases of a result of X- new drugs increase in the disease X disease that increase life expectancy the of patients with proportion of disease X cured patients. Lifetime Period Point Mortality rate prevalence prevalence prevalence Epidemic Outbreak Pandemic Sporadic Endemic It would It would have It would The effect on It would increase no effect on decrease prevalence decrease prevalence of the prevalence cannot be mortality of the the disease prevalence of of the predicted diseas disease disease. from the information given. It would It would It would The effect on It would decrease increase have no prevalence decrease prevalence of prevalence of effect on the cannot be mortality of the the disease. the disease prevalence predicted diseas of disease from the information given. Endemic Outbreak Pandemic Sporadic Epidemic Outbreak Endemic Pandemic Sporadic Epidemic believed they Outbreak Endemic Pandemic Sporadic Epidemic Epidemic Outbreak Pandemic Sporadic Endemic specific B C A A B C D B C D B A D 45/100 4/16 10/11 46/184 5/100 10/11 45/100 4/16 46/184 5/100 46/184 45/100 10/11 4/16 5/100 5/100 45/100 10/11 46/184 4/16 Droplet spread Vectorborne Airborne Vehicleborne Foodborne Vectorborne Droplet Direct Foodborne All of the above spread contact The Immunity Resistance Acquired All of the above development of gained from a of the entire immunity immunity from person to community from previous person because of previous exposure to an transaction the people exposure to agent before a immunity an agent vaccine or within the before a natural infection community vaccine. Immunity The Acquired Resistance of Immunogenicity gained from a development immunity the entire person to person of immunity from community transaction from previous previous because of exposure to exposure to the people an agent an agent immunity before a before a within the vaccine or vaccine. community natural infection Vehicle Reservoir Vector Carrier Agent Experimental Observational Observation Observationa Not an analytical al case- l cross- or epidemiologic control sectional study vaccine, is Experimental Observation Observationa Not an analytical al case- l cross- or epidemiologic control sectional study Observational Observational Experimenta Observationa Clinical trial cohort l l cross- sectional identify Experimental Observational Observation Observationa Not an analytical cohort al case- l cross- or epidemiologic control sectional study a call from a Case-control Cohort Experimenta Cross- Clinical trial l sectional Cohort study Randomized Case-control Cross- Ecological controlled sectional study trial Odds Ratio Ecologic Relative Indigence Prevalence Correlation Risk 17/83 = 20.5 17/83 = 1/99 = 0.09 17/100 = 0.017 0.205 If 17 odds in the 17/83 = 1/99 = 0.09 1/99 = 0.01 17/83 = 20.5 0.205/0.01=20.5 0.205 If 17 odds ratio 5.0 0.2 10 50 0.1 (B). In the 0.2 5.0 10 50 0.1 (B). In the risk of OR OR = (a/b)- OR OR OR caused = (a/b)/(c/d) = (c/d) = = (a/b)/(c/d) = (a/c)/(c/d) = (a/c)/(b/d) = (152/17)/(262/1 (152/17)/(262 = = (152/17)/(262/1 03) = 8.94/2.41 /103) = (152/17)/(26 (152/17)/(26 03) = 8.94/2.41 = 3.71 8.94/2.41 2/103) = 2/103) = = 3.71 = 3.71 8.94/2.41 8.94/2.41 = 3. = 3.71 methycillin, bacteria’s wall OR = (152 × OR = (152 - OR = (152 / OR = (152 × OR = (152 + caused 103)/ (17 × 248) 103)/ (17 - 103)+ (17/ 103)+ (17 × 103)/ (17 + 248) = (15656/4216) 248) = 248) = 248) = = (15656/4216) = 3.71. (15656/4216) (15656/4216 (15656/4216) = 3.71. = 3.71. ) = 3.71 = 3.71. methycillin, bacteria’s wall It may be used Multiple It is possible There is little or to study etiology disease Dependence to determine no bias in of a rare outcomes on recall by the true assessment of disease. following a subjects in incidence of exposure selected the study the disease. exposure can minimized. be readily studied. Odds ratio Relative risk prevalence Confidence incidence interval (60/60+40)/(25/ B. (60/60+25)/( (60*75)/(25* (60*40)/(25*75) 25+75)= (60/100+40)/( 40/40+75)= 40)= = 25/100+75)= (60*75)/(25*40) B. (60/60+25)/( (60/60+40)/( (60*40)/(25*75) = (60/100+40)/( 40/40+75)= 25/25+75)= = 25/100+75)= to find out (60/60+40)/(25/ B. (60/60+25)/( (60*75)/(25* (60*40)/(25*75) (60/100+40)/( 40/40+75)= 40)= = 25/100+75)= 85*75/25*15 85/15*25/75 (85/85+15)/( (85/85+25)/( 85*25/75*15 25/25+75)= 15/15+75)= find out (85/85+15)/(25/ 85/15*25/76 85*75/25*1 (85/85+25)/( 85*25/75*16 25+75)= 6 15/15+75)= the Att #1) (85/85+15)/(25/ 85/15*25/77 85*75/25*1 (85/85+25)/( 85*25/75*17 25+75)= 7 15/15+75)= Different effects Rare diseases One All of the Chronic disease of one cause in consequence above one study of different causes in one study Subjects are Subjects are Cohort Cohort neither above enrolled or asked about studies studies are categorized on their exposure require conducted to the basis of their status in a many years investigate exposure status cohort study to conduct, chronic in a cohort study but not in a but case- diseases, case- but not in a case- casecontrol control control control study study studies do studies are not used for infectious diseases Case-control Cohort Clinical trial Experimental study of study? Placebo Analog of the Homeopathi Supplement Randomization studied drug c medicine is called: Single blind Triple blind Double Placebo- It is impossible blind controlled for any type of study Sign the The attending Placebo has Sign consent Sign consent for "Informed physician no harmful for discharge consent of the receives the effects on hospitalizatio patient" (where patient's oral the body, so n his consent to consent to its use does the use of conduct the not require placebo is experiment the consent provided) of the patient Stroke Statins Other CVD Diabetes disorders The Case-control Cohort Cross- Clinical trial Ecological Sectional The OR RR Percentage Proportion Attributable risk The A, B,C,D=6, 4, A, B,C,D=6, A, B,C,D=6, A, B,C,D=4, A, B,C,D=4, 6, 44, 46 46, 44, 4 4, 50, 50 6, 46, 44 50, 50 The 6*46 / 4*44 4*46 / 6*44 50 / 4*44 6/6+4 / 6/50 / 4/100 44/44+46 The Alcohol Diabetes CVD Other Association consumption disorders Diabetes Alcohol CVD Other Association consumption disorders Cross-Sectional Case-control Cohort Clinical trial Ecological OR RR Percentage Proportion Attributable risk A, B,C,D=18, 2, A, B,C,D= A, B,C,D= A, B,C,D= 5, A, B,C,D= 98,8 82, 98 18, 82, 2, 98 18, 2, 20, 45, 5, 45 2, 2, 18 100 18*98 / 2*82 18/ 100 18*10 / 18/ 18+2 / 18/ 2*82 200*82 82/ 82+98 Followed AIDS HIV Did not Antiretroviral antiretroviral follow therapy regimen antiretroviral regimen participants identify effect regimen” and prevalence Tertiary Secondary Primary Combination Combination of prevention prevention prevention of primary secondary and and tertiary secondary Secondary Tertiary Combination Combination of prevention prevention prevention of primary secondary and and tertiary secondary Secondary Primary Tertiary Combination Combination of prevention prevention prevention of primary secondary and and tertiary secondary Primary Secondary Tertiary Combination Combination of cancer prevention prevention prevention of primary secondary and and tertiary secondary Necessary Sufficient Not It is not the Both necessary necessary, cause and sufficient not sufficient Not necessary, Sufficient Necessary It is not the Both necessary not sufficient cause and sufficient Necessary Sufficient Not It is not the Both necessary necessary, cause and sufficient not sufficient Necessary Sufficient Not It is not the Both necessary necessary, cause and sufficient not sufficient D B C A E at the Att A C D E A C D E Dual energy B C D E at the Att Distribution Determinants Application Risk factor Determinants and Application Distribution Determinants Application Risk factor Determinants and Application Distribution Determinants Application Risk factor Determinants and Application Distribution Determinants Application Risk factor Determinants and Application Rate Proportion Ratio Ratio& Proportion & Proportion Rate none of the Ratio Proportion Rate Ratio& Proportion & Proportion Rate none of the Ratio Proportion Rate Ratio& Proportion & Proportion Rate none of the Ratio Proportion Rate Ratio& Proportion & Proportion Rate none of the 5 1 4 3 7 7 6 1 9 3 at the Att 1 6 7 9 3 6 7 1 9 3 the Att #1) the prevalence the the prevalence of the disease prevalence of prevalence and mortality and its mortality the disease is of the of this is high high and its disease is disease is low mortality is low and its low mortality is high 12/ 3500-15 12/3500 12/ 3500+15 12+10 / 3500 27 / 3500 12/ 3500-15 15/3500-12 15/ 3500+12 12+15 / 3500 15 / 3500 February 1, 25/ 3500-15 15/3500-45 15 / 3500 25+15 / 3500 25 / 3500 February 20 / 3500 50 / 3500 50/ 2500-50 50+20 / 3500 50/3500-20 15 / 3500 40/3500-15 40/ 2000 15/2000 40 / 3500 50+25 / 3500 50/3500-25 25/ 3500-25 25 / 3500 25 / 3500 of diabetes 5 / 3500 20 / 3500 20/ 3500-20 20+50 / 3500 20/3500-5 Development of Identifying Disease Morbidity All of the above various means the causes description forecast for a and methods to and spread of certain period combat the diseases of questions spread of from the diseases block Risk of persons New cases of The average The All of the above belonging to any a certain risk of proportion of population disease in a contracting people who group to be sick certain a particular contracted a with a certain population disease of particular disease group over a persons disease for certain period belonging to the first time of time, in a any in a given given territory population population group, for a group over a certain time, given period in a given of time, in a territory given territory Risk of Risk of For a certain Morbidity population infection chronic time the forecast for a group for a among infections proportion of certain period of certain time, in persons who (e.g. patients with questions from a given territory, have come tuberculosis) any disease the block all cases of this into contact in a given disease, with a patient territory in regardless of the with an the sum of all time of infection patients, occurrence regardless of the etiology of diseases Number of all Number of Number of Number of The average risk cases of disease new cases of population death cases of contracting a disease at a from particular specified particular disease of time disease persons belonging to any population group, for a certain time, in a given territory Incidence? Number of new Number of all Number of Number of The average risk cases of disease cases of population death cases of contracting a disease at a from particular specified particular disease of time disease persons belonging to any population group, for a certain time, in a given territory Rate Specifically Point Prevalence of All of the above for all old and prevalence two types new cases Descriptive Analytic Environmen Experimental Ecological study of disease Epidemiology Epidemiology tal study Epidemiolog y Case Reports Case-Control Cohort Cross- Ecological Study Study sectional study study Person Secular Clustering Nativity Community Variables Trends sporadic endemic epidemic pandemic zoonotic outbreack Epidemic Pandemic Sporadic Cluster 12; last Outbreak Endemic Sporadic Epidemic and usually Pandemic Outbreak Endemic Sporadic Epidemic Endemic Outbreak Pandemic Sporadic Epidemic limited to Endemic Outbreak Pandemic Sporadic Epidemic Outbreak Endemic Pandemic Sporadic Epidemic the disease A C D Propagated Intermittent continuous Point source Mix sourse or continuous common common source source is spread Intermittent Point source continuous Propagated Mix sourse 36 continuous common common source source spread Point source Intermittent continuous Propagated Mix sourse or continuous common common source source 40/189 4/16 10/11 46/184 5/100 of attack 4/16 40/189 10/11 46/184 5/100 of attack (Look at the 25/96 38/150 112/150 71/96 38//25 of attack 38/150 25/96 112/150 71/96 38//25 of attack Case fatality Specific Proportional Morbidity Immunogenicity ratio mortality rate mortality rate rate Epidemic Pandemic Sporadic Outbreak Infectivity Pathogenicity Immunogeni Virulence Infestation city Virulence Pathogenicity Immunogeni Infectivity Infestation city Immunogenicity Pathogenicity Infectivity Virulence Infestation Case-control Cohort study Experimenta Cross- Ecological l sectional study effect Cross-sectional Cohort study Case-control Experimental Ecological study disease rate of study? Cohort study Case-control Cross- Ecological Experimental sectional study the effect of groups of Cohort study Case-control Cross- Ecological Experimental sectional study therapy effect the study all Cross-sectional Case-control Cohort Ecological Experimental study study in a study Because everyone Cohort study Case-control Cross- Ecological Experimental sectional study Relative Risk Odds Ratio Ecologic Mortality Mobility rate Correlation Ratio Relative Risk = Relative Risk Relative Relative Risk Relative Risk = P(event in = P(event in Risk = = P(event in P(event in treatment group) treatment P(event in treatment treatment / P(event in group)+ treatment group)= group)* P(event control group) P(event in group)- P(event in in control group) control P(event in control group) control group) group) Relative Risk = Relative Risk Relative Relative Risk Relative Risk = P(disease with = P(disease Risk = = P(disease P(disease with exercise) + with exercise) P(disease with exercise)= P(disease with / P(disease with exercise) P(disease with no exercise) with no exercise)- *P(disease no exercise) exercise) P(disease with no with no exercise) exercise calculate the Relative Risk = Relative Risk Relative Relative Risk Relative Risk = P(event in = P(event in Risk = = P(event in P(event in treatment group) treatment P(event in treatment treatment / P(event in group)+ treatment group)= group)* P(event control group) P(event in group)- P(event in in control group) control P(event in control group) control group) group) risk as: 75*75/25*25 25*25/75*7 75+75*25+25 75*25/25*25 5 75/75*25*25 80*50/70*40 80/50*70*40 80*70*40*50 80+70/40+5 80*40*70*50 0 100+100/60+ 100/100*60/80 to be 100*80/100*60 100*80*100* 100/100*60 80 60 *80 study cohort study cross- ecological case-control Clinical trial sectional study study study the A cohort is For an Refers to the For an measurement of different observationa difference observational exposure may because an l designed between the designed study, be inaccurate. entire cohort study, the odds of a the observer Representativen of exposed observer disease in the does not have ess of cases and individuals is does not exposed control over the controls may be examined. have control group and the exposure factor. unknown and over the incidence may provide exposure rate in the indirect factor. non-exposed estimates of group. risk. The temporal relationship between exposure factor and outcome cannot always be determined. (45/45+455)/(20 45*280/20*4 45/500*20/2 (45/500- 45*20/455*280= /20+280)= 55= 80= 45)/(20/300- 20)= (45/45+455)/(20 45*280/20*4 45/500*20/2 (45/500- 45*20/455*280= /20+280)= 55= 80= 45)/(20/300- 20)= 45*280/20*455 (45/45+455)/( 45/500*20/2 (45/500- 45*20/455*280= = 20/20+280)= 80= 45)/(20/300- 20)= Relative Risk = Relative Risk Relative Relative Risk Relative Risk = P(pass with new = P(pass with Risk = = P(pass with P(pass with new program) / new program) P(pass with new program)= P(pass without + P(pass new program)* P(pass without new program) without new program) - P(pass new program) program) P(pass without new without new program program) risk as: Relative Risk = Relative Risk Relative Relative Risk Relative Risk = P(event in = P(event in Risk = = P(event in P(event in treatment group) treatment P(event in treatment treatment / P(event in group)+ treatment group)= group)* P(event control group) P(event in group)- P(event in in control group) control P(event in control group) control group) group) Relative Risk = Relative Risk Relative Relative Risk Relative Risk = P(lung cancer = P(lungRisk = = P(lung P(lung cancer with smoking) / cancer with P(lung cancer with with smoking) P(lung cancer smoking)- cancer with smoking) = *P(lung cancer without smoking P(lung cancer smoking)+ P(lung cancer without smo without P(lung without smoking) cancer smoki without smoking Rare causes of Rare diseases Different Possible Chronic disease disease and one effects of expected consequence one cause outcome of different causes It usually It is limited to It is more It is neither above provides health useful for synonymous information on exposures and analytic with cluster prevalence behaviors epidemiolog rather than rather than y than it is incidence health for outcomes descriptive epidemiolog y RR Percentage Proportion Rate 80% reported Randomized Non- Observation Retrospective Cohort study controlled randomized al study study clinical trial trial Double-blind Simple non- Triple blind Double-blind Field trial placebo- randomized studies non- controlled studies randomized randomized trials trials Randomized Non- Placebo- Single-blind Stratified randomized controlled AIDS HIV Followed Did not Antiretroviral antiretrovira follow therapy l regimen antiretroviral regimen participants identify effect regimen” and prevalence Cohort Case-control Cross- Clinical trial Ecological Sectional participants identify effect regimen” and prevalence RR OR Percentage Proportion Attributable risk participants identify effect regimen” and prevalence A, B,C,D= 5, A, B,C,D= 5, A, B,C,D= A, B,C,D= 5, 45, 5, 45 5, 45, 45 45, 45, 5, 5 45, 5, 90 participants identify effect regimen” and prevalence 5/5+45 / 5*45 / 5*45 5/50 / 45/ 5*50 / 45*10 5+50 / 45+10 5/5+45 100 participants identify effect regimen” and prevalence Strictly Statins Other CVD Stroke disorders of statins prescription 2 years and Stroke Statins Other CVD Strictly followed disorders prescription of statins 2 years and Cohort Case-control Cross- Clinical trial Ecological Sectional of statins 2 years and RR OR Percentage Proportion Attributable risk of statins 2 years and 6/44+6 / 4/4+46 4*46 / 6*44 6*46 / 4*44 50 / 4*44 6/44+6 / 4/4+46 of statins 2 years and Alcohol Diabetes Other Non drinkers CVD consumption disorders effect of prevalence who got Diabetes Alcohol Other Non drinkers CVD consumption disorders effect of prevalence who got

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