Copy of 14. study guide - endocrine 1 (1).docx

**Endocrine Function** I. **Endocrine system** A. 1. 2. 3. B. II. **Major (traditional) components of endocrine system** C. 4. a. b. c. d. i. ii. iii. iv. 5. e. f. -The endocrine and nervous systems work very closely together, so they are referred to as...

**Endocrine Function** I. **Endocrine system** A. 1. 2. 3. B. II. **Major (traditional) components of endocrine system** C. 4. a. b. c. d. i. ii. iii. iv. 5. e. f. -The endocrine and nervous systems work very closely together, so they are referred to as the **neuroendocrine** system. The link between the 2 systems are the **hypothalamus** and the **pituitary** D. 6. g. h. i. j. k. 7. E. F. G. 8. 9. 10. H. I. 11. 12. J. 13. 14. l. m. -Most hormones are regulated through a negative feedback mechanism; monitors amount of hormone being produced and makes adjustments to keep levels at normal limits III. **Control of hormone levels** K. 15. -Hormone level feedback goes to the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus and if the levels are low, tells the hypothalamus and pituitary to make more hormones that tell the target gland to make hormones to bring the levels back to normal L. IV. **Common types of problems** M. 16. n. o. p. q. r. s. 17. t. u. v. N. 18. 19. -Primary: adrenal cortex; Secondary: problem with pituitary; Tertiary: problem with hypothalamus -Anything that is not primary is considered secondary; tertiary is not usually used +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Normal | **Patho. | **Nursing | **Interventions | | physiology:** | change/ | problems/Assess | ** | | | predisposing | ment | | | Endocrine | factors (PF)** | findings** | | | system | | | | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | Functions of | ***Pathological | ***Nursing | Normalize | | thyroid | change:*** | problem:*** | hormone levels | | hormones: | Parathyroid | | is the goal | | | | -We only really | | | - | hormone | worry about T3 | -**Radioactive | | | levels | and T4 in | iodine | | | (hyperthyroidis | diseases | therapy** is | | | m, | | the treatment | | - - - - | thyrotoxicosis) | ***Example of | of choice: [An | | | | disorder:*** | oral dose of | | | ***PF:* | **[Graves | radioactive | | | Hyperthyroidism | disease]{.under | iodine is | | | ** | line}** | administered | | - | | most common | and]{.underline | | | - - - - | type of | } | | | - - | hyperthyroidism | | | | | | [thyroid picks | | - | ***Pathological | -Hyperthyroidis | up the iodine | | | change:*** 🡫 | m | and | | -NEGATIVE | hormone levels | | concentrates it | | BALANCE | (hypothyroidism | -i**[ncreased | to make it into | | | ) | TSH]{.underline | hormone | | | | }** | and]{.underline | | | ***PF:*** | | } | | | | ***Assessment | radioactivity | | | - - - - | findings:*** | that it emits | | | - - | | destroys some | | | | -[BMR will | of the thyroid, | | | ***Pathological | increase]{.unde | so hormone | | | change:*** | rline} | levels drop | | | Enlargement of | because there | back to normal | | | thyroid gland | is an increase | | | | | in the | [Unless it's | | | ***PF:*** | hormones, so | thyroid | | | | oxygen | cancer,]{.under | | | - - | increases and | line} | | | | respiratory | in that case, | | | | rate increases | we remove the | | | | | whole thyroid | | | | -If metabolic | | | | | rate goes up, | -[If person has | | | | you need more | a large goiter, | | | | oxygen | we do | | | | | surgery:]{.unde | | | | -HR and force | rline} | | | | of contraction, | subtotal | | | | and [CO | thyroidecomy | | | | increase]{.unde | | | | | rline} | -If person | | | | because we're | can't tolerate | | | | trying to get | radioactive or | | | | the oxygen to | surgery, we put | | | | the cells more | pt. [on meds | | | | quickly to | (antithyroid | | | | support the | meds)that | | | | higher | suppress | | | | metabolic rate | hormone | | | | | production]{.un | | | | -Pt. may | derline} | | | | complain of | | | | | palpitations | -Not treatment | | | | due to | of choice | | | | increased heart | because [pt. | | | | rate | has to be on it | | | | | for rest of | | | | -Skin will be | their life | | | | warm and | because the | | | | flushed looking | condition comes | | | | due to | back when taken | | | | increased | off the meds. | | | | circulation | ] | | | | | | | | | -Hair is soft | -Medications | | | | and shiny due | can drop WBC | | | | to increase in | count | | | | oil production | | | | | | [Hypothyroidism | | | | -Heat | : | | | | production | ] | | | | increases | | | | | because it's a | Thyroid hormone | | | | byproduct of | replacement | | | | metabolism- | | | | | heat | | | | | intolerance; | | | | | always feels | | | | | hot, sweating | | | | | due to | | | | | generating a | | | | | lot of heat | | | | | | | | | | -Appetite | | | | | increases and | | | | | weight | | | | | decreases | | | | | because | | | | | metabolic rate | | | | | is higher | | | | | | | | | | -Motility in GI | | | | | tract | | | | | increases, so | | | | | diarrhea is | | | | | present | | | | | | | | | | -Energy levels | | | | | increase and | | | | | become | | | | | hyperactive | | | | | Increase in | | | | | thyroid hormone | | | | | increases | | | | | sensitivity to | | | | | catecholamines; | | | | | more sensitive | | | | | to epinephrine | | | | | and | | | | | norepinephrine | | | | | and causes | | | | | tachycardia, | | | | | sweating, | | | | | anxiety, tired | | | | | due to | | | | | hyperactivity | | | | | but can't sleep | | | | | due to | | | | | epinephrine | | | | | | | | | | - | | | | | | | | | | -**Exophthalmos | | | | | **: | | | | | bulging eyes | | | | | | | | | | -[another | | | | | autoantibody is | | | | | made and | | | | | attacks tissues | | | | | behind the eye | | | | | balls and | | | | | swells and | | | | | pushes the eyes | | | | | forward]{.under | | | | | line} | | | | | that causes the | | | | | bulging; pt. | | | | | may have | | | | | trouble closing | | | | | the eyes | | | | | leading to dry | | | | | eye, | | | | | infections, | | | | | corneal ulcer, | | | | | pressure on | | | | | optic nerve and | | | | | can lose | | | | | vision. | | | | | Exophthalmos | | | | | may or may not | | | | | be reversible | | | | | with correcting | | | | | the hormone | | | | | imbalance; | | | | | surgery may | | | | | sometimes be | | | | | required to | | | | | correct it | | | | | | | | | | -**Goiter:** | | | | | abnormally | | | | | large thyroid | | | | | | | | | | -Result of | | | | | abnormal | | | | | stimulation and | | | | | thyroid | | | | | enlarges. Not | | | | | always even on | | | | | one side | | | | | | | | | | -**Thyroid | | | | | crisis/thyroid | | | | | storm** can | | | | | happen [in | | | | | people that are | | | | | undiagnosed or | | | | | untreated; | | | | | rare]{.underlin | | | | | e} | | | | | | | | | | -Symptoms: | | | | | similar to | | | | | symptoms of | | | | | hyperthyroidism | | | | | but more | | | | | severe. | | | | | Considered a | | | | | medical | | | | | emergency and | | | | | can be | | | | | life-threatenin | | | | | g. | | | | | Example: [heart | | | | | rate is so fast | | | | | that it can | | | | | lead to angina | | | | | then lead to | | | | | heart | | | | | failure.]{.unde | | | | | rline} | | | | | | | | | | ***Nursing | | | | | problem: | | | | | Hypothyroidism* | | | | | ** | | | | | | | | | | ***Example of | | | | | disorder:*** | | | | | **[Hashimoto | | | | | thyroiditis]{.u | | | | | nderline}** | | | | | | | | | | -**[Decreased | | | | | TCH]{.underline | | | | | }** | | | | | | | | | | ***Assessment | | | | | findings:*** | | | | | | | | | | -[BMR decreases | | | | | due to low | | | | | metabolism]{.un | | | | | derline} | | | | | | | | | | -respiratory | | | | | rate decreases | | | | | and | | | | | hypoventilation | | | | | occur | | | | | | | | | | -HR & CO also | | | | | decrease, | | | | | lowered | | | | | circulation | | | | | | | | | | -Cool, dry, | | | | | rough skin due | | | | | to low | | | | | circulation and | | | | | low oil | | | | | production; | | | | | coarse, brittle | | | | | hair | | | | | | | | | | -CO drops, so | | | | | blood flow to | | | | | kidney drops | | | | | and urine | | | | | output also | | | | | drops, so fluid | | | | | increases and | | | | | people retain | | | | | water and look | | | | | puffy; edema | | | | | | | | | | -Blood flow to | | | | | the brain | | | | | drops, so we | | | | | see people who | | | | | aren't thinking | | | | | as clearly and | | | | | memory is | | | | | impaired, | | | | | lethargy, | | | | | clumsy, tired. | | | | | | | | | | -Heat | | | | | production | | | | | drops, so | | | | | patient is cold | | | | | intolerant; | | | | | patient is | | | | | always cold | | | | | | | | | | -Appetite | | | | | decreases and | | | | | weight | | | | | increases due | | | | | to water | | | | | retention and | | | | | metabolic rate | | | | | is slow so not | | | | | burning the | | | | | calories | | | | | | | | | | -Peristalsis | | | | | decreases and | | | | | pt. complains | | | | | of | | | | | constipation, | | | | | abdominal | | | | | distension, | | | | | flatulence | | | | | | | | | | -Cholesterol | | | | | increases due | | | | | to slowed | | | | | metabolism and | | | | | liver doesn't | | | | | process as | | | | | quickly and get | | | | | rid of it in | | | | | the bile and | | | | | now at risk for | | | | | [atherosclerosi | | | | | s] | | | | | and everything | | | | | that it causes | | | | | | | | | | **Physical | | | | | Appearance:** | | | | | | | | | | -**Myxedema:** | | | | | special kind of | | | | | edema, | | | | | non-pitting: | | | | | can press on | | | | | swollen area | | | | | and not leave | | | | | dent due to | | | | | thick, | | | | | mucus-like, | | | | | gel-like fluid | | | | | that collects | | | | | instead of | | | | | thin, liquid | | | | | fluid like in | | | | | pitting edema. | | | | | (mucopolysaccha | | | | | ride | | | | | substance) | | | | | | | | | | -Usually more | | | | | obvious in the | | | | | face, but can | | | | | also affect the | | | | | tongue and | | | | | people speak | | | | | with a slurred | | | | | speech, hoarse | | | | | voice | | | | | | | | | | ***-***Patient | | | | | can also have a | | | | | goiter too | | | | | | | | | | -**End stage** | | | | | hypothyroidism | | | | | | | | | | -Myxedematous | | | | | Coma | | | | | | | | | | -Symptoms | | | | | similar to | | | | | hypothyroidism, | | | | | but more | | | | | severe. Can go | | | | | into shock due | | | | | to slowed HR. | | | | | May be life | | | | | threatening and | | | | | a medical | | | | | emergency. | | | | | | | | | | ***Nursing | | | | | problem:*** | | | | | | | | | | ***Example of | | | | | disorder***: | | | | | **[Goiter]{.und | | | | | erline}** | | | | | | | | | | -Can have a | | | | | goiter with | | | | | normal thyroid | | | | | hormone levels | | | | | too as well as | | | | | hypo and hyper | | | | | function | | | | | | | | | | **[Hyperthyroid | | | | | ism:]{.underlin | | | | | e}** | | | | | goiter is | | | | | [probably due | | | | | to presence or | | | | | nodules or | | | | | tumors that are | | | | | making too much | | | | | hormone]{.under | | | | | line} | | | | | or result of | | | | | overstimulation | | | | | of thyroid. | | | | | | | | | | **[Hypothyroidi | | | | | sm] | | | | | ** | | | | | or normal | | | | | levels: goiter | | | | | is due to | | | | | compensatory | | | | | mechanism: | | | | | | | | | | -[Person starts | | | | | with low levels | | | | | and anterior | | | | | pituitary makes | | | | | TSH and TSH | | | | | tells thyroid | | | | | to make more T3 | | | | | and T4 hormone, | | | | | but also tells | | | | | thyroid to get | | | | | bigger. | | | | | ] | | | | | | | | | | **[Euthyroid]{. | | | | | underline}**: | | | | | (EU means | | | | | normal) [normal | | | | | thyroid hormone | | | | | levels]{.underl | | | | | ine} | | | | | | | | | | -Even if | | | | | thyroid gets | | | | | big, it can't | | | | | make more | | | | | hormones | | | | | sometimes | | | | | | | | | | -Goiters can | | | | | get so big that | | | | | they compress | | | | | trachea or | | | | | esophagus and | | | | | person cannot | | | | | swallow or | | | | | breathe | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ *Hypofunction* 🡪 Chronic (Addison disease) 🡮 Acute (Addisonian crisis) 🡭 ***Cortex*** *Hyperfunction* 🡪 Cushing syndrome (🡩 glucocorticoid) 🡭 🡮 Hyperaldosteronism (🡩 aldosterone) 🡮 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia/ Adrenogenital syndrome ( 🡩 androgens) **[Adrenal gland]** 🡮 ***Medulla*** 🡪 *Hypofunction* (no significant effect) 🡮 *Hyperfunction* -- pheochromocytoma (🡩 catecholamines) +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Normal | **Patho. | **Nursing | **Interventions | | physiology:** | change/ | problems/Assess | ** | | | predisposing | ment | | | Endocrine | factors (PF)** | findings** | | | system | | | | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | **[Function of | ***Pathological | **[*Nursing | **Addison:** | | adrenal cortex | change:*** 🡫 | problem:* | | | hormones]{.unde | levels of all 3 | Hypofunction of | Synthetic | | rline}** | hormones | the | hormone | | | | cortex!!;]{.und | replacement: | | -All | ***PF:*** | erline}** | | | corticosteroids | | Deficiency of | -We try to just | | | -[Primary]{.und | all 3 hormones | replace | | -[All | erline}: | made by the | glucocorticoids | | considered | destruction of | cortex | [to normalize | | essential for | adrenal cortex | | everything due | | life]{.underlin | r/t: | **[-deficiancy | to | | e} | | of | mineralocortico | | | - - - - | aldosterones, | id | | -three S's of | | cortisol,androg | properties]{.un | | the steroids | | ens]{.underline | derline} | | (Sugar | -[Secondary]{.u | }** | (prednisone or | | (cortisol), | nderline}: | | hydroprednsione | | Salt(aldosteron | | ***Example of | ) | | e), | - | disorder:*** | | | sex(andrgen) | | **[Addison | -If they still | | | | Disease]{.under | have fluid & | | - | | line}** | electrolyte | | | | [Chronic form; | problems, then | | | | (primary | we also replace | | | | disease) | mineralocortico | | - - - | | ] | ids | | | | | too | | | | -Usually | | | | | autoimmune | | | - | | | | | | | A chronic | | | | | autoimmune | | | | | disease | | | - - - | | | | | | | ***Assessment | | | | | findings:*** | | | | | | | | - | | -Low | | | | | Aldosterone, so | | | | | Na drops and | | | | | water drops; | | | - | | this leads to | | | | | dehydration and | | | | | BP drops | | | | | ([hypotension]{ | | | - | |.underline}/ | | | | | orthostatic | | | -Not all | | hypotension) | | | hormones are | | | | | steroids like | | -Not enough | | | thyroid hormone | | aldosterone; K+ | | | for example | | goes up and | | | | | concerned for | | | ***Regulation:* | | cardiac | | | ** | | dysrhythmias, | | | | | may also have | | | - - | | muscle weakness | | | | | | | | | | -Also low on | | | | | cortisol so | | | | | blood glucose | | | | | will drop | | | | | (hypoglycemia), | | | | | and pt. will be | | | | | lethargic, | | | | | weak, tired, | | | | | weight loss, | | | | | etc. low | | | | | energy. | | | | | | | | | | -May also have | | | | | a poor | | | | | tolerance to | | | | | stress and | | | | | likely to go | | | | | into shock | | | | | | | | | | -Decrease in | | | | | androgens | | | | | produced | | | | | | | | | | -Women: may | | | | | have less body | | | | | hair | | | | | | | | | | **Classic | | | | | Symptom**: | | | | | Hyperpigmentati | | | | | on | | | | | so person looks | | | | | tan all the | | | | | time (increase | | | | | in MSH) can | | | | | also be | | | | | accompanied | | | | | with vitiligo. | | | | | Which is the | | | | | uneven | | | | | hyperpigmentati | | | | | on. | | | | | | | | | | -[Has to do | | | | | with feedback | | | | | mechanism:]{.un | | | | | derline} | | | | | not making | | | | | enough | | | | | cortisol, which | | | | | tells pituitary | | | | | to make more | | | | | ACTH but | | | | | pituitary also | | | | | makes more MSH | | | | | (melanocyte | | | | | stimulating | | | | | hormone) and | | | | | gives skin the | | | | | color | | | | | | | | | | **Acute Form | | | | | Addisonian | | | | | Crisis:** | | | | | | | | | | [2 groups at | | | | | risk:]{.underli | | | | | ne} | | | | | people who have | | | | | Addison's | | | | | disease due to | | | | | hormone | | | | | deficiency. | | | | | They can | | | | | experience | | | | | severe stress | | | | | or multiple | | | | | trauma so the | | | | | dose that keeps | | | | | them normal may | | | | | not be enough | | | | | because cortex | | | | | is not | | | | | producing more | | | | | hormone to keep | | | | | them out of | | | | | crisis | | | | | | | | | | -We must teach | | | | | pt. if they | | | | | experience | | | | | stress, they | | | | | need to let dr. | | | | | knows to | | | | | temporarily | | | | | increase the | | | | | hormone amount | | | | | to prevent | | | | | shock during | | | | | crisis | | | | | | | | | | 2\. People who | | | | | do not have | | | | | Addison's but | | | | | are steroid | | | | | dependent: | | | | | ACTH levels | | | | | drop because | | | | | cortex isn't | | | | | making | | | | | because of | | | | | the steroids, | | | | | so cortex | | | | | atrophies and | | | | | pt. is now | | | | | dependent on | | | | | the cortisol | | | | | supplement | | | | | | | | | | -[Symptoms are | | | | | like Addison's | | | | | but much | | | | | worse:]{.underl | | | | | ine} | | | | | hyperkalemia to | | | | | the point of | | | | | dysrhythmia, | | | | | hypotensive to | | | | | the point of | | | | | shock, etc. | | | | | | | | | | -Life | | | | | threatening | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Normal | **Patho. | **Nursing | **Interventions | | physiology:** | change/ | problems/Assess | ** | | | predisposing | ment | | | Endocrine | factors (PF)** | findings** | | | system | | | | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | **[Function of | ***Pathological | ***Nursing | **Hyperaldoster | | adrenal cortex | change:*** 🡩 | problem: | onism:** | | hormones]{.unde | aldosterone | Hyperfunction | | | rline}** | levels | Diseases*** | -Give diuretic; | | | | | a K+ sparing | | - | ***PF:*** | ***Example of | diuretic | | | | disorder:*** | because common | | | -Primary: | **[Primary | diuretics make | | | | Hyperaldosteron | you lose K+ | | - - | - | ism]{.underline | | | | | }** | -If due to | | | -Secondary: | | tumor of | | | | **(Conn | cortex, we try | | - | - | syndrome/diseas | to remove it | | | | e)** | | | | ***Pathological | | **Cushing:** | | | change:*** | -**[Too much | | | - - - - | | aldosterone, | -If tumor, we | | | 🡩 cortisol | Na+ goes up and | do surgery or | | | levels | water is | take out the | | | | retained, BP | whole adrenal | | | ***PF: | increases | gland. | | - | Cushing*** | (secondary | | | | | hypertension)]{ | -If pituitary | | | - - - - |.underline}** | (secondary) | | | | | problem we use | | - | | [-K+ drops and | radiation to | | | ***Pathological | dysrhythmias | shrink tumor to | | ***Regulation:* | change***: 🡩 | can | slow ACTH | | ** | androgen levels | occur]{.underli | production or | | | | ne} | if difficult to | | - - | ***PF:*** | | remove based on | | | | ***Assessment | location. | | | - - | findings:*** | | | | | | | | | | -**Alkalosis:** | | | | | K+ leaves the | | | | | cell due to | | | | | hypokalemia and | | | | | hydrogen moves | | | | | in and makes | | | | | the blood more | | | | | alkaline | | | | | | | | | | -Polyuria: a | | | | | lot of urine | | | | | output because | | | | | you don't have | | | | | K+ and ADH | | | | | can't do its | | | | | job that well | | | | | and kidneys | | | | | save K+ and | | | | | [kidneys get | | | | | rid of Na+ and | | | | | water follows | | | | | (Polyuria) | | | | | ] | | | | | | | | | | -2 opposing | | | | | actions happen | | | | | at the same | | | | | time; net | | | | | result is that | | | | | you save water | | | | | and BP goes up. | | | | | Because people | | | | | become thirsty | | | | | and drink a lot | | | | | of water. | | | | | Usually | | | | | retaining fluid | | | | | happens more | | | | | (the polydipsia | | | | | causes us to | | | | | drink a lot | | | | | although we are | | | | | losing alot = | | | | | balances it | | | | | out) | | | | | | | | | | -[Polydipsia: | | | | | really thirsty | | | | | (compensatory | | | | | mechanism) | | | | | ] | | | | | | | | | | ***Nursing | | | | | problem: Too | | | | | much | | | | | cortisol*** | | | | | | | | | | ***Example of | | | | | disorder:*** | | | | | **[Cushing | | | | | Syndrome]{.unde | | | | | rline}** | | | | | -**[TOO MUCH | | | | | CORTISOL]{.unde | | | | | rline}** | | | | | | | | | | ***Assessment | | | | | findings:*** | | | | | | | | | | -Hyperglycemia | | | | | due to | | | | | increased | | | | | glucose because | | | | | we're breaking | | | | | down protein | | | | | and fats for | | | | | energy, so | | | | | weight loss, | | | | | low muscle | | | | | mass, thin | | | | | skin, poor | | | | | wound healing | | | | | because we're | | | | | breaking down | | | | | protein | | | | | | | | | | -Peptic ulcers | | | | | because | | | | | breaking down | | | | | protein in | | | | | stomach wall | | | | | | | | | | -Osteoporosis | | | | | due to breaking | | | | | down collagen | | | | | in bones; weak | | | | | bones, | | | | | pathological | | | | | fractures | | | | | (common place | | | | | is in | | | | | vertebrae) | | | | | | | | | | -Blood vessel | | | | | protein | | | | | breakdown so | | | | | bruising occurs | | | | | easily because | | | | | capillaries | | | | | become fragile | | | | | | | | | | -Centrally | | | | | located fat is | | | | | more | | | | | metabolically | | | | | active; central | | | | | fat gains more | | | | | fat- truncal | | | | | obesity with | | | | | stretch marks | | | | | | | | | | -Cervical fat | | | | | tag-buffalo | | | | | hump; moon face | | | | | fat in neck and | | | | | face area | | | | | | | | | | -Increased | | | | | infection due | | | | | to decreased | | | | | immunity | | | | | | | | | | -BP goes up due | | | | | to Na | | | | | | | | | | -Weight goes | | | | | up, K+ drops | | | | | and cardiac | | | | | dysrhythmias | | | | | | | | | | ***Nursing | | | | | problem: Too | | | | | much | | | | | androgen*** | | | | | | | | | | ***Example of | | | | | disorder:*** | | | | | **[Congenital | | | | | Adrenal | | | | | Hyperplasia/CAH | | | | | if born | | | | | with-not very | | | | | common.]{.under | | | | | line}** | | | | | | | | | | (also known as | | | | | adrenogenital | | | | | syndrome if | | | | | after birth) | | | | | | | | | | ***Assessment | | | | | findings:*** | | | | | [Depends on | | | | | gender]{.underl | | | | | ine} | | | | | | | | | | Female: | | | | | Masculine | | | | | secondary sex | | | | | characteristics | | | | | , | | | | | male pattern | | | | | baldness, a lot | | | | | of body hair | | | | | | | | | | -If in infant: | | | | | virilization | | | | | syndrome: | | | | | ambiguous | | | | | genitalia | | | | | (virilization | | | | | means getting | | | | | masculine | | | | | looking) | | | | | | | | | | Male: | | | | | | | | | | -If happens in | | | | | adult male, it | | | | | may be | | | | | unnoticeable | | | | | | | | | | -If male infant | | | | | or young child, | | | | | boy will hit | | | | | puberty very | | | | | young and start | | | | | to develop | | | | | secondary sex | | | | | characteristics | | | | | very young. | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Normal | **Patho. | **Nursing | **Interventions | | physiology:** | change/ | problems/Assess | ** | | | predisposing | ment | | | Endocrine | factors (PF)** | findings** | | | system | | | | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | **[Adrenal | ***Pathological | ***Nursing | Remove the | | medulla | change:*** | problem:*** | tumor if we can | | hormones]{.unde | ♓♍❒♏♋⬧♏♎ | | or give meds | | rline}** | catecholamine | Hyperfunction: | that block | | | levels | usually caused | sympathetic | | Catecholamines: | | by a benign | stimulation | | epinephrine and | ***PF:*** | tumor on | | | norepinephrine | | adrenal medulla | | | | - | | | | ***Function:*** | | ***Example of | | | part of | | disorder:*** | | | sympathetic | | **[Pheochromocy | | | nervous system | | toma]{.underlin | | | (serve as | | e}** | | | neurotransmitte | | | | | rs | | ***Assessment | | | that mediate | | findings: | | | sympathetic | | symptonms are | | | activity) | | not always | | | | | continuous they | | | | | may come and go | | | | | in episode or | | | | | attacks that | | | | | are triggered | | | | | by movement, | | | | | stress and | | | | | anxiety. | | | | | Concern is for | | | | | hemorrhagic | | | | | stroke or pop | | | | | an aneurism in | | | | | their brain.*** | | | | | | | | | | -Increased HR, | | | | | Increased | | | | | Glucose | | | | | palpitation, | | | | | pain in head, , | | | | | increased BP, | | | | | increased | | | | | respirations as | | | | | well. | | | | | | | | | | -Fight or | | | | | flight response | | | | | symptoms: | | | | | tachycardia, | | | | | hyperglycemia, | | | | | anxiety, | | | | | triggered by | | | | | stress | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ \`