Module 1 Overview of Extension PDF

Module 1 OVERVIEW OF EXTENSION Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños  OUTLINE ❑ The basic concepts of extension ❑ Purposes and functions of extension ❑ Agricultural extension and rural adviso...

Module 1 OVERVIEW OF EXTENSION Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños  OUTLINE ❑ The basic concepts of extension ❑ Purposes and functions of extension ❑ Agricultural extension and rural advisory services Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science AGRI 61 ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños  MODULE OBJECTIVES At the end of the Module, you should be able to: 1. Analyze the range of definitions of extension 2. Identify concepts pertaining to extension functions/purposes and processes 3. Discuss the different terminologies of extension and their meanings 4. Describe the various purposes/functions of extension Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science AGRI 61 ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños  THE CONCEPT OF EXTENSION ❑ Agricultural performance – extension is viewed only in terms of improving production and profitability of farmers. ❑ Rural community development – extension is viewed as serving to advance rural communities including improvement of their agricultural development tasks. Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños  THE CONCEPT OF EXTENSION ❑ Comprehensive non-formal continuing community education – extension is viewed as provider of non-formal agriculturally related continuing education for multiple audiences such as farmers, youth, the community, etc. Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños DEFINITIONS OF EXTENSION ❑ Putting useful knowledge to work (Paul Leagans, 1961) ❑ An out-of-school system of education in which adults and young people learn by doing (Kelsey and Hearne 1963) Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science AGRI 61 ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños DEFINITIONS OF EXTENSION ❑ A service or system which assist farm people, through educational procedures, (Addison Maunder, 1973) in improving farming methods and techniques increasing production efficiency and income bettering their levels of living, and lifting social and educational standards. Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science AGRI 61 ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños Extension is … ❑ An ongoing process of getting useful information to people and then assisting those people to acquire the necessary knowledge, skills and attitudes to utilize effectively this information and technology.” (Swanson and Claar, 1984) Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science AGRI 61 ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños Extension is … ❑ The conscious use of communication of information to help people form sound opinions and make good decisions (Van den Ban and Hawkins, 1985, 1997) ❑ A professional communication intervention deployed by an institution to induce change in voluntary behavior with a presumed public or collective utility (Niels Rolings, 1988) Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science AGRI 61 ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños Extension is … ❑ The transfer and spread of technology and technical information or know-how from information sources or developers through those who communicate it to those who receive it (Blackburn and Flaherty, 1994) transfer of technology: supports farmers improve their ability to use new technology. advisory work: supports farmers to solve their own problems now and in the future. facilitation: supports farmers to become more actively embedded in the agricultural knowledge and information system (Neuchatel Group, 2001) Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science AGRI 61 ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños Extension is … ❑ The entire set of organizations that support and facilitate people engaged in agricultural production to solve problems and to obtain information, skills, and technologies to improve their livelihoods and well- being (Regina Birner, 2009) Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science AGRI 61 ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños Extension is … ❑ A system that facilitates the access of farmers, their organizations, and other market actors to knowledge, information, and technologies; facilitate their interaction with partners in research, education, agri-business, and other relevant institutions; and assist them to develop their own technical, organizational, and management skills and practices (Ian Christoplos, 2010) Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science AGRI 61 ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños EXTENSION IN OTHER COUNTRIES ❑ Arabic: Al-Ershad ("guidance") ❑ Bengali: সম্প্রসারণ shomprosharon ('extension') ❑ Dutch: Voorlichting ("lighting the path") ❑ German: Beratung ("advisory work") ❑ French: Vulgarisation ("popularization") ❑ Italian: Assistenza tecnica e divulgazione agricola (“technical assistance and agricultural dissemination”) ❑ Spanish: Capacitación ("training", "capacity building") ❑ Thai, Lao: Song-Suem ("to promote") ❑ Persian: ‫ ترویج و گسترش‬- Tarvij & Gostaresh ("to promote and to extend") ❑ Hindi: vistaar ("to extend") - विस्तार ❑ Somali: hormarin & ballaarin' ("toSystems Agricultural promote and extend"') Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science AGRI 61 ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños  Based on the Operation of EXTENSION National Extension Systems FUNCTIONS ❑ Information delivery ❑ Educational program delivery ❑ Problem-solving ❑ Information feedback ❑ Adaptive research ❑ Community Organizing Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science AGRI 61 ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños  Based on Institutional Settings EXTENSION FUNCTIONS ❑ Primary function – for an agency or organization as with the agricultural extension service ❑ Secondary function – for private firms and cooperatives ❑ Supportive function – for credit institutions, supply agencies, and marketing agencies Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science AGRI 61 ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños EXTENSION As a function in various sectors FUNCTIONS ❑ Agriculture – agriculture extension ❑ Education – continuing, non-formal education ❑ Health – health extension service ❑ Industry – industrial extension ❑ Rural development – rural development extension Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science AGRI 61 ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños  PURPOSE OF EXTENSION ❑ Informative – providing information to individuals/groups to help them make optimal decisions with respect to achieving their own goals ❑ Persuasive – to induce positive attitude towards doing something for the good of society or preventive behavior with respect to societal objectives (e.g. environmental pollution, health hazards or traffic safety, etc.) Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science AGRI 61 ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños PURPOSE OF EXTENSION ❑ Emancipatory – an instrument to uplift the poor. Extension is an instrument to achieve social objectives or correcting structural problems ❑ Formative – developing the human being, on ‘forming’ or enhancing his or her capacities to make decisions, to learn, to manage, to communicate with others, to analyze the environment, to be a leader, etc. Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science AGRI 61 ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RURAL ADVISORY SERVICES FAO (2010) defines extension as: “all the different activities that provide the information and advisory services that are needed and demanded by farmers and other actors in agrifood systems and rural development.” Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science AGRI 61 ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RURAL ADVISORY SERVICES GFRAS expanded the definition of Extension to include Advisory Services (EAS) “ … consisting of all the different activities that provide the information and services needed and demanded by farmers and other actors in rural settings to assist them in developing their own technical, organizational, and management skills and practices so as to improve their livelihoods and well-being.” Other terms: RAS – Rural advisory services AAS – Agricultural advisory services Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science AGRI 61 ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños EXTENSION ACTORS Fact: The effectiveness of the extension agent can often ❑ Extension workers determine the success or failure of an extension ❑ Extensionists program ❑ Agricultural extension workers Key: ❑ Extension agents Build the capacity of ❑ Extension advisers extension agents ❑ Change agents Basic capacities: ❑ Development facilitators GFRAS developed NELK Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science AGRI 61 ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños Module 2 THE CONTEXT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION 2.A. Context of extension in agriculture and rural development 2.B. Historical Antecedents of Extension: The Early Beginnings 2.C. Extension in the Philippine Setting 2.D. Agricultural extension policies in the Philippines Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños In this Session MODULE 2.A OUTLINE Context of Extension ❑ Within the AKS Perspective in Agriculture and Rural Development ❑ Within the AIS Framework Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños  MODULE OBJECTIVES At the end of this Module, you should be able to: 1. Describe the major components of an AKS 2. Describe the macro and institutional factors that make up the agriculture and rural development contexts of extension 3. Explain the value of the innovation systems framework for the practice of extension in a wider context Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños  CABI, 2016 Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños  The Agricultural Knowledge System AKS framework - introduced in the 1980s, is defined as: “a set of agricultural organizations and/or persons, and the links and interactions between them, engaged in such processes as the generation, transformation, transmission, storage, retrieval, integration, diffusion and utilization of knowledge and information, with the purpose of working synergestically to support decision- making, problem solving and innovation in a given country’s agriculture or domain thereof” (Röling, 1990). Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems - AKIS (Rivera et al., 2005) Components of AKS Outputs/Production Increases ❑ Technology Technology Utilization Farm Management generation Awareness Information Farm-level Technology Trial Adaptation Adoption ❑ Technology transfer Macro Context (knowledge and Institutional Context Technology Transfer input transfer) Technology Generation Planning and Management Planning and Management Knowledge Transfer Input Transfer ❑ Technology Technology Development Technology Assessment & Technology Testing & Message Development Training & Backstopping Training Multiplication and Manufacturing Adaptation Dissemination Technology Distribution utilization Delivery Strategy Dissemination and Sales Institutional Context ❑ Agricultural policy Agricultural Policy Macro Context Development Goals (Patterson, 1997) Agricultural Sector Strategy Price and Market Policy Formulation Resource Investment Levels AKS Components ❑ Technology generation consists of planning, administration, and implementation of research activities that develop, assess, adapt, and test improved agricultural technology for farmers and other users. ❑ Technology transfer further evaluates and adapts research outputs for users and then widely disseminates the knowledge and inputs to different target adopters - farmers of different categories, private companies, and so on. Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños AKS Components ❑ Technology utilization component encompasses the users of the agricultural technology, mainly farmers. User awareness, adaptation, and adoption of improved technology from various sources affect farm-level productivity and profitability and, ultimately, economic growth at the national level. ❑ Policy component relates to government development goals and strategies, market and price policies, and the levels of resource investments in the system. Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños  The Agricultural Innovation System World Bank (2006) defines an AIS as: “a network of organizations, enterprises, and individuals focused on bringing new products, new processes, and new forms of organization into economic use, together with the institutions and policies that affect their behavior and performance. The innovation systems concept embraces not only the science suppliers, but the totality and interaction of actors involved in innovation. It extends beyond the creation of knowledge to encompass the factors affecting demand for and use of knowledge in novel and useful ways” Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños AIS Source: GFRAS (2015) Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños AIS framework recognizes… ❑ Innovation as an interactive process ❑ Interactions of different actors and their ideas - central to the process ❑ Institutions (the attitudes, habits, rules, laws, norms, practices, etc.) shape interaction of actors ❑ Learning as a means of evolving context-specific new arrangements ❑ Innovation requires a good enabling environment (combination of technological, organizational, institutional, and policy change) Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños A conceptual framework of an AIS Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños  Agricultural Extension and AIS ❑ Extension and advisory services (EAS) are integral to the AIS. ❑ EAS - part of a wider canvas of actors, processes, institutions, and policies that are critical for innovation ❑ EAS better contribute to the process of innovation Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños  Agricultural Extension and AIS ❑ Expanded role and functions Facilitation to provide brokering knowledge integrated support enhancing capacities to farmers of actors Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños EAS support innovation by: ❑ Organizing producers and the rural poor ❑ Building their capacities to deal with production natural resource management marketing challenges ❑ Promoting farmer-to-farmer exchange of information Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños EAS support innovation by: ❑ Facilitating partnerships with different organizations to address specific issues value chain development markets, finance participatory irrigation management information access and sharing capacity building (among others) Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños Agricultural extension and AIS Seven Functions of Knowledge and innovation system 1. Knowledge development and 4. Market formation diffusion 5. Resource 2. Influence on the direction of the mobilization search and identification of 6. Legitimization opportunities 7. Development of 3. Entrepreneurial experimentation positive externalities and the management of risk and uncertainty (Bergek et al., 2010) Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños  Agricultural Innovation and Extension The OECD defines INNOVATION as “the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organizational method in business practices, workplace organization or external relations.” Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños Agricultural innovation and extension An innovation can be: an idea, practice or object that is perceived as new by an individual or other ROLE OF EXTENSION unit of production technologies, practices developed To ensure that through research innovations are known, ✓ new varieties of crops and plants appreciated and ✓ new breeds of livestock adopted by their ✓ new techniques of doing things intended users new practices developed by farmers themselves Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños  Attributes of Innovation When innovations are most likely adopted Relative advantage Compatibility Degree to which an innovation is Degree to which an innovation is perceived as being better than perceived as consistent with the the idea it supersedes. existing values, past experiences and needs of the potential adopters Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños Attributes of Innovation When innovations are most likely adopted Simplicity Trialability Degree to which an innovation is Degree to which an innovation may be perceived as relatively easy to experimented with on a limited basis. understand and use Observability Predictability Degree to which the results of an Degree of certainty of receiving the innovation are visible to others expected benefits from adoption of an innovation Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños Module 2 THE CONTEXT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION 2.A Context of extension in agriculture and rural development 2.B. Historical Antecedents of Extension: The Early Beginnings 2.C. Extension in the Philippine Setting 2.D. Agricultural extension policies in the Philippines Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños What is the value of history?  EXTENSION HISTORICAL Module 2.3 ANTECEDENTS Early Beginnings Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños  o Ancient origin o Early British Extension: Stirrings in the 19th Century England OUTLINE o The Birth of Modern Agricultural Extension Services o The American Legacy o Necessary Conditions for Extension to Evolve Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños  At the end of this Module, you should be able to: 1. Describe the ancient history of Extension and its development in the UK; MODULE 2. Discuss the emergence of modern OBJECTIVES agricultural extension; 3. Discuss the significant events to the development of the cooperative extension in the US; and 4. Describe the necessary conditions for Extension to evolve. Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños ANCIENT ORIGIN Mesopotamia, 1800 B.C. - archaeologists have unearthed clay tablets of the time on which were inscribed advice on watering crops and getting rid of rats Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños …ANCIENT ORIGIN Egypt, c. 1740 B.C. – an advice from a slave prisoner to the Pharaoh on how to deal with impending drought saved the Egyptians from famine - Genesis 41 AGRI 61 – Agricultural Extension and Communication …ANCIENT ORIGIN 800 B.C. - the minister of agriculture under one of the China’s Zhou dynasty emperors organized the teaching of crop rotation and drainage to farmers Reading: http://www.fao.org/docrep/W5830E/w5830e03.htm Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños BRITISH EXTENSION: Stirrings in the 19th Century 1850 – “extension education” program – discussions on how universities could serve the educational needs of the rapidly growing populations in the industrial, urban area near to their homes 1867 – “university extension” was first used as the university’s extension education program, which provided lectures on: literary and social topics (1867) agricultural subjects (1890’s) Became well-established movement in the late 19 Agriculturalth Systems century Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños …Stirrings in the 19 Century Lord Henry Brougham – founded in 1826 the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, which objective was “imparting useful information to all classes of the community, particularly to such as are unable to avail themselves of experienced teachers or may prefer learning by themselves.” Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños Birth of Modern Agricultural Extension Services 1845-1851 – The Great Irish Famine caused by Potato blight moved the British Government to send itinerant lecturers called “practical instructors” to teach small farmers cultivate alternative crops Through the Royal Agricultural Improvement Society of Ireland, they were centrally appointed, deployed, and paid; in turn they reported weekly Funded by landowners, charitable Germany, Denmark, Netherlands, Italyand donations and the France adopted a system of government travelling instructors learning from Systems Agricultural the lessons Institute of the Great Famine College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños LEGACY OF UNITED STATES Agricultural Societies – chartered state societies organized on a county and community basis to acquaint farmer- members with what was being done to improve agriculture, to encourage the formation of other local agricultural organizations, and to disseminate agricultural information. Farmers’ Institutes – a community meeting covering a period of two to three days and devoted to a discussion of agricultural problems and subjects relating to the home. Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños...LEGACY OF UNITED STATES Land Grant Institution - also called land-grant college or land- grant university is an institution of higher education in the United States designated by a state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890 Cooperative Extension – an out-of-school system of education, which is a partnership between the government, the land-grant institutions, and the people, which provides service and education designed to meet the needs of the people for their development Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños Legal Enactments First Morril Act Established the Land Grant College 1862 Established state Agricultural Experiment Stations and the cooperative bond between 1887 Hatch Act the USDA and the nation’s land grant colleges to conduct extension activities Second Morril Act Increased the federal financial support 1890 for Land Grant Colleges Established the US Cooperative Extension 1914 Smith-Lever Act Services in the land grant colleges Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños  JAMES STUART JOHN PAUL LEAGANS SEAMAN KNAPP University Extension Extension Education Field Demonstration FATHERS IN EXTENSION EVERETT M. ROGERS NIELS ROLING Diffusion of Innovation Agricultural Knowledge AGRI 61 – Agricultural Extension and Communication Systems LESSONS LEARNED: Necessary Conditions For Extension To Evolve 1 Information has been assembled, systematized and made available on good, progressive, or new agricultural practices suited to a particular environment, and is based on either or This information is used among other things, to both the accumulation of educate professional agriculturalists who may experience or findings further enlarge or refine this body of knowledge from research or become active promoters and disseminators of 2 it. An appropriate administrative or organizational structure exists within which the dissemination Agricultural Systems Institute activities College may of Agriculture beScience and Food established and conducted ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños  There is a legislative or some other 3 official mandate or influential proponents, which prescribes or enables that agricultural extension work is desirable and must occur 4 There are invariably a variety of antecedents, which have attempted protoforms (basic frames, used until a more suitable form can be found) of agricultural information and advice dissemination Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños 5 The incidence of critical situations, such as famine, crop failure, soil exhaustion, or altered economic conditions or relationship may create an immediate cause for initiating the organization of extension work in the form of mass campaigns Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños Module 2 THE CONTEXT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION 2.1 Context of extension in agriculture and rural development 2.2. Historical Antecedents of Extension: The Early Beginnings 2.3. Extension in the Philippine Setting 2.4. Agricultural extension policies in the Philippines Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños  HISTORY OF EXTENSION Module 2.4 Extension in the Philippine Setting Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños  At the end of this Module, you should be able to: 1. Describe the significant milestones in MODULE the establishment of Extension OBJECTIVES service in the Philippines; and 2. Appreciate how Extension supports the government’s agriculture programs and thrusts. Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños History of Extension in the Philippines 1521 – 1899 – 1942 – 1946 – 1898 1940s 1945 Present Spanish American Japanese Post – Period Period Period Independence Period AGRI 61 – Agricultural Extension and Communication SPANISH PERIOD 1521-1898 1565 18th Century Spanish missionaries Early attempts to educate Extension service established the Granjas farmers who grew rice, provided regulatory Modelos sugarcane, and tobacco functions such as served both as in large encomiendas the supervision of experimental stations Missionaries showed tobacco fields and and demonstration the Filipinos how to plow the grading of areas for farmers and sow, and how to tobacco leaves for became Settlement reap and winnow the export Farm Schools grain AMERICAN PERIOD 1899-1940s 1902 1919 Bureau of Agriculture (BA) DED expanded activities, e.g. farmers' established under the cooperatives, rural credit, marketing Department of Interior and animal insurance AEWs were called farm advisers 1910 Demonstration and Extension Division (DED) under BA created 1923 to do research and extension DED became Agricultural Extension Experimental stations and demo Service farms set up Maria Y. Orosa founded the Home Extension under Bureau of Science Agricultural Schools established (BS) AMERICAN PERIOD 1899-1940s 1929 1932 1936 BA reorganized - DED renamed as Commonwealth Act 85 established the provincial extension services formed Bureau of Agricultural Division ▪ Provincial Agriculturists appointed Animal Industry (BAI) Food Preservation ▪ Farm advisers were called and the Bureau of Division of BS made as extension agents Plant Industry (BPI) Division of Economics ▪ Reorganization built up a group of under it under DAC agricultural and home economics Each bureau has agents extension functions ▪ Setback on low budget, scattered and decentralized extension service Commonwealth Act 649 increased the budget for extension JAPANESE PERIOD 1942-1945 Extension work was paralyzed Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños POST INDEPENDENCE PERIOD 1946-Present Period of Reconstruction 1963 RA 3844 or Agricultural Land Reform 1947 1952 Code renamed BAEx into Agricultural Productivity Commission (APC) Home extension unit RA 680 created the Broadened functions: progressive fused with Agricultural Bureau of Agricultural improvement of farm productivity; Extension Extension (BAEx) advancement of farmers; strengthening under DANR existing agricultural services Programs: farm 1949 improvement, home Promoted agricultural cooperatives and land reform program Bell Survey Mission management, and recommended the youth development consolidation of scattered Goals: increase farm 1967 extension services from income and family life Republic Act No. 5185 (Decentralization different bureaus into one Act) provided control of extension bureau services to the provinces POST INDEPENDENCE PERIOD 1946-Present Martial Law Regime 1978 1979 1972 DA renamed as Ministry of World Bank approved the Agriculture National Extension Project (NEP) Presidential Decree (PD) No. 1 and Presidential Letter of 12 Regional Offices were created Extension service was Instruction No. 9 reverted APC to along with 12 Regional Directors, strengthened with facilities and BAEx 24 Assistant Regional Directors resources from NEP PD 970 abolished the Bureau of 1980 Farm Management of the DAR 1977 and its extension function was World Bank Mission appraised 75 Provincial Agricultural transferred to BAEx PH extension service Officers designated Bureau of Cooperative 1973 BAEx studied Training and Visit Development, placed under MA System for PH adoption BAEx placed under DA BAEX became a staff bureau Abaca and other fiber boards 1974 were fused with BAEx 1984 DANR split into 2 Masagana 99 launched departments: DA and DNR MA was renamed Ministry of Agriculture and Food WHAT DID WE LEARN SO FAR? Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños Post-Martial Law Period Farm Tourism Organic Law (RA 10816) Agriculture Act issued AFMA Institutionalization (RA 10068) of PAFES enacted AFMec Law Devolution of issued Mandanas- (RA 8435) (RA 10601) Extension issued Garcia ruling Services in force Philippine ATI Rationa- Piloting of (RA 7160) Fisheries Regionalization lization Plan PAFES Digital Extension Code issued of ATI Training approved Birth of ATI (RA 8550) Centers Private Learning Sites Farm Business School (EO 116) From Arms-to-Farms extension 4-H Youth Development Program E-extension 1987 1991 1997-8 2007 2013 2017-8 2020-2 Cory CoryAquino Aquino Fidel Ramos ‘Erap’ Estrada Gloria Arroyo ‘Noynoy’ Aquino ‘Digong’ Duterte BBM Administration Admin. Administration Administration Administration Administration Administration Adminis- tration Agrikulturang Ginintuang LEAD Program Gintong Ani Agri Pinoy “New Thinking” Masaganang Makamasa Masaganang Ani Agrikultura  Extension as part of development International goals: Peace and security, Global/Societal UN, International Bodies rights National development goals (e.g. PDP Countries, National National Goals) Bodies Industry – Services – AGRICULTURE Sectoral Departments, Ministries goals Research and Regulatory Extension Others Development The Philippine Agricultural Extension System under AFMA National Local Government Government (DA, DAR, DENR (Provinces, Cities, DOST, SUCs) Municipalities) Private Sector (Agribusiness firms, The National Extension NGOs, POs, System in Agriculture Cooperatives) and Fisheries (NESAF) Extension …as AFE Actors Extension under AFMA LGUs (RA 8435) ✓ Training IEC ✓ Technology Demonstration FBAS ✓ Farm business advisory Techno Demo services Training Private ✓ IEC materials NGAs/ SUCs Sector  Delineation of Extension Services National Government Private Sector Local Government 1. Composition ▪ National Government Agencies ▪ Farmers and fisherfolk cooperatives, ▪ Province until the Regional level ▪ rural-based organizations ▪ Cities ▪ State Universities and Colleges ▪ civil society organizations ▪ Municipalities ▪ non-government organizations ▪ people’s organizations 2. Delineation of services ◼ Technical assistance ◼ training and other complementary direct agriculture and fisheries ◼ Training of LGU extension extension services extension services to farmers and personnel ◼ community organizing fisherfolk and their communities ◼ Improvement of physical ◼ use of participatory approaches facilities ◼ popularization of training materials ◼ Extension cum research ◼ regenerative agricultural ◼ Information support services technologies ◼ agri-business and ◼ management skills Delineation of Extension Services State Universities and Colleges Degree and non-degree training programs Technical assistance Extension cum research activities Monitoring and evaluation of LGU extension projects Information support services through the tri-media and electronics AGRI 61 – Agricultural Extension and Communication Delineation of Extension Services Agricultural Training Institute Secretariat of the NESAF Lead in the execution of extension functions of DA in collaboration with LGUs and SUCs Lead in the formulation and execution of policies and guidelines: Planning and Implementation of Extension Programs Harmonized and merit and output-oriented promotion system of extension personnel Harnessing the expertise of the private sector in the provision of extension services Maintain a computerized database of extension staff Periodic assessment of related planning and programming capability  Structure of the delivery system Knowledge Development Knowledge Dissemination Knowledge Utilization Knowledge Source National Level Knowledge Channel Local Level Knowledge Channel Knowledge Users ◼ R & D Institutions ◼ Farmers/fishers and NGAs/SUCs their families & communities ◼ Market Institutions ◼ Clients along the value chain: ATI* LGUs ◼ Input suppliers ◼ Other Sources of ◼ Producers Knowledge ◼ Processors ◼ Traders Private ESPs ◼ Consumers *Role of the ATI: ensure a strong capability of extension service providers ensure efficient delivery of extension services Module 2 THE CONTEXT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION 2.A Context of extension in agriculture and rural development 2.B Historical Antecedents of Extension: The Early Beginnings 2.C Extension in the Philippine Setting 2.D Agricultural extension policies in the Philippines Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños In this Session MODULE 2.5 OUTLINE Agricultural ❑ Local Government Code Extension Policies ❑ AFMA in the Philippines ❑ Philippine Fisheries Code Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños  MODULE OBJECTIVES At the end of Module 2.5, you should be able to: ❑ Understand the basic laws that have influenced the nature, goals, and functions of agricultural Extension in the Philippines. ❑ Understand other policies that have been developed and which supported the Extension services in the country. Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños KEY CONCEPTS DECENTRALIZATION Drivers: ❑ Increasing pressure to become Definition: a state, or more effective, more responsive to condition in a clients, and less costly services governmental system where there is dispersal ❑ Failure of government to meet expectations under centralized of power or authority governance from the center. ❑ Influence of many countries to decentralize Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños KEY CONCEPTS Why Decentralization is adopted ❑ enables maximum participation of people directly concerned in the issues, hastening decision making processes ❑ lower levels of government are encouraged, trained to be more self-reliant ❑ decongests the central government of certain functions that could be done on lower levels - Brillantes, 1987 Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños KEY CONCEPTS Modes of Decentralization DECENTRALIZATION Political decentralization Administrative decentralization Devolution of powers to local Deconcentration of authority to government units regional offices Area approach (geographic: Sectoral approach (sectors: region, province, city, health, education, social municipality, barangay) welfare, agriculture, etc.) Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños KEY CONCEPTS ❑ DEVOLUTION – the transfer of power for the performance of certain functions from the national/central authorities to the lower levels of governments Also referred to as political decentralization ❑ DECONCENTRATION – the process of delegating functions from the central government to lower levels or field (or regional) units Also referred to as administrative decentralization Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños The Local Government Code of 1991 Republic Act No. 7160 Devolution or a system of decentralization – giving more powers, authority, responsibilities, and resources to the LGUs (Province, City, Municipality) Legal instrument for the decentralization of the agricultural extension system in the Philippines. Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños The Local Government Code Overall Objectives To attain the LGUs’ fullest development as self-reliant communities and make them more effective partners in the attainment of national goals Specific Objectives on Extension 1. Bring government service closer to the people LGU clients 2. Give the local people the control and opportunity to participate in ▪ Men, women and the planning and implementation of extension program youth 3. Make the responsible local government less dependent on the ▪ Small, medium and central government for support of extension services that benefits big farmers/ the constituents fisherfolk of different 4. Reduce the top heavy central government budget and personnel commodities 5. Make the LGUs responsible for the cost of providing needed ▪ Traders and agricultural services to their constituents consumers Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños  FUNCTIONS OF THE LGUS PROVINCES 1. Agricultural extension and on-site research services Prevention and control of plant and animal pests and diseases Assistance in the organization of farmers’/ fishermen’s cooperatives, and other collective organizations as well as the transfer of appropriate technology Provide facilities include livestock markets, animal breeding stations, Al centers, etc. Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños The Local Government Code PROVINCES 2. Industrial research and development services, as well as transfer of appropriate technology 3. Enforcement of forestry laws limited to community- based projects, pollution control law, small-scale mining law, and other laws on the protection of the environment; and mini-hydroelectric projects for local purposes Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños The Local Government Code PROVINCES 4. Infrastructure facilities intended to service the needs of the residents of the province 5. Investment support services including access to credit financing 6. Tourism development and promotion programs. Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños FUNCTIONS OF THE LGUS MUNICIPALITIES/CITIES 1. Extension and on-site research services related to agriculture and fisheries activities, including dispersal of livestock and poultry, fingerlings for aquaculture; palay, corn, vegetable seeds and other seedlings 2. Development of local distribution channels preferably through cooperatives, inter-barangay irrigation systems; water and soil resources utilization and conservation projects Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños FUNCTIONS OF THE LGUS MUNICIPALITIES/CITIES 3. Enforcement of fishery laws in municipal waters; 4. Public markets, slaughterhouses and other municipal enterprises 5. Implementation of community-based forestry programs and similar projects; management and control of communal forests with an area not exceeding 50km2; establishment of tree parks, greenbelts and other similar projects; Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños The Local Government Code FUNCTIONS OF THE LGUS MUNICIPALITIES/CITIES 6. Information services which include investment and job placement information systems; tax and marketing information systems; maintenance of public library; 7. Infrastructure facilities including communal irrigation, small water impounding projects, artesian wells, rainwater collector, water supply systems, drainage, sewerage, flood control systems, etc. Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños The Local Government Code FUNCTIONS OF THE LGUS BARANGAYS ❑ Agricultural support services including planting materials distribution and operation of farm produce collection and buying stations Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños The Local Government Code Agricultural Extension Services of LGUs 1. Disseminate information 2. Render technical assistance to clientele 3. Assist and coordinate with local and national agency representatives 4. Promote and maintain clientele organizations 5. Monitor and evaluate agricultural projects and programs Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños The Local Government Code Agricultural Extension Services of the LGUs 6. Assist SMS and clientele 7. Implement regulatory quarantine laws 8. Formulate farm or family development plans 9. Assist in the development of agribusiness projects 10. Conduct farm and home surveys 11. Assist in the formulation of plans, programs, home visits, follow-up training and techno-demo approaches Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños The Local Government Code ROLE OF AGRICULTURISTS in the provision of extension services 1. Ensure that maximum assistance and access to resources in the production, processing and marketing of agricultural, aquacultural, and marine products are extended to farmers, fishermen and local entrepreneurs Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños The Local Government Code ROLE OF AGRICULTURISTS in the provision of extension services 2. Conduct location-specific agricultural researches and assist in making available the appropriate technology arising out of and disseminating information on basic research on crops, preventive and control of plant diseases and pests, and other agricultural matters which will maximize productivity Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños The Local Government Code ROLE OF AGRICULTURISTS in the provision of extension services 3. Assist the local government through the governor or mayor, as the case may be, in the establishment and extension services of demonstration farms or aqua-culture and marine products 4. Coordinate with government agencies and non-governmental organizations which promote agricultural productivity through appropriate technology compatible with environmental integrity Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños The Local Government Code Problems and Issues on Devolution 1. Although national banners programs involve the provision of agricultural services, they are still managed by the Central Government Agencies through the LGUs. 2. Funds for programs and projects for National Agricultural development agenda are not shared as a joint agenda with the decentralized government Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños The Local Government Code Problems and Issues on Devolution 2. Municipalities are too small to serve as agricultural extension units. 3. The interest and priorities of each local government official vary, thus, funding for agricultural services depended on the economic class of the LGUs and interests of local officials. 4. Lack of incentives for career advancement (career growth) Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños