Comp Exam Review Key (2) PDF

# Competency Exam Review Name: **Key** Your competency exam will cover all objectives from the three cycles of study covered so far. There will also be questions from lab activities, math applications, and questions regarding lab skills. ## Part 1: Math and Chemistry 1. **Simplify:** - (-10)...

# Competency Exam Review Name: **Key** Your competency exam will cover all objectives from the three cycles of study covered so far. There will also be questions from lab activities, math applications, and questions regarding lab skills. ## Part 1: Math and Chemistry 1. **Simplify:** - (-10) - 4 = -14 - a(b+c) = ab + ac 2. Write 5% as a decimal and a fraction: - 0.05 - 5/100 3. Using your periodic table: - How many valence electrons does an atom of carbon have? *refer to the column in the periodic table* 4 - How many protons does carbon have? *proton# = atomic #* - What is the charge on an atom of carbon? 4+ protons, 4- electrons = Ø charge 4. An atom contains 40 protons, 42 neutrons, and 40 electrons. - What is the atomic number of this element? 40 - What is the mass of this element? 40 protons + 42 neutrons = 82 amu 5. Which two subatomic particles have mass? Which two have charges? protons *mass*, neutrons *mass* - protons (+) > charge - electrons (-) 6. - How is mass affected by a change in gravity? Not affected - How is weight affected by a change in gravity? lower gravity means you weigh less 7. What is the difference between two isotopes of the same element? Same element, but different mass because of different neutron# 8. Which group of elements has the highest first ionization energy? Column 8 9. - What are the six most abundant elements in the human body? CHONPS - Of these six elements, which is the most abundant? H 10. An atom is found to have 26 protons and an atomic mass of 56 amu. - What is the atomic number? 26 - How many neutrons does it have? 56-26 = 30 neutrons. *Amu = protons + neutrons* - Which element is it? Fe (iron) 11. An ion has 20 protons, 18 electrons, and 20 neutrons. - What is the charge on this ion? 20(+) - 18(-) = +2 - What is the mass of this ion? 20 protons + 20 neutrons = 40 amu - Which element is this? Ca (calcium) 12. What determines if an ion is positive or negative? The number of electrons compared to protons. - More protons = + - More electrons = - 13. What is a covalent bond? *covalent = shared electrons* *ionic = transferred electrons, makes ions* - When atoms share a pair of electrons 14. Which pair of elements is most likely to form a covalently bonded compound? *ionic between metal and non-metal* *covalent between 2 non-metals* - Carbon and Nitrogen 15. When an atom forms an ion, what determines whether an atom will lose or gain electrons? How close is the atom to a noble gas column? 16. What is the most common isotope of Lithium? Li-7 17. Draw two water molecules. What type of bond holds one molecule together? What type of bond forms between two water molecules? Which type of bond is stronger? *polar covalent* *results in partial charges + and -* *H-O-H* *hydrogen bond (weak)* *polar covalent bond (strong)* 18. How many significant figures in each of the following? *"Trailing zeros are significant"* *"Zeros after the decimal are significant, UNLESS there was a decimal (then, 10 sig figs)"* - 3.00 grams = 3 - 6.022x10^23 amu/gram = 4 - 3,000,000,000 meters per second = 1 - 0.000002 liters = 1 19. The covalent bonds within carbohydrates are broken in a series of reactions. - What is the equation for cellular respiration? C_6H_12O_6 + 6O_2 → Energy + 6CO_2 + 6H_2O - The breakdown of organic molecules in order to release useful energy is an example of catabolism. - The energy released from the breakdown of organic molecules can be used to build complex molecules such as proteins. Synthesizing larger molecules from smaller units is known as anabolism. - What term is defined as the sum of all chemical reactions in the body? Metabolism 20. What are the four major macromolecules in the human body? - Carbohydrates, Nucleic acids, Lipids, Proteins 21. What is the role of ATP? How is it produced? Where in the cell is most of it produced? - energy molecule - produced in the mitochondria during cellular respiration 22. Write the values in scientific notation: - 870,000,000 = 8.7 x 10^8 - 0.00000000101 = 1.01 x 10^-9 23. Write these values in standard form: - 1.712x10^10 = 17,120,000,000 - 6.02x10^-5 = 0.0000602 24. Simplify: - b^3 x b^3 = b^6 *if multiplying, add exponents together* - b^15/b^16 = b^-1 *to divide, subtract top exponent from bottom exponent* - b^4/b^10 = b^-6 25. Put the following in order from least to greatest. *turn all into decimal form* - 4.782x10^2 = 478.2 - 7.9x10^0 = 7.9 - 2.2x10^3 = 2200 - 4.782x10^-4 = 0.0004782 - 4.782x10^4 < 0.0005 < 7.9x10^0 < 4.782x10^2 < 488 < 22x10^3 26. The pH of a patient's saliva is measured to be 7.4. Is this solution acidic, basic, or neutral? Neutral, but leans basic. 27. If the pH of a solution goes from 6 to 7 then the hydrogen ion concentration has: *Basic > 7* *Acidic < 7* - decreased by 10 fold 28. Identify the SI units we would use to measure each of the following: - The height of a tree: Meter - The temperature outside: Celcius - The amount of time it takes for a car to go from zero to sixty km/hour: km/hr - The mass of a kidney: grams - The volume of blood in a human: Liters 29. - How many millimeters are in a meter? 1000 mm = 1m (1000mL / 1mL) x (1000mL/1L) = 2.0 x 10^6 µL - How many microliters is equal to 2 liters? 1000µL = 1mL, 1000mL = 1L - 500 milligrams is equal to how many kilograms? 1000mg = 1g, 1000g = 1 kg (500mg / 1g)(1g / 1000g)(1 kg / 1000g) = 5.0 x 10^-4 kg 30. Draw the monomer for a protein and the monomer for DNA. - Protein: 00000 amino acid - DNA: nucleotide 31. A child is 1.10 meters tall when she starts first grade and 1.45 meters when she starts fourth grade. What is the percent difference in her height (sig figs)? *percent change = (Final Value - Initial Value) / Initial Value x 100* - (1.45m - 1.10m) / 1.10m x 100 = 31.8% 32. Give two examples of qualitative data and two examples of quantitative data. - **Qualitative** = descriptive - I have brown hair - I am Short - **Quantitative** = numbers - I have 24 students in class - I am 5 ft tall 33. Solve for the variable x: *To remove something, do the opposite (Ex., opposite of x is 1/x)* *Whatever you do to one side, you do to the other* - 4x = 28 - x = 7 - 8x+19=51 - 8x = 32 - x = 4 - 8x+18=14x - 18 = 6x - 3 = x 34. Solve for the variable x: - (3x / 6) = 100 *Write our all your work* *Plug your answer back into equation for x.* - 3x = 600 - x = 200 - 18 + 10 = 11 - 18 = 3x - 3 = x - 18 = 1.3x 35. Which of the following best summarizes the data in the graph? - *The average wind speed is highest between 20:00 and 22:00.* 36. Which of the following best summarizes the information displayed in the scatter plot? - *The world records set between 2000 and 2010 were all faster than what the line of best fit predicts.* 37. You are evaluating the effect of different types of fertilizers on plant growth. You plant 12 tomato plants and divide them into three groups, where each group contains four plants. To the first group, you do not add fertilizer and the plants are watered with plain water. The second and third groups are watered with two different brands of fertilizer. After three weeks, you measure the growth of each plant in centimeters and calculate the average growth for each type of fertilizer. - **Table 1. The effect of different brands of fertilizer on tomato plant growth over three weeks** | Plant Number | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Average | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | No treatment | 10 | 12 | 8 | 9 | 9.75 | | Brand A | 15 | 16 | 14 | 12 | 14.25 | | Brand B | 22 | 25 | 21 | 27 | 23.75 | - **Identify the independent variable**: Fertilizer brand - **Identify the dependent variable**: Plant growth - **Identify the control variable**: No treatment - **Identify the experimental groups**: Brand A + B 38. Graph the data from the table above. Be sure to include all axes tiles and an appropriate graph title. **Effect of Fertilizer Brand on Tomato Plant Height** | Average Plant Growth | Fertilizer Type| |---|---| | 10 | No Treatment| | 15 | Brand A | | 25 | Brand B | 39. List the basic concepts of cell theory. - All living things are made of cells. - Cells are the basic unit of life. - All cells must come from pre-existing cells. 40. Explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. - Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles. - Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, membrane bound organelles. 41. What is the function of the plasma membrane? Control what goes in/out of the cell. 42. What is one of the primary functions of the microvilli? Increase surface area for nutrient absorption. 43. Name the structures all cells have. - Plasma membrane - Ribosomes - Cytoplasm 44. The general term of the net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration is known as *diffusion*. When water moves across a membrane from areas of high concentration to low concentrations of water is known as *water movement*. 45. - When an animal cell is placed into a hypertonic solution, which direction will the water move across the membrane? What will happen to the cell shape? *Water moves to the hypertonic area, out, shrink*. - When an animal cell is placed into a hypotonic solution, which direction will the water move across the membrane? What will happen to the cell shape? *Water moves to the hypertonic area, in, swell.* 46. What is the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion? - **Simple diffusion**: across the plasma membrane - **Facilitated diffusion**: through channel proteins 47. Sometimes cells need to move molecules of a solute through a membrane against the concentration gradient of the solute. This energy-requiring process is called *active transport*. 48. What is pinocytosis? Is this an active or passive process? *"Cell drinking",* active transport. 49. The Central Dogma of Biology is DNA > mRNA > Protein. Transcribe the DNA template strand below into mRNA. Next translate the mRNA to a protein. - **DNA**: TAC TTT AAT TGG AGG TGG AGG ATT - **mRNA**: AUG AAA UUG ACC UCC ACC UCC DAA - **Protein**: Met-Lys-Leu-Thr-Ser-Thr-Ser-STOP 50. DNA, mRNA, and protein are all polymers. Identify the monomer of each of these polymers. - **DNA**: nucleotides - **mRNA**: nucleotides - **Protein**: amino acids 51. The monomers for DNA have three parts to them. ``` phosphate ' | | | Sugar----S----NB \ \ Nitrogenous base ``` 52. Identify three differences between DNA and RNA. - **Double strand** vs. **Single strand** - **Deoxyribose sugar** vs. **Ribose sugar** - **T** vs. **U** 53. What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis? mRNA *carries the message of DNA and translates into proteins*. 54. What does "semi conservative" replication mean? Half of the parent strand is kept. 55. What is the name of the enzyme that separated the stands of DNA? Helicase 56. As a cell goes through the cell cycle, during which phase does DNA replication occur? S-phase 57. What are the centrioles? When are they produced? Explain their role in the cell cycle. They are produced in prophase. - *Centrioles* are small, cylindrical structures that are used to separate chromosomes. - They attach to chromosomes during metaphase so they are separated during anaphase. 58. Explain the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis. How are they related? Mitosis is the process of moving chromosomes into separate sides of the cell. Cytokinesis is the full split of the two cells. 59. What is the purpose of cellular respiration for the cell? To produce ATP. 60. If 2 moles of methionine are dissolved in six liters of water, then what is the molarity of the solution? - Molarity = Moles / Liters - M = 2 moles / 6 liters - M = 0.33 61. Molarity describes.... - The concentration of the solute. 62. Draw a picture of a nitrogen 14 atom showing the location of all the subatomic particles. ``` N + + + + + + + + + + + + ``` 63. Draw a lewis dot structure for the nitrogen atom. N ``` . . . N . . ``` 64. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,730 years. How long will it take for 1600 grams of carbon-14 to be reduced to 12.5 grams? - 1600g → 800g → 400g → 200g → 100g → 50g → 25g → 12.5g - 7 half-lives = 5,730 x 7 = 40,110 years