Contemporary World: Finals PDF

CONTEMPORARY WORLD JENYVIE SANTOS LECTURER  TOPIC 8 GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURE “Images are active players in the game of establishing and changing values. They are capable of introducing new values into the world and thus of threatening old ones.”...

CONTEMPORARY WORLD JENYVIE SANTOS LECTURER  TOPIC 8 GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURE “Images are active players in the game of establishing and changing values. They are capable of introducing new values into the world and thus of threatening old ones.” J.T Mitchell, 2005 Globalization is a set of multiple, uneven and sometimes overlapping historical processes, including economics, politics, and culture, that have combined with the evolution of media technology to create the conditions under which the globe itself can now be understood as “an imagined community”. The concept of “global imaginary” as coined by Manfred Steger, refers to the consciousness of belonging to a global community- a consciousness that has emerged in recent decades with the rapid rise of communication technologies and the decline of nation-based political ideologies.  MEDIA MEDIA refer to the communication channels through which we disseminate news, music, movies, education, promotional messages and other data. CULTURE CULTURE can be defined as all the ways of life including arts, beliefs and institution that are passed down from generation to generation  PRINTING PRESS ORAL COMMUNICATION SCRIPT ELECTRONIC MEDIA DIGITAL MEDIA  JACK LULE “a means of conveying something such as a channel of communication”. Bloggers define media as a Communication channel through which we disseminate news, music, movies, education, messages and data which are the means of mass communication.  DIGITAL MEDIA PRINT MEDIA INTERNET BOOKS MOBILE MASS MAGAZINES COMMUNICATION NEWSPAPERS BROADCAST MEDIA RADIO FILM MOVIE TELEVISION  According to J. V. Vil’anilam in the Journal of Kerala Media Academy, there are 6 major functions 1. Surveillance of the environment 2. Correlation of parts of society and Interpretation of events and issues 3. Socialization and transmission of the cultural heritage 4. Entertainment 5. Mobilization 6. Democratic Participation as well as minor functions such as publicity and public relations and advertisement  Surveillance refers to the collection and distribution of information by the media. Like for example the Filipino citizens becomes aware of the changing of the Government structure into Federalism from centralized form of government because of news from television, radio, newspaper and any means of social media.  Correlation of parts of society and Interpretation of events and issues refers to the interpretation and analization of media and its activities. Like for example citizens know from the television broadcast on the possible drought due to the weather forecast of El Niño  Transmission of the social heritage refers to the ability of the media in communicating the norms, values and behavior of the traditional societies trough a drama, songs, novels and many others which the society nowadays can appreciate.  Entertainment refers to the ability of the media to divert attention and give amusement to the audience  Mobilization refers to the ability of media to encourage a community to participate in a common goal with the use of social media.  Democratic participation refers to how media influence the freedom of the people to freely air their ideas on what they perceived is right or wrong in a certain issue.  Publicity and public relations refers on the ability of the media to inform the public about an issue, a person or an activity  Advertisement refers on how media share and promote new ideas, products and others to the public. THE GLOBAL VILLAGE AND CULTURAL IMPERIALISM “Cultural imperialism involved, among many other things, exploration, missionary and humanitarian missions, travel and the use of education and publishing to disseminate European ideas”. George ritzer  McLuhan examines the impact of the electronic media by using his analysis of technology He analyzes that that the television brought social changes wherein, this television can make “a global village”. This means that people can create the same perception on what they watched as they seat and see in front of their televisions watching same programs. Other media scholars believe that the global media had the ability to homogenize our culture. They believe that when global media spread, people from different parts of the world would begin to watch , listen, and read same things. The positive impact of globalization will lead to diverse cultures maintaining their diversity and coexisting with each other in this globalized arena. Globalization will aid in bringing the cultures together. This will lead to a convergence of world cultures. In other words, we will move to an era of “ cultural hybridity” and “creolization”. The negative impact is that, globalization will lead to the domination of one culture over another culture. We will see “ cultural imperialism “, “cultural hegemony”, and obsolescence of weak cultures.( Gupta, 2009). We are moving towards a world in which people practicing monoculture losing their own cultural identity.  TOPIC 9 GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION “THE ESSENCE OF ALL RELIGIONS IS ONE. ONLY THEIR APPROACHES ARE DIFFERENT” MAHATMA GANDHI RELIGION is a system of beliefs and practices while GLOBALIZATION refers to the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-time and across world-space (Steger). Globalization is being measured by material means while religion is on immaterial means of living. Globalization also bring tensions to religion as others view globalization as “throw-away culture and suffocate hope and increase threats and risk.” The most known religions across the world are: Christianity with 2.2 billion followers; Islam with 1.57 milliard followers; Hinduism with 811 million adherents; Buddhism with 380 million adherents; and others. Religion has entered the “information age” where it became globalized in accelerating its methods and processes in disseminating teaching and belief system. The continuous improvement of the information technology has help religion to enter globalization. In reality, religion nowadays, serves as foundations of many societies bringing people together, on other ways, religion becomes foundations of modern government, other’s used religion to become aggressive in power and popularity. Two of the world old religions- Christianity and Islam used globalization as a means of expanding, whereby it serve as a great force to reach more communities and help many people to save their souls. Unfortunately, globalization comes with materialism which is a taboo for the objectives of religious life like for example materialism goes with the acquisition of communication means which are important for further dissemination. The rise of ISIS or Islamic State in Iraq and Syria and the movement of the Born-Again Christians indicates their defense against the globalizations materialism. These actions of religious groups shows that globalization can be a sort of expanding religion or taking advantage of one another. The idea of bringing the nations close together through globalization also provides tensions to some religions like the Islam. Despite the blessings brought about by globalization like economic progress, communication improvement and religious dissemination, it also manifested the curse it brings. Today, it sees globalization as the root cause of injustices and violence within the society like: (1) a fast-expanding gap between rich and poor, (2) the public making this gap widely evident, (3) a disturbingly fast rate of cultural interpenetrations, (4) worldwide availability of modern weapons, (5) lack of effective laws to control ruthless international concomitants of mass production/distribution, and (6) fear of macro-ecological catastrophes due to excessive increases in population and in per-capita consumption and waste. IF YOU HAD THE CHANCE, WOULD YOU MOVE TO NEW YORK, TOKYO OR SEOUL?  TOPIC 10 GLOBAL CITY “A city is not gauged by its length and width, but by the broadness of its vision and the height of its dream”  GLOBAL CITY Sociologist Saskia Sassen popularized the term “GLOBAL CITY “ It is characterized by its strength in shaping, economic, social and cultural links to the rest of the world including its ability to influence the flow of resources, capital, innovations and knowledge.  New York London Paris Singapore Tokyo Hongkong Dubai Beijing A global city is a city that has the power to effect global issues and change the global outlook.  Indicators of Globality To measure the economic competitiveness of a city, the Economist Intelligence Unit has added other criteria like market size of the middle class and potential for growth. The “ tiny” SINGAPORE is considered as Asia’s most Economic opportunities competitive city because of its in a global city makes it strong market, efficient and very attractive to people incorruptible government and across the world. livability. Global cities are centers of higher learning and culture HARVARD UNIVERSITY IN BOSTON AUSTRALIA Today, global cities become culturally diverse. Manila is not very Global because of the dearth of foreign residents But Singapore is, because it has foreign population of 38%. The challenges of Global Cities Global cities also have their undersides. They can be sites of great inequalities and poverty as well as tremendous violence. Global cities create winners and losers. Denser settlement patters yield energy savings; apartment building for example, are more efficient to heat and cool than detached suburban house. In cities with extensive public transportation systems, people tend to drive less and thereby cut carbon emissions.  The challenges of Global Cities The major terror attacks recent years have also targeted cities. Cities, especially those with global influences are obvious targets for terrorists. 9/11 attack – World trade Center, New York November 2015 attacks in Paris by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)  TOPIC 11 GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY Will the child be an economic asset or burden to the family, community or to the nation? In the rural areas, there are families who have more children because their mentality is that their children are their wealth there will be more to work in the fields and there might be one of them who will succeed and change their economic life. In the cities, educated and professional families they have less children because they have to be sure of the education of their children and there is a high standard of living in the cities therefore they consider how far their income can go. DEMOGRAPHY is the statistical study of population based on factors such as age, race and sex. Governments, corporations and non- government organization use demographics to learn more about a population’s characteristics for many purposes including policy development and economic market research. 8,045,311,447 In Malthusian theory of population claims that in poor countries,” population grows faster than food supply” The study of demography is important as it allows us to study the nature in which our population changes over time, and this is important as it allows us to study how changes to the population such as aging population phenomenon can lead to a decrease in GDP and also increase in mechanization of jobs and production in developed countries. There are many reasons why this occurrence happens to poor countries. Rapid growth of population could be due to a. Lack or absence of adequate knowledge of the people regarding natural and safe method or measures on family planning b. insufficient fund to finance the cost of information-dissemination c. inability of parents to send their children to school for functional education and training It should be understood that, large number of population is not at all bad or disadvantageous. There are countries that experiences shortage in human resources to work that’s why they encourage other nationalities to come and work and stay with them. By reducing the population, important resources can be utilize for economic progress and not to be wasted to feeding more mouths. That’s why government should create policies to combat population explosion.  TOPIC 12 GLOBAL MIGRATION  LEARNING OUTCOMES Identify the reasons for the migration of people; Explain why states regulate migration; and Discuss the effects of Global migration on the economic well- being of states Analyze the political, economic, cultural and social factors underlying the global movements of people  MIGRATIONS MIGRATION means crossing the boundaries of a political or administrative unit for a certain minimum period (Boyle et al. 1998) A result of the integration of local communities and economies into global relationship. It often of economic and social development  MIGRATIONS People can either choose to move (voluntary migration) or be force to move (involuntary migration). Migration occurs of a variety of scales : INTERCONTINENTAL (between continents) INTRACONTINENTAL (between countries on a given continent) and INTERREGIONAL (within counties )  MIGRATIONS Human migration is a movement of people from one place in the world to another for the purpose of taking up permanent or semi permanent residence, usually across a political boundary. One of the most significant migration patterns has been Rural and Urban migration the movement of people from the countryside to cities in search of opportunities.  Types of Migration  Internal Migration Refers to people moving from one area to another within one country.  International Migration In which people cross borders of one country to another. Emigration – When one leaves his or her place of origin Immigration – When one enters his or her place of destination  TYPES OF INTERNAL MIGRATION Rural- Urban Migration Seasonal Migration – also known as labor Migration.  It refers to the movement of people away from their homes to find a livelihood, usually on a temporary basis. Planned migration – refer to large – scale migration of people within the country.  It is usually carried out by the government.  Types of INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION 1. Involuntary migration – forced migration - Movement of people caused by events which force people to move against their will. 2. Voluntary Migration – movement of people by choice or one’s free will - Reasons given for such movement is quite similar to reasons for rural –urban migration.  Categories of International Migrants Temporary Labour Migrants Men and women who migrate for a limited period (from a few months to several years) in order to take up employment and send money home. Highly skilled and business migrants People with qualifications as managers, executives, professionals, technicians or similar, who move within the internal labour markets of transnational corporations and international organizations who seek employment through international labour markets for scarce skills. Irregular migrats – people who enter a country, usually in search of employment, without necessary documents and permits. Refugees – A person residing outside his or her country or nationality, who is unable or unwilling to return because of a well founded fear of protection on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or political opinion. Asylum-Seekers – people who move across borders in search of protection but who may not fulfill the strict criteria laid down by the 1951 Convention. Forced migrants - this includes not only refugees and asylum seekers but also people forced to move by environment catastrophes or development projects. Family members – people who have already entered an immigrants country under one of the above categories. Return Migrants – people who return to their countries of origin after a period in another country. o WHY DO PEOPLE MOVE? The influx of migrants has been the problem of receiving countries because they are not sure if they will be an asset or a liability to the government. Government should have an existing policy on how they can control the flooding of migrants. There are cases wherein countries are faced with issues on the entrance of illegal migrants wherein there were attempts to build walls just so they can control the entrance and exits of people.  TOPIC 13 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT  THE GLOBAL CONDITION OF TODAY’S ENVIRONMENT According to International Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES):  75% of the world’s land area is degraded  Human activites have contributed to the 1 degree celsius warming as of 2017, a little closer to the 2 degree celsius limit before the global climate crisis causes massive damage to the world due to severe climatic events.  The demand for energy, often unsustainable and unclean , has increased due to the doubling of the human population, the 4-fold growth of the global economy and 10-fold increase in global trade.  STABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY Stability implies something is at a state wherein very little or no movement can be distinguished, and notwithstanding when a solid power is applied toward its direction, it just serves to demonstrate its unwavering quality. Sustainability ought to be viewed as not the same as stability, in spite of the fact that at the primary sight the overlap appears glaringly evident. It considers the long term limits of a system to exist, not its momentary resistance to change. A notable meaning of sustainability, which underlines its economic idea, originates from the Bruntland Report (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987) arranged for the United Nations in 1987. It says that 'development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ merits the mark of sustainability. As such, it is about responsible utilization of resources.  SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT  It provides a mechanism through which society can interact with the environment while not risking damaging the resources for the future. An effort at guaranteeing a balance among economic growth, environmental integrity and social well being. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MODELS Tree Pillar Basic Model Sustainable Development is modeled on these three pillars: Economy. Environment and Society. The diagram shows three interlocking circles with the triangle of environmental (conservation), economic (growth), and social (equity) dimensions. This model is called three pillars or three circles model, which is one of the most well-known models of sustainable development. PILLARS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMEMNT 1. Economic Sustainability – a system of production that satisfies present consumption levels without compromising future needs. 2. Social Sustainability – notions of equality, empowerment, accessibility, participation, cultural identity and institutional stability. 3. Environmental Sustainability – it is about the natural environment and how it remains productive and resilient to support human life.  SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS With the adoption of Agenda 2030 by the United Nations (UN) member states in September 2015, a new global agenda came into force that puts sustainability center stage This includes the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as an important step toward a more sustainable world. ACTION TAKEN TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY 1. POVERTY ERADICATION 2. ZERO HUNGER 3. GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING 4. QUALITY EDUCATION FOR ALL 5. GENDER EQUALITY 6. CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION 7. DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH 8. AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY 9. INDUSTRY INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE ACTION TAKEN TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY 10. INEQUALITY REDUCTION 11. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES 12. RESPONSIBLE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION 13. CLIMATE ACTION 14. LIFE BELOW WATER 15. LIFE N LAND 16. PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS 17. PARTNERSHIP FOR THE GOALS  SIMPLE STEPS TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY Reduction of Carbon footprints Buy and Consume only what is needed Organize and support tree planting projects Reduce the use of plastic Patronize goods and services that are sustainability produced, promote environment-friendly practices and mitigate climate change Petition your local leaders to adopt environment friendly measures in your locality Share your ideas We share one world Change of perspective Act  TOPIC 14 FOOD SECURITY  FOOD SECURITY “Food security exists when all people at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for and active and healthy life” – World Food Summit, 1996 The people who produce our food are able to earn a decent, living wage growing, catching, producing, processing, transporting, retailing, and serving food.  FOUR DIMENSIONS OF FOOD SECURITY PHYSICAL AVAILABILITY OF FOOD Refer to the physical existence of food ECONOMIC AND PHYSICAL ACCESS TO FOOD Refer to an adequate supply of food at the national or international level; this does not in itself guarantee household- level security. FOOD UTILIZATION Commonly understood as the way the body makes the most various nutrients in the food. STABILITY OF THE OTHER THREE DIMENSIONS Mean regular or consistent access to food on a periodic basis , security one’s nutritional status  IMPORTANCE OF FOOD SECURITY 1. Economic Growth 2. Reduced Poverty 3. Trade Opportunities 4. Increased Global Security And Stability 5. Improved Health And Healthcare Of People  EFFECTS OF FOOD INSECURITY 1. Malnutrition and Economic Instability 2. Social Upheavals 3. Mass Migration and Displacement 10 CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY 1. Rising Population 2. Rising Income, Changing Diets 3. Falling Water Tables 4. More Foodless Days 5. Slowing Irrigation 6. Increasing Soil Erosion 7. Climate Change 8. Melting Water Reserves 9. Flattening Yields 10. Little Time To Prepare AS FUTURE SOCIALLY CONSCIOUS ENGINEERS…. Social consciousness guides our choices and actions, prompting us to think beyond ourselves and consider the well being of others, especially when it comes to something as fundamental as access to food. As we explore this connection, keep in mind that each one of us has the power to contribute positively to global food security through our socially conscious decisions.