Competency Exam Review

Competency Exam Review

• The exam will cover topics from three cycles of study, lab activities, math applications, and lab skills.

Simplify

• Simplify (-10) - 4 = -14
• Simplify a(b+c) = ab + ac

Write 5% as a decimal and a fraction

• 5% = 0.05
• 5% = 1/20

Using your periodic table

• Carbon has 4 valence electrons.
• Carbon has 6 protons (atomic number)
• Carbon has a charge of zero.

An atom contains...

• 40 protons, 42 neutrons, and 40 electrons.
• The atomic number is 40
• The mass number is 82

Subatomic particles

• Protons and neutrons have mass.
• Protons have a positive charge, and electrons have a negative charge.

Mass and Gravity

• Mass is not affected by changes in gravity.
• Weight is affected by changes in gravity.

Isotopes

• Isotopes of the same element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

First Ionization energy

• Column 8 elements have the highest first ionization energy.

Abundant elements in the human body

• Six most abundant are CHONPS.
• Carbon (C) is the most abundant.

Atomic number and mass

• An atom with 26 protons and an atomic mass of 56 amu : Atomic number is 26; Neutrons are 30; Element is iron (Fe).

Ion charge and mass

• An ion with 20 protons, 18 electrons, and 20 neutrons has a charge of +2.
• The mass of the ion is 40 amu.
• The element is Calcium (Ca).

Ions (+/-)

• Ions are positive or negative due to a difference in the number of protons and electrons.

Covalent bonds

• Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons.

Elements forming compounds

• Elements most likely to form covalent compounds are Carbon and Nitrogen.

Atom electron gain/loss

• Atoms are more stable when their electron count matches a noble gas.

Water molecules

• Water molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds.

Significant figures

• The number of significant figures in a given number depends on the context of where it is being used.

Cellular respiration

• Cellular respiration is the breakdown of organic molecules to release energy.
• The equation for cellular respiration is C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy.
• Catabolism is the breakdown of organic molecules.
• Anabolism is the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller units.
• Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body.

Macromolecules

• Four major macromolecules in the human body are carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids.

ATP production

• ATP is an energy molecule produced during cellular respiration in the mitochondria.

Scientific Notation

• Converting numbers into scientific notation for clarity.

Simplifying expressions

• Examples of simplifying expressions involving exponents.

pH scale

• pH 7.4 is considered neutral. Values below 7 are acidic; values above 7 are basic.

SI units

• SI units for measuring height, temperature, time, mass, and volume.

Calculating molarity

• Molarity = moles / Liters

Atomic Structure

• Diagram of a nitrogen atom with the correct subatomic particle placement.

Lewis Dot Structure

• Diagrams representing the bonds and free electrons in a Nitrogen atom.

Half-life calculation

• The equation to calculate half-life given the initial mass and percentage remaining

Protein and DNA monomers

• Diagrams of amino acids (monomer of proteins) and nucleotides (monomer of DNA)

Transcription and Translation

• The steps involved in transcription and translation explained, and a diagram of the process.

Cell theory

• Concepts describing all living things are made of cells; cells are the basic units of life; new cells come from existing cells

Cell differences

• Explanation of differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Plasma Membrane Function

• Description of the plasma membrane's role in controlling the passage of substances into and out of a cell.

Micorvilli

• Explanation and the function of microvilli to increase nutrient absorption.

Cell Components

• List of structures all cells have.

Diffusion

• What diffusion is, and more specifically, osmosis

Animal cell placement.

• Water movement directions across cell membranes in (hypertonic / hypotonic) environments.

Simple vs. Facilitated Diffusion

• How these processes are different.

Pinocytosis

• Description of pinocytosis and whether it is an active or passive process.

Central Dogma

• The central dogma follows a basic pattern known as DNA>mRNA>Protein; and diagrams of steps.

Polymers Monomers

• Identification of monomers in DNA, mRNA, and proteins.

DNA and RNA structure

• Identification of differences in DNA and RNA structure, particularly in the sugar and base components.

DNA Replication

• Explanation and the name of the enzyme involved.

Cell Cycle and Phases

• Description of the phases related to DNA replication, and other cell functions.

Centrioles and Cell Cycle

• Description of centrioles, their production in the cell cycle, and their roles in cell division.

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

• Differences and the relationship between the processes.

Cellular Respiration Function

• Purpose of Cellular respiration.