colonial expansion_phase2.pdf

1754 1822  Second Phase : 1830 to 1930 – A century of Imperialism and Revolutions « L’obstacle principal pour la colonisation française est ‘notre incapacité éprouvée à colonisée’ » Volland, un officier de l’Armée Française en Afrique « La France a toujours été appelée au p...

1754 1822  Second Phase : 1830 to 1930 – A century of Imperialism and Revolutions « L’obstacle principal pour la colonisation française est ‘notre incapacité éprouvée à colonisée’ » Volland, un officier de l’Armée Française en Afrique « La France a toujours été appelée au premier rang des pouvoirs du continent…, le commerce maritime n’est qu’un appendice de son existence. » Tocqueville , un homme politique français How the empire started rebuilding? Individual efforts Ex: La Grandiere went beyond the instructions of the ministry of naval affairs that he established the protectorate of Cambodia in 1863. In 1842, the 'Director of the Colonies' does not hesitate to write to his boss, the Minister of Naval affairs: “S'il y a une responsabilité d'action, il y a aussi une responsabilité d'inaction.” Government efforts Ex: The decision to stay in Algeria was taken by the Ministers of Louis-Philippe. In 1832, the Naval Ministry ratifies the decision to defend their right in Madagascar. Various divisions of this century of Imperialism and Revolutions 1830 to 1870 (40 years) : The establishment of a new base for French colonial empire 1870 to 1900 (30 years) : The period of expansion 1901 to 1930/31 (30 years) : The Apogee 1830 to 1870 : The period of impetus The deciding factors in the expansion: 1. The Economic factors 2. The Army 3. The Religion 4. Ideological movements 5. International politics The Beginning In Algeria The Black Africa (Sub-saharan Africa) In Sub-saharan Africa Senegal La Mission Mage – 1883 to 1886 Goal – 1. To make commercial ties 2. To find the shortest route between Senegal basin and Niger basin Outside Senegal Port at l’Oued Noun Trading Posts in Guinee, Ivory coast and Gabon. Later Trading posts at – Dahomey kingdom, Cotonou and Porto Novo (Bénin). In 1859 – all the possessions from Guinea to Gabon were clubbed under one administrative entity – « Etablissement Français de la Côte d’Or et du Gabon ». In Indian Ocean L’ile Saint Marie - Since 1821 The City of Obock (Djibouti) - 1862 Cheikh-Said Bay - 1868  In the Pacifique 1837 to 1842 – Various Islands including Tahiti 1853 – New Caledonia The Far East – “Le Pays de pouilleux” 1858 - Annam 1859 - Saigon 1862 & 1867 – Cochinchine 1870 to 1900/1904: The period of Expansion The greatest period of French Imperialism 1890 - Formation of Parti Colonial The Army personnel The bureaucrats The Missionaries Joseph Galliéni (militaire et administrateur colonial français) dit en parlant des missionnaires : « Je n’ai pas de meilleurs collaborateurs dans ma grande tâche colonisatrice. » Organisation of Parti Colonial 1892 – Formation of ‘Groupe Coloniale’ in the Chambre des députés (100+ members) 1898 - Formation of ‘Groupe Coloniale’ in the Sénat (30+ members) 1890 – Création du « Comité de l’Afrique Française » To promote French influence and commerce in West, Central and North Africa 1893 – L’Union Coloniale Française A syndicat of major French houses having their interests in the colonies. The opposition to the colonial expansion Bourgeois Anti-colonialism 1. Opposition to Jules Ferry 2. Fear for the Security of France Socialist Anti-colonialism 1. Condemned the Mercantile character of the colonisation 2. Against the use of Force 3. Excessive expenditure 4. The misery of the indigenous population 5. The threat of a War Public’s Opinion First Opinion : Colonisation is a shaddy affair. After 1890: Natural release for the Nationalism and compensation for the loss of Alsace and Lorraine. The Colonial doctrine Three Ideas Exploitation The first criteria for any colonial enterprise was its utility for the metropolitan France. Assimilation Official doctrine of the Third Republic (1870 - 1940) Administrative and political assimilation Association The middle way Impossible to assimilate different races, therefore assure them prosperity. 1904 – 1930/1931: The Apogee The period during which the English confrontation was over and despite conflict with Germans the French expansion continued for a quarter of the century till 1934. Before the World War I In Central Sahara, The Touaregs collapsed in 1902 Tindouf could not be occupied before 1934. In Eastern Sahara Politico-religious fraternity Senoussi – had influence over French territories The Regions of Kanem-Borkou-Ennedi occupied in 1913 Gao - Touareg revolt in 1914 1908 – 1910 Revolt of the Dogons The Toma (Loma) resistance till 1911 A.E.F: Military operations continue till 1911. During the World War I In 1913, Georges Clemenceau prophesied: « Nul n’ignore qu’en cas de guerre nous aurions sur les bras une formidable insurrection en Algérie et au Maroc, sans parler de la Tunisie. » Real Outcome: No major revolts 100 000 soldiers managed the whole empire Resisted enemy attacks, The Empire extended  The contribution of the Colonies in the World War No major revolts, thus easily administered. 650 000 soldiers (Indigenous and Europeans) 200 000 workers 6 million tons of raw material and food grains. Henry Simon (ministres des colonies, 1919) « Dans tous les domaines, l’apport des colonies a été immense. Nous pouvons même nous demander aujourd’hui avec quelque angoisse ce que nous serions devenus si nous n’avions pas eu cet énorme réservoir dans lequel nous avons pu largement puiser. » After the World War I 1914 : German Colonies 1914: Ottoman Empire The Madate System (of the League of Nations) This mandate was a compromise between the Allied Powers in which the two territories were distributed among them due to their aim to stick with the pre- Armistice declaration made in 1918. French gains: