ASP Exam Study Workbook PDF

# ASP Exam Study Workbook ## Domain 1: Advanced Sciences and Math ### Domain 1: Advanced Sciences and Math - Chemistry concepts - Electrical principles - Radioactivity principles - Calculations for storage capacity - Calculations for rigging and load - Leading indicators - Domain 1: Advanced Sci...

# ASP Exam Study Workbook ## Domain 1: Advanced Sciences and Math ### Domain 1: Advanced Sciences and Math - Chemistry concepts - Electrical principles - Radioactivity principles - Calculations for storage capacity - Calculations for rigging and load - Leading indicators - Domain 1: Advanced Sciences and Math - Lagging indicators - Descriptive statistics - Financial principles - Calculations for fall protection - Ventilation and system design - Noise hazards - Environmental and climate conditions ### ASP Math Equations and Formulas #### Concentrations of Vapors and Gases Formulas - ppm = mg/m³ x 24.45 / MW - ppm = parts per million in concentration - mg/m³ = milligrams/cubic meter - MW = Molecular Weight of the substance - TWA = (C₁ × T₁) + (C₂ × T₂) + ... + (C x T) / (T₁ + T₂ + ... + T) - TWA = Time Weighted Average - C = Concentration of chemical - T = Time of exposure - LFL = 1 / (f₁/LFL₁ + f₂/LFL₂ + ... + fₙ/LFLₙ) - LFLm = Lower Flammable Limit of a mixture or solvent - f = fraction by weight - TLV = 1 / (f₁/TLV₁ + f₂/TLV₂ + ... + fₙ/TLVₙ) - TLV = Threshold Limit Value of a mixture - f = fraction by weight (% expressed as a decimal 0.XX) - **Where:** - TLVmix = Threshold Limit Value for a mixture of airborne chemicals with additive effects. If the sum is greater than one (1), then an overexposure exists. - C₁ = the measured airborne concentrations of the chemicals. - TLV₁ = published Threshold Limit Value for the respective chemicals. - When two or more hazardous chemicals with similar toxic effects are present in the environment, the combined effect should be evaluated, rather than the individual effect. - **NOTE:** The units can be either mg/m³ or ppm, but must be consistent in the equation. #### Combined Gas Law (Charles and Boyles Laws) - P = Pressure (expressed in absolute) - 1 atm = 14.7 psi - V = Volume - 760 mm Hg - 29.92 in Hg - 33.90 ft H2O - 760 torr - 101.3 kilopascal - T = Temperature (expressed in absolute) - toc= (top-32) / 1.8 - tok = toc + 273 - tor = top + 460 - PIV₁ = P₂V₂/T² - P=IxV① = E/l = V/R ①= I x R ① = V/IR - E=PxR = V² / R = I² x R - P=Exl = I²xR = V² / R #### Electrical Formulas - V = IR or E = IR - E or V = Voltage - I = Current (Amperage) - R = Resistance (Ohms) - RSERIES = R1 + R2 + ... + RN - R = Resistance (Ohms) - P = VI or P = EI - P = Power (Watts) - I = Current (Amperage) - E or V = Voltage - 1/RPARALLEL = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn - R = Resistance (Ohms) #### Radiation Formulas - I₂ = I₁(d₁ / d₂)2 - I = Intensity - d = distance - N = Noe⁻ᵏᵗ - N = radioactivity remaining after time t - No = radioactivity at a given original time - t = elapsed time - k= disintegration constant - e = second function natural log - A = AoE⁻ᵏᵗ = A₀e⁻⁰.⁶⁹³ᵗ/T1/2 - A = radioactivity remaining after time t - A₀ = radioactivity at a given original time - t = elapsed time - T1/2 = half-life of the radionuclide - In 2 = 0.693 (natural log of 2) - T1/2 = In 2 / k - T1/2 half-life of the radionuclide - In 2 = 0.693 (natural log of 2) - k = Disintegration constant | TYPE | EFFECTS | SHIELDING | |-------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Alpha | Short range; < 4" in air | Skin, paper, thin film of water | | | Chemically similar to calcium (can collect in kidneys, bones, liver, | | | | lungs, and spleen) | | | | Eyes are an internal exposure | | | | Secondary release of gamma radiation | | | Beta | Secondary release of gamma radiation | Light metals like aluminum | | | Higher energies can cause skin burns | | | Neutron | Most penetrating, can cause skin burns | Carbon or high hydrogen concent (like water) | | Gamma and X-ray | Electromagnetic radiation: Gamma (natural); X-ray (man-made) | Heavy metals like lead | ### Structural and Mechanical Calculations #### Area and Volume Formulas - Circumference of a circle = 2πr or πd - Area of a circle = πr² or πd²/4 - Area of a rectangle = length × width - Area of a triangle = 1/2 × base × height - Volume of a tank = πr²h or πd²h/4 - Volume of a cube = length x width × height #### Trigonometry Functions - sin A = sin B / sin C = a/c - cos A = b/c - tan A = a/b - Angle of a ramp = tan⁻¹(rise/run) - Sling angle and stress rules of thumb: - 15° angle = twice the load - 30° angle = the load - 45° angle = 70% of load - 60° angle = 58% load - 90° angle = 50% of load - Load number of slings + sin A = stress on the sling #### Engineering Control Calculations - Q = AV - Q = the Volumetric Flow Rate in the duct, measured in cubic feet/minute = ft³/min [cfm] - A = the Cross-Sectional Area of the duct under consideration, in square feet [ft²] - V = the Velocity, or Duct Velocity, of the gases moving in the duct, in feet/minute = ft/min [fpm] - V = 4005Ce SP - V = average duct velocity (fpm) - 4005 = constant, based on the density of standard air - C = Coefficient of entry (unitless) - SP = hood static pressure ("wg) - V = 4005√VP - V - Velocity (lineal feet) - VP - Velocity Pressure - TP = SP + VP - TP = Total Pressure ("wg) - SP = Static Pressure ("wg) - VP - Velocity Pressure ("wg)- Velocity Pressure (VP) is always "positive" downstream of the fan. - Static Pressure (SP) is always "negative" upstream of the fan. #### Hoods WITHOUT Flanges - V = Q / (10x² + A) - V = the Capture Velocity, i.e., the centerline velocity of the air entering the hood under consideration, at a point "x" feet directly in front of the face of the hood. This Capture Velocity is usually measured in feet per minute [fpm] - Q = the Volumetric Flow Rate of the hood, measured in cubic feet per minute [cfm] - x = the Distance from the plane of the hood opening to the point directly in front of it where the Capture Velocity is to be determined, measured in feet [ft] - A = the Cross-Sectional Area of the hood opening, measured in square feet [ft²] #### Hoods WITH Flanges - V = 4Q / (3[10x² + A]) #### Heat Stress Formulas - Indoor Formula (no solar load): WBGT = 0.7WB + 0.3GT - WBGT = Wet Bulb Globe Temperature - WB - Wet Bulb temperature - GT - Globe Temperature - Outdoor Formula (with solar load): WBGT = 0.7 WB + 0.2 GT + 0.1DB - WBGT = Wet Bulb Globe Temperature - WB Wet Bulb temperature - GT = Globe Temperature - DB = Dry Bulb temperature #### Noise Formulas - Lw = 10log10(W/W₀) - Lw = sound power level Watts (dB) - W = acoustic power in watts - W₀ = reference power intensity watts - L = 20log10(P/P₀) - Lp = sound pressure level (dB) - P = final sound pressure (Pa) - P₀ = reference sound pressure (Pa) (20 µPa) - SPLTotal = SPLIndividual + 10logn - SPLTotal = combined dB for all sources - SPLIndividual = dB for one source - n = number of noise sources - 3-dB rule - T = 8 / 2[(L-90)/5] - T = allowable exposure time - L = exposure (dB) - 5-dB rule - dB₁ = dB₀ + 20log10(d₀ / d₁) - dB₁ = noise level at distance d₁ (dB) - dB₀ = noise level at distance do (dB) - d = distance from a noise source (any units of length) - 6-dB rule - Lpt = 10log10(Σ₁ᴺ¹⁰⁰.₁ᴸᴾᶦ) - Lpt = total sound pressure level generated by N sources (dB) - Lpi = individual sound level of each source (dB) - N = number of sound pressure levels - Lpt = Lpi + 10 logN - Lpt = total sound pressure level generated by N sources (dB) - Lpi individual sound level of each source (dB) - N = number of sound pressure levels - Noise Dose = (C₁/T₁) + (C₂/T₂) + ... + (Cₙ/Tₙ) - C = Calculated exposure time - T = Authorized exposure time #### Physics Formulas ##### Force to Slide - F = μN - F = Force required - μ = Coefficient of friction - N = Normal weight - Force down a ramp (sine function) N = W X sin ∠ - Force perpendicular to a ramp (cosine function) N = W X cos / ##### Force - F = ma - F = Force required - m = mass - a = acceleration - v = v₀ + at - v = final velocity - v₀ = initial velocity - a = acceleration - t = time taken ##### Force to Tip - F₁d₁ = F₂d₂ - F = Force - d = Distance ##### W= mg - W = Weight - m = mass - g = gravity (acceleration) - v² = v₀² + 2as or s = v₀t + ½at² - v₀ = initial velocity - s = distance traveled - a = acceleration - t = time taken #### Traffic Formulas - VKPH = √255 × S × μ - VKPH = Velocity in kilometers per hour - S = distance (length of skid mark) - μ = coefficient of friction - Vfinal = √√V₁² + √₂² + ... + √₂² - Vfinal = total velocity over multiple coefficients of friction - VMPH = √30 × ς × μ - VMPH = Velocity in miles per hour - S = distance (length of skid mark) - μ = coefficient of friction - VMPH = 5.5 √K.E. / W - VMPH = Velocity in miles per hour - K.E. = Kinetic Energy - W = Weight #### Financial Principles Formulas - F = P(1 + i)ⁿ - P = F(1 + i)⁻ⁿ - F = A((1+ i)ⁿ-1) / ((1+ i) - 1) - A = F i / ((1 + i)ⁿ - 1) - P = A ((1+ i)ⁿ-1) / ((1 + i) - 1) - A = P i / ((1 + i)ⁿ - 1) - **Where:** - i = interest rate for a given interest period (remember to divide the interest by 4 to get quarterly interest) - n = number of interest periods (to get quarters, multiply the years by 4) - P = sum of money at the present time - F = future worth of a present sum of money after n interest periods, or the future worth of a series of equal payments - A = a payment or receipt at the end of an interest period in a series of n equal payments or receipts (if the payment is a yearly payment and the question is based on a quarterly deposit, divide by 4) ### Statistics Calculations - t = (x - μ) / ŝ - t = t-score - X = mean - μ = mean - S = standard deviation - n = number of data points - P(r) = (λᵗe⁻λ) / r! - P = Poisson distribution - r = number of observed events or rate - λ = expected number of events or baseline - t = time - r = (Σ(XY) - (ΣX)(ΣY)) / √ (Σ(X²) - (ΣX)²)(Σ(Y²) - (ΣY)² ) - x = X - X - y = Y - Y - r = regression (coefficient of correlation) - S = √ (Σx² / (n-1) ) - (x = x - x) - S = sample standard deviation - σ = population standard deviation - X = data point - X = mean - Z = (X - μ) / σ - Z = z-score - X = data point - μ = mean - σ = standard deviation - P₁ = 1 - R(t) - P₁ = Probability (failure) - R(t) = Reliability (t) - R(t) = e⁻λᵗ - R(t) = Reliability (t) - e = 2.71828 - λ = failure rate (reciprocal of mean time between failure) - t = A specified period of fail-free operation or failure-free operation - P = (n! / (n-k)!k!) * C = k! / (n-k)!k! - P = number of combinations possible when taking n things k at a time - C = number of combinations possible when taking n things k at a time - n = number of things to sample from - k = number of things taken each time ### Hydrostatics and Hydraulics Formulas - P = (Q²/ 891d⁴) - P = Pressure velocity (psi) - Q = flow rate (gpm) - d = internal diameter in inches - Q = (Q²/0.54(S-R₂)) - Q = flow (gpm) - S = Static pressure (psi) - R = Residual pressure (psi) - P = (4.52 Q¹.⁸⁵) / (C¹.⁸⁵ 4.87) - P = Pressure drop - psi/ft - Q = flow (gpm) - C = Coefficient of roughness (pipe) - d = internal diameter in inches - Q₂ = Q / (10.54(S-R₂)/ (S-R₁))⁰.⁵⁴ - Q = flow (gpm) - S = Static pressure (psi) - R = Residual pressure (psi) - Q = - Q = flow (gpm) - P = Pressure differential (S - R) ### Unit Conversions - 1 kg = 2.2 lbs - 1 kgm = 9.8 Newtons force - 1 pound force = 4.45 Newtons - 1000 g = 1 kg - 1 lb = 454 g - 7.48 gal = 1 ft³ - 16 oz = 454 g - 760 mm Hg = 29.92 in Hg - 760 mm Hg = 14.7 lb/in² - 1 liter = 1.06 qt = 61.02 in³ = 0.03531 ft³ = 0.26 gal - 1 gal = 3.78 liters - 1 liter = 1000 mL = 1000 cm³ (cc) - gram-mole @ 0°C and 1 atm = 22.4 liters - @ 25°C and 1 atm = 24.45 liters - Water weight density = 62.4 lbs/ft³ = 8.34 lbs/gal - 1000 mm = 1 m - 1 in = 2.54 cm - 1 micron = 10-4 cm - 1000 m 1 km - 1 meter = 3.28 feet - 1 mile 1.6 km - 1 ft 30.48 cm - 1 mile 5280 feet - 1 mile 1609 meters - 1 atmosphere (atm) pressure = 14.7 psi = 760 mm Hg = 29.92 in Hg = 33.90 ft H2O = 760 torr = 101.3 kilopascal - 1 lumen = 1 candela - 1 foot-candle = 10.76 candela/m² - 1 foot-candle = 10.76 lux - 1 rad = 10-2 gray - 1 rem = 10-2 sievert - 1 gray = 1 sievert ### NIOSH Lifting Equation - RWL = LC x HMx VMx DM x AM × FM x CM - RWL(1b) = 51( H/0.0075 | V-30 |) I)(0.82+1)(1-(0.0032 × A))(FM)(CM) - RWL(kg) = 23 ( H/0.003 | V− 75 ) 1)(0.82+)(1-(0.0032 × A))(FM)(CM) - **Where:** - H = Horizontal distance of hands from midpoint between the ankles - V = Vertical distance of the hand from the floor - A = Angle of asymmetry, the angular displacement of the load from the sagittal plane in degrees - D = Vertical travel distance between origin and destination - F = Average frequency of lift in lifts per minute - C = Coupling or grip ### Notes and Modifications: - H = Must be between 10 and 25 inches - V = Must be between 0 and 70 inches - V = Is an absolute value indicating the absolute deviation from 30 inches; i.e., if V = 36 the absolute value would be 6, likewise if V = 24 the absolute value would also be 6. - D = Must be between 10 inches and (70-V) inches if less than 10 inches, D = 10 - F = Must be between 0.2 (one lift every five minutes) and 15 lifts per minute - duration ranges up to 8 hours - A = Must be between 0º and 135° angular displacement - RWL = LC x HM x VM x DM x AM x FM x CM - RWL(lb) = 51(1)(1 – 0.0075|V − 30|) (0.82+) (1 – (0.0032 × A)(FM)(CM) - RWL(kg) = 23 (2)(1 – 0.003 |V − 75|) (0.82+)(1 – (0.0032 × A)(FM)(CM) | Coupling Type | V < 30 in (75 cm) | V ≥ 30 in (75 cm) | |---|---|---| | Good | 1.00 | 1.00 | | Fair | 0.95 | 1.00 | | Poor | 0.90 | 0.90 | ### Frequency Multiplier | Frequency Lifts/min (F) | ≤ 1 hr | ≤ 2 hr | ≤ 8 hr | |---|---|---|---| | ≤ 0.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.85 | | 0.5 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.81 | | 1 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.75 | | 2 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.65 | | 3 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 0.55 | | 4 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.45 | | 5 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.35 | | 6 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.27 | | 7 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.22 | | 8 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.18 | | 9 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.15 | | 10 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.13 | | 11 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.00 | | 12 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.00 | | 13 | 0.00 | 0.34 | 0.00 | | 14 | 0.00 | 0.31 | 0.00 | | 15 | 0.00 | 0.28 | 0.00 | | > 15 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ### Lifting Index (LI) - LI = Load Weight / Recommended Weight Limit (RWL) ### Select an Approved Calculator - The ASP and CSP exams both require the use of a good scientific calculator. Those taking BCSP examinations will be allowed to bring one or two calculators into the secure examination facility; any calculator brought into the examination must be from the brands and models listed below. - Casio models FX-115, -250 or -300 series - Hewlett-Packard models HP 9, 10, 12, or 30 series - Texas Instruments models TI-30, -34, 35, -36 series - Make sure you know how to use your calculator(s) so you don't waste valuable time trying to understand how to use it once the examination clock starts. It is a good idea to practice working solutions and to be able to recall the correct calculator procedures. Different versions of the above brands and models will be permitted. For example, the TI-30X IIS and HP 30s calculators will be allowed, as they are versions of permitted brands and models. - When purchasing a calculator for this effort, look for the following features: - First, and most importantly, the calculator should have a well-illustrated instruction manual. The manual should be large enough to read, not an inch by an inch and a half. It should have examples of problems and answers with illustrations. - In addition to suggestions made by the Board, the authors believe the calculator should have these functions (in order of importance): - A statistical function capable of calculating mean, standard deviation, and correlation. - A change sign function for numbers and exponents - A universal power function - Scientific notation - Combinations, permutations, and factorials - Lastly, the calculator should be large enough for practical use. Many modern calculators have such small keys that it is nearly impossible to hit just one key at a time. Since test takers will be doing a considerable amount of work during this study effort, attempt to make it as user friendly as possible. ### Calculator Practice Questions - Calculate $69.95 - 10% discount = - Calculate 14 × 356 = - Calculate π Χ 3.6² = - Calculate (12 × 62) / √9 = - Calculate 5^4.87 = - Calculate 4.87/2535 = - Calculate log 15.32 - Calculate 90 + 16.61 × log10 2 = - Calculate 1 / e-2.5 = - Calculate 45⁻¹ = - Calculate 1 / 45 = - Calculate (64)1/2 = - Calculate sine 30 = - Calculate arcsine of 0.5 = - Calculate (4 x 5) / (5 x 4) = - Calculate (70 + 50 / 12) / (5 x 5) = - Calculate √4.5 x 2 = - Calculate 1/4 + 1/2 + 2/3 + 3/4 / 7/8.. = - Calculate 569.95 – 10% discount = - Calculate 14 × 356 - Calculate π Χ 3.6² - Calculate (12×6²) / √9 = - Calculate 5^4.87 = - Calculate 4.87/2535 = - Calculate log 15.32 = - Calculate 90 + 16.61 × log10 2 = - Calculate 1/e-2.5 = - Calculate 45-1 = - Calculate 1/45 = - Calculate (64)1/2 = - Calculate sine 30 = - Calculate arcsine of 0.5 = - Calculate (4 × 5) / (5 × 4) = - Calculate (70 + 50 / 12) / (5 × 5) = - Calculate √4.5 x 2 = - Calculate 1/4 + 1/2 + 2/3 + 3/4 / 7/8.. = ### Calculator Practice Answers - $62.96 - 4984 - 40.72 - 6 - 2535 - 5 - 1.19 - 95 - 0.92 - 0.022 - 1 - 0.022 - 8 - 0.5 - 30 - 1 - 0.4 - 3 - 1.143 ### Domain 1 Quiz 1 Questions - A direct reading instrument indicates a concentration of 2.3% for a hazardous material that has a Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) of 250 ppm and an Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) of 2500 ppm and a Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) of 25,000 ppm. If assigned the task of respirator selection for entry into this atmosphere, which of the following statements is most correct? - A calibrated hot wire gas detector-type combustible-gas indicator reads 10% for methane, which has 5.3% LEL. How many parts per million does this represent? - The balanced equation below shows the complete oxidation of acetylene. If 10 moles of oxygen were consumed in the oxidation process, how many grams of CO2 (MW = 44) would be produced? - The best descriptor of the pH scale is: - Given a molecular weight of 112, convert 1.6 pounds of a material fully evaporated in a 3000 ft³ confined space to parts per million. Note: The space occupied by a mole of gas at STP (industrial hygiene) is 24.45 liters. - Determine the TWA concentration from the following measurement data: 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. @ 210 ppm; 10:00a.m. to 12:00 p.m. @ 195 ppm; 12:00 p.m. to 1:00p.m. @ 0 ppm; 1:00 p.m. to 2:00 p.m. @ 60 ppm; 2:00p.m. to 3:00p.m. @ 300 ppm - If a tank atmosphere contains 76% ambient air and 24% hydrocarbons, what is the oxygen content of the tank? - The pressure in a 5L compressed-gas cylinder has a pressure of 3000 psig at a temperature of 65°F. The cylinder is allowed to heat to 110°F while stored in a commercial transportation van exposed to the sun. What is the new pressure in the gas cylinder? - A compound made up of 35% naphtha, 5% toluene, and 60% Stoddard solvent is used to clean parts in a tire repair shop. A review of the SDS for each material yields the following information: - A compound made up of 35% naphtha, 5% toluene, and 60% Stoddard solvent is used to clean parts in a tire repair shop. A review of the SDS for each material yields the following information: - If the voltage in a DC circuit is 120 volts and the resistance is 9 ohms, what is the current? E =IR - Compute the total circuit resistance in this simple series circuit. (Figure 6) - Compute the total power consumed for this simple parallel circuit. (Figure 7) - What radioactivity would remain from 1 Ci (curie) of Co-60 (5.24 years half-life) after a 20-year period? - If 0.5 micrograms (µg) of radioactive isotope, 133 I is needed at the cancer research facility on January 20 and was created in a lab on January 4, what was the initial amount of the substance? The disintegration constant of 133 I is 0.0862 day ^-1. - Ruthenium (Ru) has a half-life of 1 year. How long will it take for a 1600-µCurie source to be reduced to 100 μCurie? - The decay constant for 226Ra is 1.36 × 10^-11 Bq per second. What is the half-life? - 147 pounds per cubic foot of concrete has a half-value thickness of 2.7 inches for a Cobalt-60 source. How thick does the shielding need to be to reduce an 800-mR source to 200-mR exposure? - What radiation reading would result from an unshielded 5-millicurie source of cesium-137 at a distance of one foot, given an MEV of 0.662 and a 0.9 gamma-radiation-per-second disintegration? - Light, radiation, and sound are energy sources that follow the inverse square rule, which states: "The propagation of energy through space is inversely proportional to the square of the distance it must travel." Accordingly, if a radiation source has a reading of 60 at 5 feet, what will the radiation be at 30 feet? ### Domain 1 Quiz 1 Answers - **Answer: D.** Convert % to ppm and compare to LEL. From the comparison, the concentration is above both the PEL and the IDLH but equal to the LEL. - ppm = % × 1,000,000 - ppm = 2.3% × 1,000,000 - ppm = 25,000 - **PELS** - OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits are time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations that must not be exceeded during any 8-hour work shift of a 40-hour workweek. - **IDLHS** - NIOSH definition Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health concentrations represent the maximum concentration from which, in the event of a respirator failure, one could escape within 30 minutes without a respirator and without experiencing any escape-impairing (e.g., severe eye irritation) or irreversible health effects. - **LEL-UEL** - Lower Explosive Limit or Lower Flammable Limit. By NFPA definition, lower flammable limit is the minimum concentration of vapor to air below which propagation of a flame will not occur in the presence of an ignition source. The UEL or upper explosive or flammable limit is the maximum vapor-to-air concentration above which propagation of flame will not occur. At or below the UEL means the material can ignite. The area bound by the LEL and the UEL is called the flammability range. - **Answer: C** - Convert to ppm - 0.10 × 0.053 × 1,000,000 = 5300 ppm - **Answer: B** - **Step 1** Rebalance the formula using 10 moles of oxygen - 2C₂H₂ + 5O₂ → 4CO₂ + 2H₂O becomes - **4C₂H₂ + 10O₂ → 8CO₂ + 4H₂O** - **Step 2** Multiply 8 moles × 44 g/mol = 352 g of CO₂. - **Answer: A** - The pH scale is logarithmic and is an indicator of the concentration of hydrogen ion dissociation in a solution. The more ionization, the stronger the corrosive. - **Answer: B** - **Step 1** Convert lbs to mg. - 1.6 lbs x 454 g x 1000 mg / 1 lb / 1 g = 726,400 mg - **Step 2** Convert ft³ to m³. - 3000 ft³ x 1 m³ / (3.28 ft x 3.28 ft x 3.28 ft) = 85 m³ - **Step 3** Apply formula and solve. - ppm = mg/m³ x 24.45 / MW = 726,400/85 x 24.45 / 112 - ppm = 8546 x 24.45 / 112 - ppm = 1865.6 - **Answer: C** - TWA = (C₁ × T₁) + (C₂ × T₂) + ... + (Cn × Tn) / T₁ + T₂ + ... + In - ppm = (C₁ × T₁) + (C₂ × T₂) + (C3 × T3) + (C4 × T₄) / T1 T2 T3 T4 - (210 x 3) + (195 × 2)