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Questions and Answers
Which tool is specifically designed for cutting across the grain of wood?
What is the primary use of a bolster chisel?
Which hammer is specifically used to drive or remove nails?
What type of saw would you use for precise cutting?
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Which hand tool is used together with a mallet for carving or cutting hard materials?
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What is the primary function of a wrench?
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Which type of wrench is specifically designed to grip the faces of the bolt or nut?
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What is a common use for a spiral ratchet screwdriver?
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What is the key characteristic of a pipe wrench?
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Which tool is used for marking long, straight lines on surfaces?
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What describes a nail set?
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What is a distinguishing feature of a double-headed nail?
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What is the main purpose of a washer in fastening?
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What differentiates a cap screw from other screws?
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What is a key characteristic of a rotary hammer?
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Which type of equipment is specifically used to homogeneously combine cement, aggregates, and water?
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Which tool measures angles in horizontal and vertical planes?
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What is the primary use of a U-bolt?
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What type of fastener is most suitable for use in concrete applications?
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Study Notes
Hand Tools
- Are tools powered by hand, not motors
- Include hammers, chisels, saws, wrenches, screwdrivers, measuring and layout tools, specialized tools
Hammers
- Consist of a weighted head and long handle
- Used to deliver an impact on a desired area
- Types of hammers:
- Claw hammer: Drives or removes nails
- Mallet: Delivers softened force
- Sledgehammer: Used to drive stakes into the ground, and to break concrete or stone
Chisels
- Have a characteristically shaped edge
- Used with a mallet for carving or cutting hard materials (wood, stone, or metal)
- Types of chisels:
- Wood chisel: Trims wood and removes excess material from wood joints
- Bolster chisel: Trims or cuts masonry, especially brick
- Cold chisel: Trims metals
Saws
- Consists of a tough blade, wire, or chain with a toothed edge, used to cut through wood or metal
- Types of saws:
- Ripsaw: Has chisel-like teeth, designed for ripping or cutting with the grain of wood
- Crosscut saw: Used to cut across the grain of wood
- Backsaw: Designed with a stiffening rib on the edge opposite the cutting edge, used for precise cutting
- Hacksaw: Used to cut metal
Hand Tools
- Wrenches provide grip and mechanical advantage to turn objects.
- Open-ended wrenches have a U-shaped opening that grips opposite sides of a bolt or nut.
- Box-end wrenches have an enclosed opening that grips the faces of a bolt or nut.
- Adjustable wrenches (also called crescent wrenches) can accommodate different bolt and nut sizes.
- Pipe wrenches (also called monkey wrenches, Stillson wrenches, or Stillys) are adjustable wrenches with self-tightening properties and hardened, serrated jaws for gripping pipe and pipe fittings.
- Screwdrivers are tools used to turn screws, either for insertion or removal.
- Standard screwdrivers (also called flat-blade, flat-head, or flat screwdrivers) are designed for screws with flat-slotted heads.
- Phillips screwdrivers have a cross-shaped tip for screws with Phillips heads.
- Spiral ratchet screwdrivers have a spiral shaft for driving screws that require more pushing force than twisting force.
Measuring and Layout Tools
- Folding rules (also called zigzag rules or jointed rules) are made of multiple ruler strips connected by hinges.
- Measuring tapes are flexible, typically self-retracting rulers made from various materials like fiberglass, metal, plastic, and cloth.
- Digital rules (also called digital measuring wheels) are used to measure relatively long distances.
- Framing squares (also called steel squares) have a longer blade and shorter tongue, and are used for laying out square structures and calibration.
- Levels determine the horizontal (level) or vertical (plumb) plane using a vial of liquid and an air bubble.
- Chalk lines (also called chalk boxes or pitik in some locations) are used to mark long, straight lines on flat surfaces.
Specialized Tools
- Nail sets are used to drive finishing nails below the surface of wood.
- Brick trowels are used to place and trim mortar between bricks or concrete blocks.
- Bull floats smooth the surface of wet concrete.
- Blind riveters fasten blind rivets into metal sheets.
Power Tools
- Power saws are tools used for cutting various materials.
- Radial arm saws have a motor-driven circular saw mounted on a sliding horizontal arm, used for crosscutting wood.
- Table saws (also called sawbenches or bench saws) have a motor-driven circular saw protruding through a table, used for cutting large sheets of wood and wood composites.
- Portable circular saws (also called Skilsaws) are hand-held, motor-driven circular saws for cutting difficult materials.
- Power miter saws (also called drop saws) have a motor-driven circular saw on a horizontal arm above a pivoting table, used for angled cuts.
- Compound miter saws can make both angled and beveled cuts.
- Saber saws (also called jigsaws) are hand-held, motor-driven reciprocating saws used for cutting curves or holes.
- Power drills are hand-held, motor-driven tools with a bit, used for drilling holes in wood, metal, or concrete.
- Power screwdrivers (also called screwguns) are hand-held, motor-driven tools for installing or removing screws.
Power Tools (continued)
- Power hammers break concrete or asphalt paving.
- Pneumatic hammers (also called jackhammers) combine a hammer with a chisel for breaking hard materials.
- Rotary hammers (also called rotary hammer drills) combine hammering and rotating actions for drilling or chiseling hard materials like concrete.
- Hammer drills (also called impact drills or percussion drills) are smaller rotary hammers that use a clutch mechanism.
- Power drivers drive nails, staples, or studs.
- Nailers are hand-held, pneumatic or electro-mechanical hammers for fastening materials by shooting nails.
- Powder-actuated stud drivers drive long pins into wood, steel, or concrete using gunpowder.
- Staplers are hand-held tools for driving staples to attach lightweight materials like fabric and upholstery.
Fasteners
- Fasteners are used to hold or unite two or more parts.
- Nails are small metal spikes with a flat head driven into wood using a hammer.
- Nail shanks can be smooth, ring-shank, or screw-shank.
- Nail points include round point, diamond point, and chisel point.
- Common nails have a slender shank, flat head, and diamond point.
- Finishing nails have a slender shank and small, barrel-shaped head driven slightly below the surface.
- Box nails have a flat head and a shank more slender than a common nail.
- Casing nails have a small conical head and a shank more slender than a common nail, used in finishing work.
- Brad nails are small finishing nails.
- Cut nails have a tapering rectangular shank with a blunt point, made from rolled sheets of iron or steel.
- Double-headed nails (also called form nails or scaffold nails) have a flange on their shank and are used for temporary structures.
- Concrete nails (also called masonry nails) have a fluted or threaded shank and a diamond point for hammering into concrete or masonry.
- Flooring nails have a small conical head, mechanically deformed shank, and blunt diamond point.
- Ring-shank nails have grooves on the shank for increased holding power.
- Roofing nails have a barbed, threaded, or cement-coated shank and a broad, flat head for fastening shingles.
Fasteners (continued)
- Nailing methods:
- Face-nailing: Fastening perpendicular to the face of the work.
- Toenailing: Securing by nailing obliquely to the surfaces being joined.
- End-nailing: Fastening by nailing into the end of a board parallel to the grain.
- Blind nailing: Securing with nails hidden from the face of the work.
- Screws are metal fasteners with a tapered, helically threaded shank and a slotted head.
- Screw heads can be counter-sinking or non-counter-sinking.
- Screw drives include slotted, Phillips, Hex (Robertson), and others.
- Wood screws have a slotted head and coarse-threaded point, forming their own mating threads when driven into wood.
- Lag screws (also called coach screws or lag bolts) are heavy, coarse-threaded screws with square or hexagonal heads, driven by a wrench.
- Machine screws (also called stove bolts) have slotted or Phillips heads and are fine or coarse-threaded, used with a nut or driven into a tapped hole.
- Cap screws have a large head and a straight, fine or coarse-threaded shank, requiring no nut.
- Sheet metal screws have a coarse thread and blunt tip for fastening thin materials.
- Setscrews (also called socket screws or grub screws) are often headless, with a fully threaded straight shank and an embedded drive style.
- Thumbscrews have flattened, knurled heads, a fully threaded shank, ideal for turning with the thumb and forefinger.
- Screw eyes (also called eye screws or eye bolts) have a ring-shaped head for hanging objects.
Fasteners (continued)
- Bolts are threaded metal pins with a head at one end, used with a nut to fasten multiple parts together.
- Carriage bolts have a round head, flat bearing surface, and a square shoulder to prevent rotation.
- Machine bolts (also called machine screw bolts) have a flat bearing surface and a square or hexagonal head.
- J-bolts are J-shaped bolts threaded at the flat end, used for structural applications.
- U-bolts are U-shaped bolts threaded at both ends, used to support pipework or attach parts to poles.
- Eye bolts have a ring-shaped head for rigging, anchoring, pulling, pushing, or hoisting.
- Expansion bolts have a split casing that expands mechanically to engage the sides of a hole, used for heavy-duty fastening.
- Toggle bolts (also called butterfly anchors) have wings that open inside a hollow wall, bracing against it to hold the fastener securely.
- Nuts are threaded fasteners with a hole, typically used with bolts to fasten multiple parts together.
- Lock nuts (also called locknuts, locking nuts, self-locking nuts, prevailing nuts, stiff nuts, or elastic stop nuts) are hexagonal nuts that resist loosening under vibrations and torque.
- Castellated nuts (also called castle nuts) have radial slits for a locking pin or wire.
- Cap nuts (also called acorn nuts) have a hexagonal base and a domed top.
- Wing nuts (also called thumbnuts) have two projecting pieces for tightening with the thumb and forefinger.
- Knurled nuts have serrations on the side for grip.
Fasteners (continued)
- Washers are perforated disks used under nuts or bolts to distribute pressure, prevent leakage, or relieve friction.
- Lock washers are designed to prevent nuts from shaking loose.
- Flat washers increase surface area and prevent nuts from slipping through the surface.
- Load-indicating washers have projections or undulations that flatten as a bolt is tightened, indicating the bolt's tension.
Equipment
- Equipment refers to tools, appliances, or machines for single purposes.
- Survey equipment is used to measure distances, elevations, and angles.
- Surveyor's levels are precision optical instruments used for measuring angles between points in the horizontal plane to obtain land elevations.
- Transits and theodolites are precision optical instruments for measuring angles in both horizontal and vertical planes. Theodolites provide greater accuracy than transits.
- Total stations are electronic/optical instruments combining a theodolite with EDM (electronic distance measurement), used for measuring angles, distances, and coordinates.
- Construction lasers emit a narrow, accurate beam of light for creating baselines, leveling, and alignment.
- Pumps move liquids through mechanical action.
- Water pumps are used to remove water from excavations.
- Concrete pumps move concrete from mixers to concrete forms.
- Concrete mixers (also called cement mixers) combine cement, aggregates, and water to form concrete.
- Welding machines utilize heat to melt and join metals.
- Arc welding machines create heat using an electric arc.
- Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) (also called stick welding) uses a manual technique with a consumable electrode coated in flux.
- Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) (also called metal inert gas (MIG) welding) uses a thin wire electrode heated with a shielding gas.
- Laser-powered welders use a focused beam of light to melt and fuse metal.
- Conveyors move materials other than fluids using a continuous belt.
Heavy Equipment
- Heavy equipment is designed for large construction tasks, primarily involving earthwork.
- Bulldozers (also called dozers or crawlers) use a pushing blade to move and flatten earth.
- Excavators are used for digging, lifting, and carrying materials.
- Front-end loaders (also called wheel loaders or loaders) have a front-mounted bucket to scoop up loose material.
- Backhoes are tractor-mounted excavators opposite the front loader attachment, used for general digging.
- Trenchers are specialized excavators for digging trenches for pipes or cables.
- Cranes are heavy equipment using simple machines to lift and transport heavy objects.
- Crawler cranes have an upper carriage mounted on a crawler-type undercarriage.
- Truck cranes (also called boom trucks) have a rotating telescopic-boom crane mounted on a commercial truck chassis.
- Tower/climbing cranes are mounted on a mast fixed on the ground, used in high-rise construction.
- Scrapers load, haul, and dump soil using a pan or hopper.
- Graders (also called road graders, motor graders, or blades) have a long blade for creating final grades.
- Compactors (also called road rollers or rollers) are used for compacting soil and crushed rock.
- Pavers lay, spread, and finish asphalt or concrete for roads, bridges, and similar areas.
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Description
Test your knowledge on hand tools, including hammers, chisels, and saws. This quiz covers various types of tools, their purposes, and distinctions. Perfect for anyone looking to improve their understanding of these essential instruments.
