Medical Terminology - First Class Lecture Notes 2023-2024 PDF

Medical Terminology First class Introduction to Medical Terminology 1st lecture 2023- 2024 Assist. Prof. Adil Ghalib Fadhil 1 24 ،‫ كانون الثاني‬10 Objectiv...

Medical Terminology First class Introduction to Medical Terminology 1st lecture 2023- 2024 Assist. Prof. Adil Ghalib Fadhil 1 24 ،‫ كانون الثاني‬10 Objectives  Define medical terminology  Component of medical terms  Analysis of medical terms  Define Medical Terminology Medical terminology is a special vocabulary used by health care professionals for effective and accurate communication. Because it is based mainly on Greek and Latin words, medical terminology is consistent and uniform through out the world. Use proper medical terminology to communicate with other health care professionals. There are two major categories of medical terms 5 1.Descriptive: Those terms which describe shape, color, size, function, etc. ( cyanosis, cardiomegaly, xerostomia ) 2.Eponyms: literally (putting a name upon): The term has been used to honor those who first discovered or described an anatomical structure, diagnosed a disease or first developed a medical instrument or procedure. 1/10/2024 6 Example of eponyms is the term “fallopian tubes” (uterine tubes-Gabriello Fallopio) Alzheimer s disease – Alois Alzheimer. The problem with eponyms is that they give no useful information about what is or where to find the item named 1/10/2024  Building Medical Terms Word Root Suffix Prefix Combining forms Forming Medical Terms Part 2 Four types of word parts may be used to create medical terms. Word root Prefix Suffix The main part of a word Word parts attached to the Word parts attached to the which contains the basic beginning of a word that end of a word that modifies meaning. For example, modifies the meaning. the meaning. –itis means the word root meaning hyper- mean excess inflammation stomach is gastr , stomat” means mouth. Combining forms The word root and a combining vowel that enable two parts to be connected the combining form meaning stomach is gastr/o.. 1. Root or base word element – The main section or division of a term that provides the foundation or basic meaning is a root word. A word may have one or more root sections. Example: arthr : joint hepat : liver oste : bone Gastr : stomach. Dent , odont : means tooth Certain words have more than one root. the word temporal relates to the temporal bone in the skull, and the word mandible is the lower jaw bone. Independently, these are two separate words, but they can be combined to form the word temporomandibular, as in temporomandibular joint ( TMJ) Other examples of terms with two roots are thermometer, cementoenamel junction, and radiograph. “stomat” means mouth (Greek) “or” means mouth (Latin) “dermat” means skin (Greek) “cutane” means skin (Latin) “nephr” means kidney (Greek) “ren” means kidney (Latin) 2. Prefix The prefix can be added in front of the term to modify the word root by giving additional information, usually indicates number, position, direction, color, time, or status ( e.g. pre- and ante- : before, sub-: under, a and an : without ). pre- premolar (pree-MOL-ar). Submandibular : under the mandible Anodontia (an-oh-DON-she-ah): is a genetic disorder defined as the absence of all teeth. 3. Suffixes Suffixes are attached to the end of a word root to added meaning, usually indicates procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech, or act as an adjective. ( e.g. –itis: inflammation -ic : pertaining to -ous : pertaining to , -pathy: disease Gastritis , gastric , fibrous , myopathy Combining Vowel Adding a vowel (a, e, i, o, u, or y) to a word root to create a combining form allows 2 or more word roots to be joined to form a compound word. It also allows a word root to be joined with a suffix (word ending) to form a word. Vowel makes the term easier to pronounce. Examples:, micr/o/scope, micr/o/film, micr/o/be,  Combining Vowel Rules  Between word root and suffix -If the suffix begins with a vowel Do not use a combining vowel EX: Arthritis , not arthroitis -If the suffix begins with a consonant Use a combining vowel EX: Arthroscope, not arthrscope  Combining vowel is typically kept between two word roots Even if the second word root begins with a vowel EX: gastroenteritis, not gastrenteritis  Combining Form Word root + vowel = Combining form Micr/ o = Micro Word root Combining vowel combining form Gastr/o, therm/o, Gastr/ o/ duoden/ o / stomy Word root / combining vowel / word root/ suffix gastroduodenostomy Example on No combining Vowel Hypoinsulinemia : Hypo / insulin / emia Prefix Word root suffix LOW INSULIN BLOOD Notice that there is no combining vowel in this word because the prefix ends with a vowel and the suffix begins with a vowel.  Medical Word Analysis Medical word analysis is the process of dissecting a medical term and identifying the roots, prefix, suffix, and combining vowels. Dissect: first analyze the word structurally by dividing it into its components. Begin at the end: after dividing the word into its basic parts, define the suffix first, the prefix second, and then the root. If there are tow roots, divide each and read them from left to right. Anatomical order: where body system are involved, the words usually are built in the order in which the organs occur in the body. For example. Gastroenteritis is the proper term for inflammation of the stomach and small intestine. Not enterogastritis M.A.Kubtan 20 1. ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (electr/o/cardi/o/gram) electr/o = combining form (root + combining vowel) meaning electricity/electrical cardi/o = combining form (root + combining vowel) meaning heart -gram = suffix meaning record Therefore, the word electrocardiogram means “a record of the electrical impulses of the heart.” M.A.Kubtan 22 M.A.Kubtan 23 Endocarditis inner layer heart inflammation Inflammation of inner layer of the heart MAXILLOFACIAL (maxill/o/faci/al) maxill/o = combining form (root + combining vowel) meaning maxilla or upper jaw faci = root meaning face -al = suffix meaning pertaining to Therefore, the word maxillofacial means “pertaining to the maxilla and face.” RETROGNATHIA (retro/gnath/ia) retro- = prefix meaning behind or backward gnath = root meaning jaw spell as (nath) -ia = suffix meaning condition Therefore, the word retrognathia means “a condition in which the jaw (lower) is in a backward or recessed position.”  Homonyms  Some words are very similar in sound and spelling, but have different meanings. These homonyms (HAHM-oh-nims) may cause confusion and alter the meaning of what is written so care must be taken to check the meaning and the spelling of a word when using these terms. Some common homonyms used in dentistry are: auxiliary: helping subsidiary, such as a dental assistant = axillary: underarm site; may be used to obtain body temperature = esthetics: pertaining to beauty = aesthesia: loss of pain sensation. facial: (a) pertaining to the face; (b) front surface of incisor tooth = fascial: pertaining to the fibrous membrane on muscles. palpation: use of hand or finger pressure to locate/examine = palpitation: condition of racing or increased heartbeat. suture: area or line where two bones unite, such as coronal suture = suture: stitch or staple repairing or closing wound  for your attention 30 24 ،‫ كانون الثاني‬10